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The males of the three species of bumblebees, Bombus (Thoracobombus) ruderarius (Müller), B. (T.) persicus Radoszkowskiand B. (T.) mesomelas Gerstaecker collected from Vikan village, Qazvin province and their male labial gland secretions were analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and components of their extracts were identified. The major compounds were a complex mixture of alkenols, alkenals, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, wax type esters and steroids. The main component of male labial gland secretions of B. ruderarius, B. persicus and B. mesomelas were determined to be 9-hexadecenol (42.1%), Z-13-octadecen-1-yl acetate (81.8%) andZ-12-pentacosene (34.4%), respectively. Results showed that if detection of species in male bumblebees would be difficult by using morphologic characters, then identification could be confirmed by detecting main component of male labial gland of these bees.

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It seems that the issue of exclusion of cities and its management after collapsing physical walls of city is regarded as an important issue toward development and guidance of city. For achieving to this goal the required conditions and tools shall be provided.One of the most paramount points which should be taken into consideration in physical and spatial Organization of Iranian – Islamic metropolitans is the transformation of villas and villages and existing cities in connection with metropolitans. Regarding the fact that the expansion of urbanism as a demographic phenomenon has been closely entwined with the activities done in the cities, and considering the fact that the expansion of physical boundaries of the cities occurs due to the accumulation of population, each and every single kind of control over the privacy of the metropolitans is according to the study of the bilateral relationship existing between population and activity in the scope of the city privacy. This research relies on a descriptive- analysis approach and by using the population prediction models and activity prediction models scrutinize the current situation of activities and population of Tehran and probe into its further changes. The results of this research reveals the fact that the population and activity growth is still continuing in Tehran and its suburbs, and the reduction in the number of habitats and workshops in some periods of census does not mean the evacuation of settlements or the factory closures, but it discloses The phenomenon of early disruption of rural areas and their merger, the expansion of Tehran, and an alteration in the statistical area at the time of census. Spatial organization of centers of work & activity in Tehran by its environmental condition, settlement patterns, economic activities (and their changes), and social processes. A large number of factors affect the city’s spatial organization and the dispersal of activities, the most important of which are the city’s environmental, historical, socio-economic, transportation, and economic structures. In recent years, due to a lack of governmental control, interference of decisions made by authorities, and the adoption of uncoordinated policies of land management, Tehran has experienced irreparable bioenvironmental damages; farming lands have been sold illegally and turned into residential areas and more and more unofficial settlements have appeared to accommodate low income groups. The spatial distribution of the people migrating to Tehran in various periods shows that due to the social and economic changes happening in the country, the number and origin of migrants have also changed. During the years 1976 to 1986, migration from villages to cities did not cease. The villagers suffering from the consequences of the Land Reform made before the revolution and the consequences of the imposed war after the revolution continued to rush to cities. The migrants came to Tehran from the south and the northwest. The greatest number of migrants came to the city of Tehran were from Tehran province A glance at the map of Tehran and its surrounding settlements shows that most of these settlements, situated in the fertile plain of the south and southwest of Tehran and the west of Karaj, have a population of over 5000 (potential candidates for becoming a city) or a population of between 2000 to 5000. Settlements on this plain have always had the potential for turning into a city. It has good soil, a moderate slope, and easy access to water and main roads. In addition to population, many large industrial units are settled there; it will also be the main center for population settlement and industrial development in the future. The mountainous areas and the heights, which have surrounded the northern half of Tehran like a wall, and the dry areas in the Southwest cannot compete with the plain in attracting business activities and population. With the expansion of national and regional road networks connecting Tehran to other cities and the settlement of new industries and other activities requiring large and cheap land around Tehran, as well as the transfer of certain businesses to outer areas, the surrounding cities and settlements have rapidly expanded and developed, attracting a large population in recent decades. These settlements todayform a great part of Tehran province. Thus the greatest population density around Tehran is observed in the southern areas and in such cities as Islam Shahr, Pakdasht, Rey, and the areas along Tehran-Karaj highway and the city of Shahreyar. Islamshahr, Ghods and Gharchak, the largest cities of the province after Tehran and Karaj, were originally unofficial settlements that later turned into cities. These cities played two important roles in business activities and population settlement; first, business activities have moved closed the city to its infrastructural facilities and as a result, the population has moved closer to work place to make maximal use of urban services. Second, low income groups have been forced to move from the city to the settlements in order to avoid expensive housing and work places. As a result, high income families have moved to the northern areas with better climate and the low income families have moved to surrounding settlements where they can find cheap land and services for the poor. A study of the residential areas of the low income population in the marginal areas of Tehran in recent decades shows that, unlike in industrial and developed countries, in Tehran it is the low income groups that have moved considerably. They have left the central areas due to the high costs of living and have migrated to the marginal areas where housing is cheap. They have settled in scattered villages and estates, where they are deprived of the minimum urban services and infrastructure. They have increased the costs of urban management for organizing these unofficial settlements and improving living and bioenvironmental conditions. The dramatic increase in the trend of absorption of population in the villages from one side, and the reduction in the number of rural zones around the metropolitans and large cities such as Karaj, Islamshahr, Varamin, Shahryiar, malard, golestan and Ghale-hassankhan(Qods) has a close similarity with the sharp trend of absorption of population of the villages located in the suburb of Tehran and the reduction in the number of rural zones Between 55-1345 and 65-1355.consequently, according to the Aforementioned point, it could be mentioned that the big cities around Tehran and their surroundings are experiencing the trend similar to The one Tehran and its suburbs have experienced in the last four Decades. However, the difference here is that, they are not passing their evolutionary period. Thus, in near future, it does not seem Strange if the metropolitan phenomenon occurs, and the challenges like the ones which exist in Tehran happen in other big cities located Nearby Tehran. In this regard, it is suggested that instead of Developing the borders of the urban space of Tehran as a metropolitan to the other sides of the borders of the provinces of Robatkarim and Shahriar, the functional chains of the associated cities are recognized, and a revision is done in bordering Tehran. Finally, by using the SWOT model in conjunction with the acquired findings through the research, practical strategies for an efficient management of both population and activity of the privacy of Tehran, as a metropolitan have been proposed.

