Volume 19, Issue 11 (November 2019)
Modares Mechanical Engineering 2019, 19(11): 2751-2759 |
Back to browse issues page
1- Materials Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran , rashidi1347@razi.ac.ir
2- Mechanice Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaei Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
2- Mechanice Engineering Faculty, Shahid Rajaei Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (5136 Views)
In this research, the effects of partially austenitising time on the machinability of spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron with ferrite-martensite dual matrix structure (DMS) were investigated to optimize its machinability. Specimens with non-alloy ferrite matrix structure were prepared by the casting process. Then the specimens were austenitized at temperatures of 900 oC at various times (5 to 25 min) and subsequently quenched into the water to produce DMS with martensite volume fractions. The Brinell hardness test method was used to determine the hardness of specimens. The machinability of the workpieces with ferrite and dual structures were investigated by measuring the surface roughness and primary cutting force. According to the results, the Johnson-Avram kinetic model was valid for correlation between the martensite volume fraction and autenitising time. The surface roughness was increased and the cutting force was decreased with increasing austentising time to 12 min, and consequently, with increase the hardness to 168 BHN. The heating at 900 oC for 12 min resulted in 16-20% and 15-23% improvement on the cutting force and specific cutting power, respectively, when compared to as-cast specimen, while the surface quality remained at the same level. The cutting force was correlated with feed rate as a power model with exponents of 0.77 and 0.73 for DMS (with 30% martensite) and ferritic as-cast samples, respectively.
Keywords: Cutting force
Dual phase
Ductile iron
Johnson-Avrami model
Machinability
Surface roughness
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Machining
Received: 2018/12/18 | Accepted: 2019/05/21 | Published: 2019/11/21
Received: 2018/12/18 | Accepted: 2019/05/21 | Published: 2019/11/21
References
1. Labrecque C, Gagné M. Ductile iron: Fifty years of continuous development. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 1998;37(5):343-378. [Link] [DOI:10.1179/cmq.1998.37.5.343]
2. Nofal A. Advances in the metallurgy and applications of ADI. Journal of Metallurgical Engineering (ME). 2013;2(1):1-18. [Link]
3. Wade N, Ueda Y. Mechanical properties of ductile cast iron with duplex matrix. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. 1981;21(2):117-126. [Link] [DOI:10.2355/isijinternational1966.21.119]
4. Owhadi A, Hedjazi J. Progress in the production of dual matrix structure ductile iron by heat treatment. Journal of Iranian Foundrymen's Society. 1994;15(2):49-57. [Persian] [Link]
5. Rashidi AM, Moshrefi Torbati M. Dual Matrix Structure (DMS) ductile cast iron: The effect of heat treating variables on the mechanical properties. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 2001;13(5):293-297. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/13640461.2001.11819410]
6. Lacaze J. Discussion on "stable eutectoid transformation in nodular cast iron: Modeling and validation". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2017;48(10):5146-5148. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11661-017-4221-8]
7. Valdés C, Pérez López MJ, Figueroa M, Ramírez LE. Austempered ductile iron with dual matrix structures. Revista Mexicana de F'isica. 2009;55(1):48-51. [Link]
8. Murcia SC, Paniagua MA, Ossa EA. Development of as-cast Dual Matrix Structure (DMS) ductile iron. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2013;566:8-15. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.033]
9. Nobuki T, Hatate M, Shiota T. Mechanical characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast irons containing Ni and Mn with mixed ferrite and bainitic ferrite microstructure. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 2008;21(1-4):31-38. [Link] [DOI:10.1179/136404608X361620]
10. Ovali I, Kilicli V, Erdogan M. Effect of microstructure on fatigue strength of intercritically austenitized and austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures. ISIJ International. 2013;53(2):375-381. [Link] [DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.53.375]
11. Sahin Y, Erdogan M, Cerah M. Effect of martensite volume fraction and tempering time on abrasive wear of ferritic ductile iron with dual matrix. Wear. 2008;265(1-2):196-202. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2007.10.004]
12. Wade N, Lu C, Ueda Y, Maeda T. Effect of distribution of second phase on impactand tensile properties of ductile cast iron with duplex matrix. The Journal of the Foundarymen's Society. 1983;55(1):10-16. [Japanese] [Link]
