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Water quality is a serious issue in tropical grasslands that must be addressed to ensure the continuity and sustainability of water resources. This study aimed to assess the stream water quality of tropical grassland under long-term moderate (2.7 animal unit ha^-1 y^-1 for 34 years) and short-term heavy (5 animal unit ha^-1 y^-1 for 2 years) grazing systems at catchment and farm scales in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Water samples were collected in the streams of both grazed and ungrazed grasslands monthly throughout the year. Samples were analyzed forpH, EC, DO, NH₃-N, COD, TSS, BOD₅, fecal coliform (FC) and E. coli. Harkins’ index was used to classify stream water quality status. Mean values of NH₃ and FC were similar amongst the streams in both catchment and farm (P>0.05). Mean values of TSS, COD, BOD and pH of streams in grazed grassland were higher than those in streams of ungrazed grassland in both catchment and farm (P<0.05). DO concentration was similar amongst the streams in the catchment or farm(P>0.05). Water quality of the streams in grazed grassland wasclassified as class II, however, the streams in ungrazed grassland had water quality of class I in the catchment. Water quality was not affected by short-term heavy grazing in farm scale. The negative impact of grazing on water quality was prominent in long-term moderately grazed grasslands than short-term heavily grazed grassland.

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  Background : Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells.   Methods: The study included 80 children, 20 of them have T1DM, 40 children were selected from first degree relatives to the same child and 20 healthy children serve as control. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c) were measured. The following biochemical markers were measured in sera of all subjects by ELISA kits: Human insulin ,C-peptide, human islet cell antibody (ICA), insulin auto antibodies (IAA) and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies. Results : This study showed that diabetic children had high level of ICA (65%), IAA (55%), anti-GAD antibodies (50%) and decrease in C-peptide (60%). Whereas the relatives showed high level of anti-GAD antibodies (30%), IAA(25%), ICA(2.5) and decrease in C-peptide (30%). Anti-GAD antibodies were significantly higher among the relatives of the diabetics compared to the healthy controls. Conclusions : The strongest predictors of diabetes were C- peptide and islets cell antibodies, which had odd ratio 4.7 and 3.1, respectively. Autoantibodies could distinguish T1DM patients from healthy control subjects and they may also identify individuals at high risk during progression from pre-diabetes to overt disease.

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Although creating special value in professional sports teams is popular, the process of shaping the brand equity of the sports team in the sports marketing literature is still relatively unknown and not fully understood. This study provides a dual identification model to examine how to build the brand value of a sports team. This study aims to investigate the role of team identity antecedents and team brand identity in constructing the brand equity of Traktor football team fans. The research method is descriptive-correlation and is applied based on the purpose. The statistical population is all the fans of the tractor manufacturing team. The sampling method is unlikely and available. The sample size was estimated based on sample power software. Two hundred and sixty-four people participated in this study. The face validity and content of the questionnaires were confirmed by a survey of 5 sports management professors, structural validity was confirmed using convergent and divergent validity, and reliability was confirmed by using α and CR. The results showed that market characteristics (including social experience, outstanding group experience, history, and fan etiquette) and symbolic stimuli (including similarity, distinction, and brand credibility) significantly correlated with team and brand identity. In addition, identification with the team identity and brand identity of the sports team are significant predictors of the brand equity of the sports team. These findings emphasize the dual identification study's importance in forming the brand equity of the sports team for sports team managers.
 

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This paper investigates the quantitative Effects of ECO Trade agreement(ECOTA) implementation on trade development of Iran. For this purpose, the amount of tariff reduction effects on Iran’s exports(to) or its imports( from) ECO members is estimated and analyzed. The results indicate that with implementation of tariff rate reduction in ECOTA framework, Iran’s exports to ECO countries in 2008 relative to base year(2003) will increase about 1.27 million U.S. dollars( only to Pakistan). Also, Eco members’ imports from Iran will not be substituted by imports out of region. A review of ECO members with reference to taking effect them from ECOTA implementation means that except for Pakistan and Uzbekistan, None of them are obliged to tariff reduction up to 10% marginal rate. On the other hand, Iran’s tariff rate reduction in the ECOTA framework results in increasing 18.99 million U.S. dollars in Iran’s imports from ECO countries. Regarding a substitution-price elasticity near to zero for Iran’s imports from ECO countries and despite of discriminatory tariff reduction of imports from these countries, Iran will not substitute the imports originating from ECO by importing from other countries out of region. Indeed, an 18.2 percent tariff rate reduction in Iran’s imports from ECO will result in 1.6 percent increase in total imports from these countries.

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Backgrounds: Syzygium aromaticum L (S. aromaticum, clove) is a plant species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. It is cultivated in many African and Asian countries. Folk medicine practitioners use different parts of this plant to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, dental pain, ulcer, and other chronic diseases. Experimental data on phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of this plant are scattered or unsystematic. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the available data on phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of S. aromaticum essential oil and extracts with various polarities.
Materials & Methods: The literature review showed that only a few studies were conducted on this plant; consequently, there is not enough documented information about its bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacological activities.
Findings: Most previous studies reviewed reported significant bioactive phytochemical contents, namely eugenol (49.7%), caryophyllene (18.9%), benzene, and 1-ethyl-3-nitro (11.1%), along with minor amounts of phytochemicals including carotenoids, gallic acid, flavonoids, oxalic acid, tannins, amino acids, fatty acids, and cyanidin glycoside. Sugars, coumarins, oleanolic acid, saponins, glycosides, and lipids were also identified in this species. The methanol extract of this plant and its different polar fractions were shown to exhibit significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-allergic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Furthermore, the plant extracts were also shown to have chemoprotective and hepatoprotective properties.
Conclusion: This review provides comprehensive data on botanical aspects, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of this plant to researchers to explore traditional/ medicinal uses and commercial drug production from S. aromaticum.

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Intertextuality is Mikhail Bakhtin’s evolved polyphonic theory based on which the literary texts of past and present are in dialogue with each other and no text is self-sufficient and devoid of its earlier texts. The intertextual feature of artworks and literary texts challenges their independence and makes the boundaries of their independence unstable. Drawing on this idea, the present study analyzes the short story “Mirza Yunos” from the short story collection Ayne va Se Dastane Digar by Sirus Shamisa. In addition to being a manifestation of the characteristics of postmodern era, I argue, the instability and suspension of boundaries among literary texts is a consolidating element for the ontological aspect of fictional atmosphere in the realm of fiction, through which the textuality of history/reality is realized. This study shows that the various inter-texts in a text can make it possible for the existing and non-existing experiences to be interwoven in a way that recognizing their limits becomes increasingly difficult. I also argue that literary texts are not just in dialogue with written texts, but the semantic and conceptual scope of the word “text” becomes wider and includes various new aspects. In fact, as different genres enter the fiction realm, one should speak of “inter-genre” concept and think of the fiction as its subcategory.

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The ecological aspects, distribution, and possible conservation of a syrphid hoverfly, Axona chalcopyga (Wiedemann, 1839) is poorly known due to their rare records. Three female individuals of A. chalcopyga were discovered in the Gelam forests of Terengganu state, which is the first record in Peninsular Malaysia. Here, we provided a pictorial description of the female. We also noted the functional role of the hoverfly as a potential pollinator candidate for the Gelam trees by visiting its flowers.

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The aim of present study is to investigate the kinematics of tool-workpiece’s relative movement in conventional and ultrasonic-vibration assisted turning (UAT). The kinematic analysis of UAT shows that the movement of cutting tool edge relative to the workpiece resulted from the cutting speed, feed speed and tool’s vibration affects the lateral machined surface of workepiece and leaves a repeating pattern of crushed and toothed regions on it. This results in an increase in the surface hardness of the lateral machined surface in comparison with conventional turning (CT). A model of the tool-workpiece’s relative movement has first been developed in the present study. This model predicts a surface hardening effect for the lateral surface in UAT in comparison with CT. Several experiments were subsequently carried out employing a surface micro-hardness testing machine and an optical microscope to verify the predicted results.