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Aims: One of the challenges of today's world and also global health priorities is pandemicity of AIDS. Studies have shown that the scope and breadth of the immune responses induction are very effective to protect against HIV. Moreover, simultaneous induction of humoral and cellular immunity responses increases the effectiveness of candidate HIV vaccines. Hence, new approaches such as polyepitopic vaccine strategy and addition of different adjuvants in HIV vaccines’ formulations have been recently considered.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, eukaryotic expression vector (pcDNA3.1-tat/pol/gag/env) was transformed and amplified in the prokaryotic host cells E. coli (DH5α). After vector extraction, it was concentrated and formulated alone and in combination with Alum adjuvant and used as DNA candidate vaccines. DNA candidate vaccines were, then, subcutaneously injected to the BALB/c mice on 0, 14, and 28 days and elicited humoral and cellular immunity responses were finally evaluated.
Findings: The results showed that the candidate DNA vaccine could not efficiently induce immunity responses (both humoral and cellular responses) by subcutaneous route injection.
Conclusion: This observation can be due to a defect in each of the steps of vector harvesting by the target cell to express the surface presentation of the epitopes on the one hand, or the inefficiency of the subcutaneous injection method on the other. Therefore, other vaccines’ injection and deliveries routes along with addition of other adjuvants in vaccine’s formulations could induce immunity responses efficiently and increase vaccine efficacy.

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Microgastrines are diverse group of endoparasitoid wasps attacking caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Despite their importance in biological control, there is still no consensus concerning the phylogeny relationships among taxa. Although previous phylogenetic analyses have advanced the overall understanding of phylogenetic relationships of Microgastrinae, the small numbers of sampled taxa have led to disagreement in taxonomic assignments. In the present study, we performed a molecular genetic survey using both mitochondrial and nuclear data, increasing the taxons' sampling, to clarify the generic relationships and improve the inferences of the taxonomic status within Microgastrinae. We reconstructed a phylogenomic tree of Microgastrinae with sequences that exist up till now, from fifty-five genera for COI and thirty genera for 28S rDNA, both new and from previous studies. Several species and genera have been sequenced for the first time. In this study, we identified some of the closest phylogenetic relatives of Microgastrinae genera by analyzing DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI and 28S rDNA. Most clades of the current findings correspond to the latest morphological classification of Microgastrinae. New clades and several well-supported clades, conform to the most previously recorded clades and provide an increased understanding of the Microgastrinae evolution. Based on molecular examination, Pholetesor psedocircumscriptus Abdoli, 2019 is synonymized with Pholetesor circumscriptus (Nees, 1834).