13. Mozumder YH, Behera RK, Sen S. Influence of intercritical austenitizing temperature and different quenching medium on mechanical properties and wear behaviour of dual matrix structured ductile iron. Orissa Journal of Physics. 2015;22(1):39-51. [Link]
14. Zhang H, Wu Y, Li Q, Hong X. Mechanical properties and rolling-sliding wear performance of dual phase austempered ductile iron as potential metro wheel material. Wear. 2018;406-407:156-165. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2018.04.005]
15. Panneerselvam S, Putatunda SK, Gundlach R, Boileau J. Influence of intercritical austempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). Materials Science and Engineering A. 2017;694:72-80. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.096]
16. Kilicli V, Erdogan M. Tensile properties of partially austenitised and austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures. Materials Science and Technology. 2006;22(8):919-928. [Link] [DOI:10.1179/174328406X102390]
17. Chen JK, Chen BT, Tsai JS. Microstructural evolutions and properties of partially austenitizing and austempered ductile irons. Steel Research International. 2016;87(2):191-198. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/srin.201400603]
18. Rashidi AM, Moshrefi Torbati M. Effect of tempering conditions on the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron with Dual Matrix Structure (DMS). Materials Letters. 2000;45(3-4):203-207. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0167-577X(00)00105-1]
19. Basso A, Sikora J. Review on production processes and mechanical properties of dual phase austempered ductile iron. International Journal of Metalcasting. 2012;6(1):7-14. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/BF03355473]
20. Druschitz AP, Fitzgerald DC, inventors. Machinable austempered cast iron article having improved machinability, fatigue performance and resistance to environmental cracking and a method of making the same. Unites State patent US7070666B2. 2006. [Link]
21. Ovalıa İ, Mavib A. Investigating the machinability of austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures. International Journal of Materials Research. 2013;104(2):192-198. [Link] [DOI:10.3139/146.110849]
22. Abedinzadeh A, Mahdavi Aghdam Y, Yazdani S, Avishan B. Evaluation of the machinability of austempered ductile iron austenitized at ferrite-austenite phase region. Proceedings of the 5th Joint Conference of Metallurgical Engineering Society and Iranian Foundryman Society, October 25-26, 2011, Isfahan, Iran. [Persian] [Link]
23. Razfar MR. Principles of machining and tool science. 12th .Publication Center of Amirkabir University of Technology; 2018. [Persian] [Link]
24. Rashidi AM. Investigation of mechanical properties of ductile iron whit ferrite - martensite matrix. Journal of Iranian Foundrymen's Society. 1998;19(57):83-87. [Persian] [Link]
25. Şeker U, Hasirci H. Evaluation of machinability of austempered ductile irons in terms of cutting forces and surface quality. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2006;173(3):260-268. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.05.058]
26. Gerval V, Lacaze J. Critical temperature range in spheroidal graphite cast irons. ISIJ International. 2000;40(4):386-392. [Link] [DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.40.386]
27. Ollat M, Massardier V, Fabregue D, Buscarlet E, Keovilay F, Perez M. Modeling of the recrystallization and austenite formation overlapping in cold-rolled dual-phase steels during intercritical treatments. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2017;48(10):4486-4499. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11661-017-4231-6]
28. Kulakov M, Poole WJ, Militzer M. A microstructure evolution model for intercritical annealing of a low-carbon dual-phase steel. ISIJ International. 2014;54(11):2627-2636. [Link] [DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.54.2627]
29. Klocke F. Manufacturing processes 1: Cutting. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-11979-8]
30. Satheesh Kumar N, Shetty A, Shetty A, Ananth K, Shetty H. Effect of spindle speed and feed rate on surface roughness of carbon steels in CNC turning. Procedia Engineering. 2012;38:691-697. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.087]
31. Stephenson DA, Agapiou JS. Metal cutting theory and practice. 3rd Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. [Link] [DOI:10.1201/b19559]
32. Kassab SY, Khoshnaw YK. The effect of cutting tool vibration on surface roughness of workpiece in dry turning operation. Engineering & Technology. 2007;25(7):879-889. [Link]
33. Barmak K. A Commentary on: "Reaction kinetics in processes of nucleation and growth". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2010;41(11):2711-2775. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11661-010-0421-1]
34. Bruna P, Crespo D, Gonz'alez-Cinca R, Pineda E. On the validity of Avrami formalism in primary crystallization. Journal of Applied Physics. 2006;100(5):054907. [Link] [DOI:10.1063/1.2337407]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |