دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Energy Absorption in 3D-Printed Auxetic and Combined Lattice Structures Under Quasi-Static Loading Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Energy Absorption in 3D-Printed Auxetic and Combined Lattice Structures Under Quasi-Static Loading 555 565 27793 10.48311/mme.2025.27793 FA هادی صفی والی لو Department of Mechanical Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University 0009-0001-4001-9086 Mohammad Ali Saeimi Sadigh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Moosa Sajed Department of Mechanical Engineering Azarbaijan Shahid Madani university Vahid Tavousi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology Journal Article 2025 08 02 This study presents an experimental and numerical analysis of the energy absorption (EA) performance of four types of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) lattice structures under quasi-static compression. The structures included two uniform designs honeycomb (Sample 1) and re-entrant (Sample 2) and two hybrid designs (Samples 3 and 4) combining these unit cells. Experimental testing and finite element simulation revealed that the hybrid designs significantly outperformed their uniform counterparts. Between the cases, sample 4 achieved the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) of 2.41 kJ/kg, surpassing Sample 1 (1.51 kJ/kg) by 62% and Sample 2 (1.65 kJ/kg) by 33%. It also exhibited the highest total EA of 120.15 J and a mean crushing force (MCF) of 5982.96 N. Sample 3 followed closely with an SEA of 2.24 kJ/kg. Finite element analysis showed strong correlation with experimental data, with differences in SEA values across all samples ranging from 9.36% to 16.67%. The results conclusively demonstrate that strategic geometric hybridization of unit cells is a highly effective method for enhancing EA metrics in lightweight structures. <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study presents an experimental and numerical analysis of the energy absorption (EA) performance of four types of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) lattice structures under quasi-static compression. The structures included two uniform designs honeycomb (Sample 1) and re-entrant (Sample 2) and two hybrid designs (Samples 3 and 4) combining these unit cells. Experimental testing and finite element simulation revealed that the hybrid designs significantly outperformed their uniform counterparts. Between the cases, sample 4 achieved the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">of 2.41 kJ/kg, surpassing Sample 1 (1.51 kJ/kg) by 62% and Sample 2 (1.65 kJ/kg) by 33%. It also exhibited the highest total EA of 120.15 J and a mean crushing force (MCF) of 5982.96 N. Sample 3 followed closely with an SEA of 2.24 kJ/kg. Finite element analysis showed strong correlation with experimental data, with differences in SEA values across all samples ranging from 9.36% to 16.67%. The results conclusively demonstrate that strategic geometric hybridization of unit cells is a highly effective method for enhancing EA metrics in lightweight structures

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27793_817e911ebe6fbdaf957341830a65cc87.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Ameliorating Dust Mitigation on Solar Panels along with Drag Force Evaluation Utilizing Hybrid Coating to Repel Dust Particles from Photovoltaic Modules: An Experimental Analysis Ameliorating Dust Mitigation on Solar Panels along with Drag Force Evaluation Utilizing Hybrid Coating to Repel Dust Particles from Photovoltaic Modules: An Experimental Analysis 567 580 27794 10.48311/mme.2025.27794 FA Pooya Hooshyar School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of technology, Tehran, Iran. Hesam Moghadasi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, 0000-0002-9149-7272 Ali Moosavi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University Technology, Tehran, Iran Parva Hooshyar Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2025 07 24 <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The performance and lifespan of photovoltaic (PV) systems are significantly affected by soiling dust, and atmospheric particle accumulation which reduces light transmission and energy output, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. This study introduces a hybrid anti-soiling coating that combines passive (surface modification) and active (electrostatic repulsion) mechanisms to enhance dust resistance on PV module glass. The coating, prepared via a sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), zinc acetate, monoethanolamine (MEA), and aluminum nitrate, was applied through dip coating. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging confirmed the presence of a thin, uniform layer suitable for light transmission and low resistivity. Optical analysis showed an average transmittance of 85.20% across 350–1000 nm wavelengths. Anti-soiling performance was assessed through repeated dust deposition and removal. Under a 50 kV/m electric field, dust removal efficiency improved steadily, with the resistance coefficient increasing from 93.0% to 97.1% over six cycles. Passive cleaning was also demonstrated through wind-based testing and image analysis, supported by drag force modeling showing effective detachment of larger particles. Simulations indicated smaller particles were less affected by airflow and needed electrostatic removal. A wind-flow simulation (5 m/s) on 60°-tilted panels tracked dust accumulation, aligning with experimental results. The hybrid coating resisted coverage loss and maintained performance over multiple cycles. This work demonstrates how combining electrostatic and surface engineered strategies can improve PV durability and self-cleaning, offering a scalable, cost-effective solution for dusty environments <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The performance and lifespan of photovoltaic (PV) systems are significantly affected by soiling dust, and atmospheric particle accumulation which reduces light transmission and energy output, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. This study introduces a hybrid anti-soiling coating that combines passive (surface modification) and active (electrostatic repulsion) mechanisms to enhance dust resistance on PV module glass. The coating, prepared via a sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), zinc acetate, monoethanolamine (MEA), and aluminum nitrate, was applied through dip coating. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging confirmed the presence of a thin, uniform layer suitable for light transmission and low resistivity. Optical analysis showed an average transmittance of 85.20% across 350–1000 nm wavelengths. Anti-soiling performance was assessed through repeated dust deposition and removal. Under a 50 kV/m electric field, dust removal efficiency improved steadily, with the resistance coefficient increasing from 93.0% to 97.1% over six cycles. Passive cleaning was also demonstrated through wind-based testing and image analysis, supported by drag force modeling showing effective detachment of larger particles. Simulations indicated smaller particles were less affected by airflow and needed electrostatic removal. A wind-flow simulation (5 m/s) on 60°-tilted panels tracked dust accumulation, aligning with experimental results. The hybrid coating resisted coverage loss and maintained performance over multiple cycles. This work demonstrates how combining electrostatic and surface engineered strategies can improve PV durability and self-cleaning, offering a scalable, cost-effective solution for dusty environments

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27794_4c524a05dcf524174f747e4006689e8f.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Effect of shot-peening duration on surface integrity of selective laser melted steel components Effect of Shot-Peening Duration on Surface Integrity of Selective Laser Melted Steel Components 581 586 27766 10.48311/mme.2025.96904.0 FA Mohammad Amin Rahimi Jafari School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Ramin Hashemi School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Amir Rasti Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ali Zeinolabedin-Beygi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 25 Additive manufacturing, particularly Selective Laser Melting (SLM), has emerged as a transformative technology for fabricating complex metallic components; however, surface roughness, porosity, and tensile residual stresses remain major challenges limiting its industrial deployment. Addressing these issues requires efficient post-processing strategies capable of enhancing surface integrity without altering SLM parameters. In this study, Fe–Ni–Cu steel alloy specimens were fabricated using an EOSINT M-250 Xtended SLM machine equipped with a 100 W fiber laser, and the influence of shot-peening duration on their mechanical and surface properties was investigated. Four samples were prepared—one as a reference and three subjected to peening for 4, 6, and 9 min. Comprehensive analyses were performed, including microhardness testing, surface roughness measurements, SEM observation, Clemex image analysis, and X-ray diffraction residual-stress assessment. Results showed that extending the peening duration from 4 to 9 min progressively improved surface quality and stress state: surface roughness decreased by 66.3%, microhardness increased by 20.8%, and the initial tensile residual stress of +135 MPa was converted into a compressive stress of about –322 MPa. Surface porosity also dropped from ≈ 21% to below 10%, confirming effective pore closure and densification of the upper layers. These findings demonstrate that controlled shot-peening, particularly within the 6–9 minute range, is a simple yet highly efficient post-processing method for improving the surface integrity and mechanical performance of SLM-fabricated Fe–Ni–Cu steel components. <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Additive manufacturing, particularly Selective Laser Melting (SLM), has emerged as a transformative technology for fabricating complex metallic components; however, surface roughness, porosity, and tensile residual stresses remain major challenges limiting its industrial deployment. Addressing these issues requires efficient post-processing strategies capable of enhancing surface integrity without altering SLM parameters. In this study, Fe–Ni–Cu steel alloy specimens were fabricated using an EOSINT M-250 Xtended SLM machine equipped with a 100 W fiber laser, and the influence of shot-peening duration on their mechanical and surface properties was investigated. Four samples were prepared—one as a reference and three subjected to peening for 4, 6, and 9 min. Comprehensive analyses were performed, including microhardness testing, surface roughness measurements, SEM observation, Clemex image analysis, and X-ray diffraction residual-stress assessment. Results showed that extending the peening duration from 4 to 9 min progressively improved surface quality and stress state: surface roughness decreased by 66.3%, microhardness increased by 20.8%, and the initial tensile residual stress of +135 MPa was converted into a compressive stress of about –322 MPa. Surface porosity also dropped from ≈ 21% to below 10%, confirming effective pore closure and densification of the upper layers. These findings demonstrate that controlled shot-peening, particularly within the 6–9 minute range, is a simple yet highly efficient post-processing method for improving the surface integrity and mechanical performance of SLM-fabricated Fe–Ni–Cu steel components