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Annually, millions of rainbow trout frys are produced in Iranian hatcheries, however, millions of selected stocks of rainbow trout eyed eggs are also imported for breeding in farms. Despite the interest of many rainbow trout farmers to use imported fish for breeding, there is no clear information about the superiority of growth and survival of these imported strains over the rainbow trout that are produced in Iranian hatcheries. For this purpose, in the present study, the growth parameters of 432 individuals of either imported Spanish and Iranian strains of rainbow trout reared in 12 ponds using both river and spring water sources (four treatments and three replicates) were investigated and compared for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, a significantly higher weight and length gain, and specific growth rate was observed in Spanish rainbow trout compared to Iranian strain in both water sources (river and spring) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the food conversion factor was significantly lower in Spanish strain than Iranian rainbow trout) (p < 0.05). These results showed that the selection breeding could remarkably enhance growth performance and consequently cause more production and profit for rainbow trout farmers.

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Researchers have variously investigated Persian in generative, functional, and cognitive frameworks, although, failed to account for some structural changes and the emergence of marked structures such as Left dislocation. The main goal of this article is to investigate left dislocation based on Optimality Theory. The present research is based on the descriptive-analytical method, and our corpus will include spoken Persian. The present paper aims to show that some constraints can be applied to form left dislocation in Persian, while ranking of the constraints represents the optimal form/forms. The constriants are based on constructional uints of Featurs and Conceptual Units which are properties of grammatical categories such as argument, or discourse-functioal ones, such as topic. The results show that applying the constraints of precedence, adjacency, and faithfulness on one side, and more features or conceptual units on the other side, the applied theory can further result in appropriate analysis of Persian cases. In other words, Syntax First Alignment has proved to be a promising framework for modeling Persian Left dislocation and can offer an alternative for syntactic frameworks based on hierarchical structure. The results, also, indicates that the features of [NEW], [ABOUT], and [CONTRAST] have key roles in Persisn Argument Left Dislocation. In addition, violating the constraints of Subject and Topic brings about unoptimality.


 

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Application of microbial lipids as an alternative source of oil was considered in the early years of 20th century. Microbial oil rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega series) is one of the important aspects of single cell oil production. By development of technical - economical processes and also by optimization of microbial lipid production, high efficiency of microbial lipid can be provided. In this study, two standard yeast strains and four native strains were evaluated for potential of lipid production. Optimization of lipid production in these strains was carried out using design of experiments and factors affecting lipid synthesis in these strains were compared. Obtained oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the standard strains, Yarrowia lipolytica DSM8218 and the native strain Cryptococcus albidus had maximum lipid production rate of 7.65 g/L and 11.81 g/L, respectively. Application of Taguchi method was so effective in optimization of microbial lipid production and significantly increased production in evaluated strains. These lipids have potential for applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Microbial oil has lots of similarity to the plant’s oil; the only difference between them is that microbial oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. This oil can be used in pharmaceutical industry for technical purposes or as edible oil in food industry. The purpose of this study was to increase lipid production and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in oleaginous yeasts by mutagenesis. In this study, optimization of lipid production in the yeast ,Yarrowia lipolytica, was done using ultraviolet random mutation and screening was done with the inhibitory effect of cerulenin on lipid synthesis. Mutants that had normal growth in the presence of cerulenin were selected as superior strains for further investigations. Lipid production in mutants and wild strains were compared after incubation period. Then, the mutant with significant increase in lipid production was selected. The best mutant had increasing of 50% and 30% in lipid production and growth yield, respectively. Also, Linoleic acid was increased after mutation. The composition of fatty acids in the lipid profile of the evaluated yeast did not change a lot after mutation. Of course, unsaturated fatty acids were increased, so this technique was very effective to improve lipid production. Cerulenin used as an effective screening technique in this study and paved the way for the isolation of superior mutants.