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Aims: The patient decision-making process can become lengthy and overwhelming. Procrastination in visiting a hospital can have adverse effects on a patient's health. This study aimed to investigate how attitudinal ambivalence affects psychological discomfort and choice deferral in hospital selection. Additionally, the study explores the role of information novelty in reducing choice deferral and accelerating patient decision-making.
Instruments & Methods: This research employed a quantitative approach using a causal study to examine the relationships among variables. The purposive sampling method was used to obtain data based on certain criteria. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to patients. The research sample consisted of 385 respondents from private hospitals in Indonesia. Hayes PROCESS Macro software was used to investigate the relationships between variables.
Findings: The attitudinal ambivalence affected psychological discomfort (t=2.737; p=0.0001) and choice deferral (t=4.295; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort influenced choice deferral (t=3.109; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort had a mediation role in the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on choice deferral (t=10.678; p=0.0001). Information novelty reduced the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on psychological discomfort (t=2.653; p=0.003) and choice deferral (t=2.243; p=0.013). Finally, Information novelty weakened the effect of psychological discomfort on choice deferral (t=2.876; p=0.011).
Conclusion: Limited information can lead to information asymmetry, which can encourage attitudinal ambivalence and psychological discomfort. Providing comprehensive information to patients through digital media can help reduce anxiety and enhance their treatment experience in the hospital.

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Teaching Arabic through play is one of the best ways to increase students' motivation and learning. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of Arabic educational games on learning and inner and outer motivation of female students in Saveh city. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population consisted of 210 seventh grade students in two schools in Saveh city, 30 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. Data collection tools included the modified Harter Academic Motivation Questionnaire (1981) and a standard researcher-made questionnaire. The game-based training was conducted in four 30-minute sessions. The games were designed electronically and researcher-made to achieve the translational educational goals of some seventh grade Arabic lessons. The scientific evaluation was done by two quantitative tests. Motivation variables were calculated using the modified Harter questionnaire by Likert method. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test. The results showed that teaching Arabic through play did not have a significant effect on students' learning and motivation.
                             
 

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Aims: Fear is a strategy for dealing with situations in which something is considered a threat. This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its effect on Quality of Life in pregnant women.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 12,576 pregnant women were studied in six Pontianak-Health-Centers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Three survey instruments, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, obstetric status, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and the QoL Gravidarum (QoL-GRAV), were used to assess for an association between fear of COVID-19 and pregnancy-related QoL using the Pearson correlation test. Generalized linear modeling was used to identify dominant variables.
Findings: The fear experienced by pregnant women had an average score of 21.6±9.6. The QoL average score was 25.0±8.7. The general linear model showed a dominant relationship between parity status (β=-0.083; t=-2.141; p=0.005) and job (β=-0.75; t=1.923; p=0.033) with QoL in pregnant women. COVID-19 had no significant relationship with QoL (β=-0.11; t=-2.809; p=0.055).
Conclusion: There is no correlation between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life, while job and parity influence the quality of life in pregnant women.

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In order for a person to be able to see the fate of all human beings, God has advised to travel to the extent that he says, "Qol Siroo fi al-Arze" the world is so big and human beings are so diverse that every human being is erased from the creation of the world., which both of these authors have taken advantage of for their writing. In terms of writing style, they also have differences. It seems that Bastani Parisi has made his text more beautiful and simple by using jokes, anecdotes, memories, poems and proverbs in his book, which basically makes the audience of his travelogue not tired of reading and More interested than following the travelogue. His main goal of choosing this style was to focus on the audience and embellish the dry and soulless realities of travel and its events and turn them into a more literary and attractive text for the audience. On the other hand, it seems that only Shadiyag spoke about some issues, such as the issue of women and hijab, the employment of numbers and figures, the precise and detailed description of architectures, the travelogue-like reporting style that makes his travelogue even more to be noticed by the audience. It seems that this difference in the ideology of these two writers goes back to their worldview, which issues are more valuable and less valuable for each of them.
 

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Abstract: Wire electrical discharge machining (wire-EDM) has a significant position among production technologies mainly due to its capacity of machining hard materials and intricate shapes. One of the major problems with this process is the error in cutting corners. Processing forces acting on the wire and low rigidity of the wire are responsible for wire deformation, which has a direct influence on the accuracy of the corner cutting. In this research, investigation is focused on the convex corner radii errors and alternative solutions are proposed for the case of successive cuts (one roughing and two finishings). Experiments are carried out for roughing operation by considering frequency of discharges and feed speed. The residual materials on straight and curved paths are the output parameters. Results indicate that optimization of these parameters have a better influence for control of residual material thickness on straight paths than on curved corners. One important conclusion is that roughing is the most influential stage of cutting by WEDM. Then, concave corner radii produced during successive cuts, the effect of corner angle and corner radii are investigated. Errors at radii of different corner angles are identified and related to arc length and residual material thickness in the curved corner. Finally, an effective approach is presented for improving the accuracy of the small-radius concave corner radii of finishing stage. The main conclusion is that to achieve accurate corner radii, one must increase the traversed corner arc length by wire in the small-radius concave corner radii.