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27766_dc4a1c1e778909c03a41d2c672c2b962.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Surface Roughness and Microhardness Prediction: A Machine Learning Approach for Electrochemical Grinding Surface Roughness and Microhardness Prediction: A Machine Learning Approach for Electrochemical Grinding 587 594 27590 10.48311/mme.2025.27590 FA Amir Rasti Advanced Technology of Machine Tools Laboratory (ATMT), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Amir Hossein Rabiee Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran Ali Zeinolabedin-Beygi Advanced Technology of Machine Tools Laboratory (ATMT), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Yazdani Advanced Technology of Machine Tools Laboratory (ATMT), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 20 This study focuses on the development of predictive machine learning models to estimate key surface integrity parameters in the electrochemical grinding (ECG) of AISI 304 stainless steel. Experimental data were collected from a series of 20 controlled tests based on a response surface methodology (RSM) design, varying three primary process parameters: voltage, electrolyte concentration, and grinding wheel speed. Using this dataset, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models were constructed for four output variables: current density, surface roughness in X- and Y-directions (Ra_x and Ra_y), and surface microhardness (Vickers). Model performance was evaluated using R² scores, residual analysis, and error distributions across both training and test datasets. The results demonstrate that surface roughness parameters, particularly Ra_y (R²_test = 0.970) and Ra_x (R²_test = 0.932), were predicted with the highest accuracy and consistency. Current density also exhibited strong performance (R²_test = 0.954), though with minor deviations at extreme values. Surface microhardness, in contrast, posed greater modeling challenges, achieving the lowest test R² (0.843) and showing systematic underprediction. Residual and error analyses confirmed these trends, with minimal bias and variance for Ra_x and Ra_y, and broader, asymmetric error profiles for hardness. The least roughness was observed under an electrolyte concentration of 140 g/L, an applied voltage of 20 V, and a grinding wheel rotational speed of 2000 rpm. Overall, the GPR models proved effective for capturing ECG process behavior and offer potential for process optimization in precision manufacturing. This <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> study focuses on the development of predictive machine learning models to estimate key surface integrity parameters in the electrochemical grinding (ECG) of AISI 304 stainless steel. Experimental data were collected from a series of 20 controlled tests based on a response surface methodology (RSM) design, varying three primary process parameters: voltage, electrolyte concentration, and grinding wheel speed. Using this dataset, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models were constructed for four output variables: current density, surface roughness in X- and Y-directions (Ra_x and Ra_y), and surface microhardness (Vickers). Model performance was evaluated using R² scores, residual analysis, and error distributions across both training and test datasets. The results demonstrate that surface roughness parameters, particularly Ra_y (R²_test = 0.970) and Ra_x (R²_test = 0.932), were predicted with the highest accuracy and consistency. Current density also exhibited strong performance (R²_test = 0.954), though with minor deviations at extreme values. Surface microhardness, in contrast, posed greater modeling challenges, achieving the lowest test R² (0.843) and showing systematic underprediction. Residual and error analyses confirmed these trends, with minimal bias and variance for Ra_x and Ra_y, and broader, asymmetric error profiles for hardness. The least roughness was observed under an electrolyte concentration of 140 g/L, an applied voltage of 20 V, and a grinding wheel rotational speed of 2000 rpm.<span dir="RTL" style="font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Overall, the GPR models proved effective for capturing ECG process behavior and offer potential for process optimization in precision manufacturing

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27590_67ec9e8decb48e53b1dd1f6514ff7a5b.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Self-Starting Capability Improvement of Single and Dual Hybrid Darrieus-Savonius VAWTs, Incorporating a Gear Mechanism Self-Starting Capability Improvement of Single and Dual Hybrid Darrieus-Savonius VAWTs, Incorporating a Gear Mechanism 595 601 27795 10.48311/mme.2025.27795 FA Sina Hosseini Rad School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran university of science and technology Morteza Taraghi School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran university of science and technology Farzad Ghafoorian School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran university of science and technology Mahdi Moghimi School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran university of science and technology Journal Article 2025 07 15 The substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions has catalyzed the growth of renewable energy sources. In this context, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have gained significant traction due to their numerous advantages. Notably, Darrieus VAWTs have demonstrated acceptable efficiency; however, their reliance on initial torque and challenges associated with self-starting capabilities prompted advancements in hybrid Darrieus-Savonius VAWTs. This configuration has primarily proven effective in enhancing efficiency within a low-tip speed ratio (TSR) range. However, hybrid rotors tend to experience performance degradation in high-TSR ranges. To address the performance decline observed in the high-TSR range, this study proposes an innovative solution by developing a dual-shaft hybrid rotor. This design functions as a control mechanism to prevent the angular velocity of the inner Savonius rotor from exceeding a specified threshold. For the first time, this design integrates Darrieus and Savonius rotors on a common shaft, then with two distinct rotors mounted on separate shafts. These shafts are connected through a gearless control mechanism that regulates the angular velocity of the Savonius rotor, ensuring it operates below an angular velocity of 19.79 rad/s. The findings suggest that both single and dual shaft configurations can improve rotor