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Objective: Evaluation of the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on spermatogenesis in male rats. Materials and Methods: The RH strain of T. gondii tachyzoites were injected interaperitoneally in an infected group of 35 rats, while 21 rats were used as controls. Each ten days from 10- 70 days of post-infection (PI), 5 rats from infected group and 3 rats from control group were scarified. The percentage of body weight to testis weight ratio (BTR) as well as sperm parameters and fructose levels in seminal vesicles and coagulating glands (SVCG) were investigated. An IgG ELISA kit was designed for serologic diagnosis of infection in the rats. Results: All rats injected with T. gondii tachyzoites were infected from 10-70 PI. Sperm motility from 10-70 PI, sperm viability from 10-60 PI and sperm concentration from 20-60 PI were significantly decreased in the infected group (P<0.05); sperm abnormality was significantly increased in the infected group on days 30, 40 and 50 PI (P < 0.05). BTR in the infected group was not significantly changed compared to control group (P>0.05). Fructose level in SVCG in the infected group was significantly decreased on days 10-50 PI (P < 0.05) compared to control. Conclusion: According to the results, toxoplasmosis can cause impermanent impairment on the spermatogenesis in the male rats.

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The various types of unemployment have been key subjects of economics from the past periods. Sometimes, unemployment is the result of improper distribution of labor force. According to the statistical data, medical labor market in Iran is faced with such a problem. The density of medical labor in metropolitan areas is high. As a result, this market is of supply surplus. On the other hand, Iran’s towns and suburbs experience demand surplus. This type of unemployment indicates a kind of market failure, which needs to design a market as a solution. Market design as a subset of game theory requires developing through collaborative efforts of a wide range of specialists. In this article, we analyze medical labor market using the matching theory as a subset of market design. This theory is a main subset of market design theory. We apply a hypothetical market; provide a model and present suggestions to amend the medical labor market in Iran.  

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In recent years, coinciding with the expansion of biofuel production, attempts have also been made to optimize production processes. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigation the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production. Three main factors in order to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were applied according to a central composite design. These factors were catalyst concentration (NaOH), reaction temperature and time. The yield of methyl ester as the first response was determined using NMR method. The second response was the commercial cost of production. The results showed that the best conditions for producing biodiesel in constant the molar ratio of 1: 6 oil: methanol were the temperature of 47.27 oC, NaOH concentration of 1.24 %wt/wt and reaction time of 30 min. At these optimum conditions, the yield of methyl ester and cost of production is 77.67% and 67 ¢, respectively. Also, some chemical and physical properties of biodiesel were compared with petro-diesel fuel. According to the results, biodiesel fuel is a suitable substitute for petro-diesel fuel.

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 Microbial oil has high similarity to the oil obtained from plants and animals. They are renewable sources that can be used for different purposes such as production of biofuels. Biofuels are renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic, which makes them highly environmentally friendly. Producing oil from yeasts has more advantages than that from plants. Accordingly, isolation of oleaginous yeasts with high ability of lipid production is highly valuable. A total of 138 yeasts were isolated for the purpose of this study. From this amount, 35 were capable of producing lipid. After extracting lipid, the best strain was selected and, by using PCR method, identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Optimization was done using the design of experiments; Qualitek-4 (W32b) software was used for analyzing the experimental data. According to the results, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa proved to comprise lipid, dry biomass, and lipid productivity at levels of 10.97 g L ^-1, 18.84 g L^-1, and 58.2% in optimized conditions, respectively. Lipid content on corn stalk and wheat straw hydrolysate was 36.9 and 41.8%, respectively. The extracted lipid was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study showed high potential of lipid production in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and also high efficiency of using Taguchi design in optimization of medium condition; therefore, by using this method, the optimization process can be done as best as possible. The economic values of microbial lipid production become more favorable when waste materials with zero or negative economic value are utilized as carbon source. Using bioprocesses such as microbial lipid production from waste materials, the problem of shortage of energy resources, and also air pollutions caused by fossil fuels, could be eliminated. 