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Calculation the cutting force in machining processes is of great importance. In this paper, undeformed chip thickness in one-dimensional ultrasonic vibration assisted milling is calculated and then, a model for determining the cutting force in this process is presented. Analytical relations show that in ultrasonic assisted milling (UAM), the maximum cutting force is greater than in conventional milling (CM), but the average cutting force is decreased. To verify the proposed relations, with the aid of a particular experimental setup, one-dimensional vibration in feed direction is applied to workpiece and cutting force in CM and UAM is measured experimentally. Greater maximum cutting force in UAM and decrease of average cutting force in UAM compared to CM is observed experimentally as well. Comparison of average values of cutting force shows that the analytical relations for predicting the cutting force have 16% average error in CM and 40% average error in UAM. Given that the analytical calculation of undeformed chip thickness and cutting force in UAM and also comparison of experimental forces with the modeled ones has been done in this paper for the first time, the accuracy of proposed relations are acceptable.

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Incremental Sheet Metal Forming (ISMF) is based on localized plastic deformation. In this process, a hemispherical-head tool, controlled by a CNC milling machine, shapes a sheet metal according to a defined path. Study of the forming force is one of the most important topics in this process. Increasing of vertical step size, tool diameter, wall angle and sheet thickness together with using of high strength sheet metals and lightweight alloys, leads to an increase in the forming force. In this paper, the performance of a novel forming process, named Ultrasonic Vibration assisted Incremental Sheet Metal Forming (UVaISMF) has been investigated. The procedure of design, manufacture and test of vibratory forming tool, is presented. The occurrence of longitudinal mode and resonance phenomenon has been confirmed by the results of modal analysis and experimental test. Furthermore, the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the vertical component of forming force and spring-back has been studied. Aluminium sheet of grade Al 1050-O is used as a work material. Experimental results obtained from straight groove test, indicate that ultrasonic excitation of forming tool, will reduce the average of vertical component of forming force and spring-back in comparison to conventional process.

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The attempt to ‘post-modernize’ Iranian writers sometimes goes so far that the critic, without adequate justification, considers outstanding Iranian works which are rooted in the culture and tradition of this land to originate in and serve the same function and purpose as their Western counterparts. In this research, the authors unravel these Eurocentric interpretations in the case of Bahram Beyzaie’s Death of Yazdgerd. Meanwhile, the goal is not to introduce Beyzaie as an exclusively Iranian playwright and overlook his cosmopolitan bent. More specifically, Beyzaie’s Death of Yazdgerd will be explored in terms of Bertolt Brecht’s epic theater. Thereby, Beyzaie’s twofold accomplishment in tailoring Brecht for the Iranian context and drawing on indigenous traditions of performative arts will be elaborated. Out of the vast body of Brecht’s method, this study focuses on his approach to history and his conviction in the contingency of the status quo and, hence, the possibility for change and reform even at the bleakest moments. The second line of this study concerns the parallel usage of certain techniques by Brecht and Beyzaie to achieve the so-called “distancing effect.” Given the multiple and occasionally incompatible readings put forth regarding Brecht's drama, the authors have adopted the holistic approach of Fredric Jameson to the subject matter.
 Introduction
In the concluding chapter of Namayesh dar Iran, Bahram Beyzaie acknowledges that in the cultural and material exchange that the East (including Iran) had with the West, both were impressed by the other side in different ways. Nevertheless, he adds, this contract was not always proportionate, so that a country like Iran lost heart and felt cowed by the greater industrial and military power of Europe (Beyzaie, 2015). According to Beyzaie, whereas the West adopted a critical attitude toward whatever was eastern and adapted them to its own spirit and outlook so much that it squeezed something western out of them, Iran was content to blindly mimic the West and be a simple receiver. This, Beyzaie contends, also occurred in the area of drama. Beyzaie rightly asserts that it was quite possible to harness performative techniques and traditional values of indigenous popular drama while channeling its thematic dimensions toward the enlightening realistic thought of the modern age so that a national drama which takes account of new developments and advancements could be produced.
In this paper, it is claimed that Beyzaie was the first to fulfill the abovementioned twofold task of preserving effective aboriginal dramatic conventions of Persian drama and assimilating the liberal/critical perspective of modern European drama. To this end, we will show how Beyzaie’s Death of Yazdgerd (2014) deploys native dramatic elements of Persian drama that correspond to some of the characteristics of Bertolt Brecht’s “epic theater.”
 
Method
To better understand Brecht's epic drama, we draw on Fredric Jameson's reinterpretation of the German playwright in Brecht and Method (1998). According to Jameson, Brecht plays the role of a historical catalyst and serves as an empowering model in the development of emergent non-Western dramas; besides, he facilitates realizing untapped potentialities of Eastern cultures and arts by people who have recently been liberated from European colonialism (p. 18). We believe Bahram Beyzaie’s Death of Yazdgerd is a perfect example of such unexplored possibilities.
Discussion
Beyzaie does not provide a definitive account of what actually happened to the Sassanid King and invites the audience to make their own inferences. This stress on uncertainty and the possibility of viewing a subject through multiple perspective enables Beyzaie to reinterpret the Iranian performing art such that it could meet the challenge of modernity, which he critically confronts “with an uncompromisingly secular gaze” (Dabashi 2001, p. 76).
In dealing with historical and mythical issues, Beyzaie—following Brecht—does not seek to merely relate how the last Sassanid King died; rather, one might hypothesize, he implies that the conventional xenophobic narrative—that a handful of backward and barbaric Arabs plundered Iran and ruled over its people—may not be necessarily true.
Beyzaie considers Brechtian alienation effect to have been the product of the East taken up by the West. He provides numerous techniques that traditional Persian drama has utilized to disabuse the audience of the notion that what they watch is reality, and thus it prevents them from identifying with the characters. This gesture induces a passive reaction in people and precludes any endeavor on their part to reform the society. This outlook, largely compatible with epic theater, underpins Death of Yazdgerd. One of the most characteristic techniques conductive to the realization of the alienation effect which has been exploited here and recommended by Brecht is the extensive use of masks. In Death of Yazdgerd masks and robes generally have been used effectively to illustrate that many deep-seated notions which have been taken for granted are indeed based on deceptive appearances and devoid of any substantial content. Transposition of the play into the past and using third-person point of view to narrate the events are two further suggestions made by Brecht for producing the alienation effect (1964, p. 138). In Beyzaie’s play, these techniques have been exploited throughout, for the entire play revolves around a historical event - i.e. the narrative of what happened to the late King after he entered the miller’s shack - which the characters as second players restage for the King’s men. In Death of Yazdgerd, theatricality is foregrounded, among others, through the stage directions that are explicitly mentioned, itself another technique proposed by Brecht (1964, p. 138).
Conclusion
Beyzaie’s Death of Yazdgerd is an cogent example of Pascale Casanova’s thesis that writers gain domestic and global recognition by, first, appropriating their national artistic tradition and, second, harnessing the international venues of the art in question (2004, pp. 40-41). In the case of the former, Beyzaie utilizes the indigenous genre of taqlid. As for the latter, we underscored the way Beyzaie appropriates Brecht’s epic theater in this play.
 
References
Brecht, B. (1964). Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Trans. John Willett. New York: Hill and Wang.
Beyzāie, B. (2014). Marg-e Yazdgerd: Majles-e Shahkoshi. 11^th ed. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Rowshangarān va Motāle’at-e Zanān. [In Persian]
---. (2015). Namāyesh dar Iran. 10^th ed. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Rowshangarān va Motāle’at-e Zanān. [In Persian]
Casanova, P. (2004). The World Republic of Letters. Trans. M. B. Debevoise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dabashi, H. (2001). Close up; Iranian Cinema, Past, Present and Future. New York: Verso.
Jameson, F. (1998). Brecht and Method. London: Verso.