power coefficient Cp by up to 72% and 90%, respectively, in comparison to conventional rotors at a TSR of 1.4. <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions has catalyzed the growth of renewable energy sources. In this context, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have gained significant traction due to their numerous advantages. Notably, Darrieus VAWTs have demonstrated acceptable efficiency; however, their reliance on initial torque and challenges associated with self-starting capabilities prompted advancements in hybrid Darrieus-Savonius VAWTs. This configuration has primarily proven effective in enhancing efficiency within a low-tip speed ratio (TSR) range. However, hybrid rotors tend to experience performance degradation in high-TSR ranges. To address the performance decline observed in the high-TSR range, this study proposes an innovative solution by developing a dual-shaft hybrid rotor. This design functions as a control mechanism to prevent the angular velocity of the inner Savonius rotor from exceeding a specified threshold. For the first time, this design integrates Darrieus and Savonius rotors on a common shaft, then with two distinct rotors mounted on separate shafts. These shafts are connected through a gearless control mechanism that regulates the angular velocity of the Savonius rotor, ensuring it operates below an angular velocity of 19.79 rad/s. The findings suggest that both single and dual shaft configurations can improve rotor p<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">ower coefficient <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: black; position: relative; top: 2.5pt; mso-text-raise: -2.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> by up to 72% and 90%, respectively, in comparison to conventional rotors at a TSR of 1.4

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27795_5290b66ff9e0c1115614365d8e20f10c.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مهندسی مکانیک مدرس 2476-6909 25 9 2025 08 23 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Induced Shear Stress on Cell Membrane Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Induced Shear Stress on Cell Membrane 603 611 27796 10.48311/mme.2025.27796 FA Alireza Lotfalinezhad K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty افسانه مجری دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین ظوسی، دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک Journal Article 2025 07 04 <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Targeted drug delivery has been a major advancement in modern medicine, with a specific focus on delivering therapeutic drugs directly to diseased tissues as a means of minimizing side effects. A basic concern especially at the cellular level is drug carrier interaction with biological membranes under mechanical forces. On the contrary to latter researches, it is well important to investigate drug delivery mechanism in atomic scale environment. A critical parameter in determining the success of drug delivery is the degree of drug carrier and biological membrane interaction under mechanical stresses. Therefore, in the current study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to examine the biomechanical response of membranes at the nanoscale level. In order to investigate the effect of blood flow over cell membrane and its permeability, the outer membrane of a cell was modeled using a POPC lipid bilayer and shear strain and stress were evaluated. The impact of variation in blood flow velocity—such as those induced by physiological changes like aortic stiffening, calcification, or pathological conditions—was evaluated on the induced shear stress. The given results implied that as velocity increased, the shear stress approached permissible limit for different blood vessel types. Notably, at a velocity of 5 m/s, shear stress reached critical levels, nearing the structural threshold beyond which membrane rupture could occur. Such extreme conditions have direct implications for vascular biomechanics, as excessive shear stress may compromise membrane stability and disrupt essential cellular functions, particularly in circulatory environments exposed to fluctuating hemodynamic forces <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 97%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Targeted drug delivery has been a major advancement in modern medicine, with a specific focus on delivering therapeutic drugs directly to diseased tissues as a means of minimizing side effects. A basic concern especially at the cellular level is drug carrier interaction with biological membranes under mechanical forces. On the contrary to latter researches, it is well important to investigate drug delivery mechanism in atomic scale environment. A critical parameter in determining the success of drug delivery is the degree of drug carrier and biological membrane interaction under mechanical stresses. Therefore, in the current study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to examine the biomechanical response of membranes at the nanoscale level. In order to investigate the effect of blood flow over cell membrane and its permeability, the outer membrane of a cell was modeled using a POPC lipid bilayer and shear strain and stress were evaluated. The impact of variation in blood flow velocity—such as those induced by physiological changes like aortic stiffening, calcification, or pathological conditions—was evaluated on the induced shear stress. The given results implied that as velocity increased, the shear stress approached permissible limit for different blood vessel types. Notably, at a velocity of 5 m/s, shear stress reached critical levels, nearing the structural threshold beyond which membrane rupture could occur. Such extreme conditions have direct implications for vascular biomechanics, as excessive shear stress may compromise membrane stability and disrupt essential cellular functions, particularly in circulatory environments exposed to fluctuating hemodynamic forces

https://mme.modares.ac.ir/article_27796_74a4cc144b5ab22075db0cf92761830e.pdf