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Terminal drought stress during grain filling period has recently become more common in the semiarid Mediterranean regions, where wheat (Triticum aestivum) is grown as an important winter cereal crop. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of terminal drought stress on grain yield, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of nine bread wheat cultivars. An experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the 2010-2011 season at the research farm of Razi University, Iran. Based on the results obtained, post anthesis water deficit significantly decreased grain yield, biomass, 1,000 grain weight, and harvest index of wheat cultivars. Under terminal drought stress and control treatments, there were significant differences between cultivars in terms of all traits studied. Also, terminal drought stress decreased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate, Chlorophyll a, b, and a/b, and increased leaf temperature and sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration. Cultivars differed in their response to water stress. In general, tolerant cultivars showed a higher P_n and g_s and leaf water content under both moisture conditions compared with susceptible ones. A greater reduction in g_s and transpiration rate and smaller reduction in P_n under stress condition led to a remarkably higher photosynthetic water use efficiency of the tolerant cultivars. Finally, it can be concluded that planting wheat variety DN-11 in areas with post-anthesis water stress was recommendable for maximizing grain yield.

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One of the most important parts of the polymer fuel cell is the bipolar plate, which through the channel paths as the flow field in these plates, the availability of reactive gases to the surface of the catalyst layer is possible to carry out the electrochemical reactions of the fuel cell. So far, many researchers have been designing different flow streams for fuel cells, although each of the models has its own advantages and disadvantages, but a suitable design for the fuel cell flow field, which has a uniform distribution of reactive gases on the surface of the catalyst layer, Access to higher performance and longer fuel cell life is very important. In this paper, we introduce a new flow pattern for fuel cell flow field, and the numerical results obtained with a conventional parallel model are compared. The flow-shaped designs have been modified with a spiral and the total dimensions of the cell are 6400 mm 2, which has allowed access to uniform distribution of reactive gases, flow density and temperature distribution. An increase of 66% was achieved with a limited density and increased 1.7 times the power density by adjusting the arrangement for the flow field. Therefore, considering the design of the fuel cell based on the power density curve presented in the new model, the specific characteristics and power of the fuel cell in an air mission have been addressed and the availability of high specific power that is of particular importance in aerial applications is achieved.

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The Griffith crack, a central crack in an infinite plane under uniform loading, is converted to a subsurface one by moving close to a loaded edge of the plane. Subsurface cracks initiate under rolling contact fatigue conditions. In this paper, first, finite element model of the Griffith crack has been developed and validated by calculating stress intensity factors (SIFs) under uniform tension and shear loadings. Then, by moving the crack close to a parallel edge of the plane, mixed mode SIFs of the subsurface crack have been determined for a wide range of the cracks depths. Non-symmetrical geometry with respect to the crack edge causes coupling between fracture modes and so, considerable shear and tension fracture modes under tension and shear loadings, respectively. The ratio of SIF for the coupling mode to the direct mode is creased up to 69% for the length to depth ratio of 20. Also, by fitting third-degree polynomials to the mixed mode SIFs, four geometry correction factors have been obtained for SIFs of subsurface cracks under uniform loadings. These approximate equations can be used easily and efficiently by engineers. Also, the relations can be utilized as a primary estimation for non-uniform loadings, especially when the crack length as well as the load variation along it is small.

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Nowadays, with rapid grows of population and need of space for living, work or other activities in one hand and the limitation of natural resources in the other hand, make researchers and engineers introduce high rise building as a solution to respond for human needs. High rise building become a concept for future cities. At first the structural performance of tall building was very important, but the dimension and the size of these buildings have spirit and vision effects on humans, so the facade aspect of these buildings become more important than past. In recent decades, because of rising the attention to the facade of the tall building addition of structural performance, systems with both structural performance and façade were introduced and diagrid structural system is the most recent kind of these systems. Diagrid structure system is containing of an interior core that usually carries gravity loads and has no need to have shear rigidity and exterior diagrid configuration that carries gravity and lateral loads with diagonal members. This system brings good structural performance, flexible architectural design in form and plan, decrees in material consumption, and etc. because of these benefits, diagrid structures become more useful for tall building instead of common tubular structures. In studying structures seismic performance, one of the important factors for relate linear to nonlinear analysis and show structure energy absorption ability is Response factor. In this paper, five 3d diagrid structure model that are studied, contain of one 36 story model with 50.2-degree diagrid member’s angel, one 36 story model with 67.4-degree diagrid member’s angel and one 36 story model with 74.5-degree diagrid member’s angel for comparing the member’s angle change on diagrid system Response, one 50 story with 67.4-degree diagrid member’s angel and one 60 story with 67.4-degree diagrid member’s angel, to compare with 36 model story with 67.4-degree diagrid member’s angle to see the height or number of stories effect on the diagrid system Response. 67.4-degree diagrid members was selected for the optimum angle according to the articles about this issue that introduced 65 to 75 degree for the optimum angle range. First, linear analysis and designed carried out for the models by using Iran building codes to select the member’s sections, then by using FEMA-356, nonlinear static analysis (Pushover) was done for all models. At last at the final target displacement, under critical load pattern, the pushover curve was obtained. From the pushover curve the over strength factor, ductility factor and Response factor were calculated. In addition to estimating Response factor of diagrid structures, effects of changing diagrid members angle and number of stories on Response factor of this kind of structure are also studied. From the result, the suggested over strength factor is 1.5, ductility factor is 2.15 and Response factor is 3.22 for the optimum diagrid members angle (67.4 degree) of diagrid structures up to 50 story of 180-meter height and conclude that the Response factor increases with increasing of story numbers as well as with increasing of diagrid member’s angel increases.

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Objective: More than 99% of cervical cancers contain human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly the high-risk HPV type 16 (HPV-16). Among therapeutic HPV vaccines, DNA vaccines have emerged as a potentially promising approach. The main problem with DNA vaccination is the efficient delivery of the genes. A different delivery system has been used to bypass this problem. Archaeosomes have shown high stability during oxidative stress. In this study, we prepared the archaeosome Halobacterium salinarum polar lipid and used it as a delivery system and adjuvants for formulation with the E6/E7/L1 chimeric plasmid as an HPV vaccine candidate. Methods: The recombinant pIRES2-plasmid that contained an E6/E7/L1 chimeric gene of HPV were purified after extraction. Halobacterium salinarum total polar lipids were prepared according to a method by Bligh and Dyer. The archaeosome-pDNA complex was prepared by the addition of plasmid DNA to an archaeal lipid solution and the mixture kept at room temperature to allow for complex formation. Particle sizes and zeta potential of the samples were measured using dynamic light scattering. We measured the relative tumor volume after administration of TC-1 cells to C57BL/6 mice. Results: Zeta potential of the anionic archaeosomes was -6.84mV while archaeosome-pDNA complexes were -29 mV. The highly negative zeta potential of archaeosome-pDNA complexes demonstrated excellent loading of the plasmid on the nanoparticle surface and electrostatic stability. The results showed that the archaeosome-containing E6/E7/L1 chimeric gene significantly inhibited the rate of tumor growth in comparison with the control groups. Conclusion: Archaeosomes are easy and cost-economic to prepare and highly stable. They may hold tremendous promise as vaccine delivery vehicles

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Objective: Autophagy (self-digestion) is a highly regulated process for the degradation of damaged proteins and intracellular components. Autophagy has multifunctional roles in the protection of cellular homeostasis. Beclin1 is a key regulator molecule in autophagosome formation. Inhibition of autophagy by destruction of the Beclin 1 allele creates sensitivity to metabolic stress. Inhibition of the autophagy under conditions of nutrient deprivation in tumors resistant to apoptosis can lead to necrosis, inflammation and increased tumor growth. This study aims to assess the effect of autophagy induction on the necrosis pathway of MDCK cells.
Methods: We evaluated induction of autophagy by the Beclin1 gene in MDCK cells and assessed the percentage of necrosis cell death by flow cytometry using an Annexin V Staining kit. In order to induce autophagy, the recombinant pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1 was transfected into the MDCK cell line using lipofectamine TM 3000. 
Results: Overexpression of the Beclin1 gene in MDCK cells led to induction of autophagy as seen by intracellular autophagosomal indicator LC3-II staining. There were 9.92% positive LC3 structures in transfected cells and 0.15% in untransfected cells. In the transfected and control groups, the rate of necrosis cell death was 1.66% and 0.06%, respectively.
Conclusion: Crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis pathways might affect the fate of the cell life span. Strategies that involve in modulation of autophagy and cell death might lead to therapeutic interventions in diseases. Therefore manipulation of cell death pathways could create new areas in therapeutic uses and interventions.

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