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Ideological discourse has always challenged individuals as subjects and has always tried to use the polysemous character of language to predominate other discourses and subjects.­­This study attempts to answer the question of how the ideological discourse is able to carry out a semantic transformation on the discourse’s level and therefore on the conveyed message’s level, and that how the political authorities utilize linguistic structures and the means that language and the connotative modification of the language provide them to legitimize their supremacy in a schematic and schematized perspective.
To achieve this objective, this article’s authors have attempted to show the relationship between linguistic elements with power and domination by analyzing discourse of subjects in the Cannibale novel written by contemporary French writer Didier Daeninckx by relying on Pierre Zima’s sociological theories.­Advocating the fight against denialism, racism, colonialism, corruption in political societies, he wrote Cannibale in 1998 in memory of the "human zoos" under the French Third Republic.­It tells the story of indigenous Kanaks who were exhibited as animals at the 1931 Colonial Exhibition.­Accordingly, this article examines how ideological discourse and semantic transformation are created through narratives and dialogues that occur throughout the book and lead to transforming ideological implications.­Also, by describing and interpreting the nature of native Kanaks from the perspective of dominant ideological discourse, it is shown that dominant discourse uses the polysemous and multidimensional nature of language by holding the power to organize linguistic structures and defines a nature other than the original nature of the native Kanaks.

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Despite the growing attention given to language teacher immunity in the recent years, scant research has focused on how supervisory classroom observation affects teacher immunity through the framework of complexity theory. To address this gap, the current study intended to shed more light on the process of supervisory classroom observation and how it contributes to second language teacher immunity, either productively or maladaptively. To this end, 10 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers were recruited and the data were collected through narrative frames and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the observer’s presence and the entire observation process instigated excessive stress among the teachers and affected the teachers’ self-efficacy, creativity, and motivation; while the post-observation conferences between the teachers and the observers had a positive influence on the immunity development of the teachers. Implications for the stakeholders including the policy makers, institute managers and the observers are provided in the conclusion section of the study.
 

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Comparative mythology partly is a one of the modern courses, which have been used broadly from the second mid-nineteenth century. On the one hand, the relation of this approach has become firm in the comparative literature, and fixed in the mythical critic, on the other. Though at first, the necessity recognition of world's nations myths was introduced widely and comparatively by the European’s and broad researches were done by them, especially in the field of European nations (Rome and Greek's) myths, but the extent of this approach in the Islamic nation's myths did not progress, except of some small and separated surveys on myth motives. In 2000 AD, Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri, by understanding this poverty research, in “Comparative research in Arab, Iran and Turk's myths”, took the first step in comparison of Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths. It is wonderful that, even after a decade, researches did not refer to this. Mojib Al-Mesri, in this comparative research, has studied every Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths in three separate parts. However, this book does not operate according to the twentieth century mythical critic approach, but in Iran's myths study, it exhibits modern conclusions and achievements in comparative mythology and in this way, compares unfamiliar Arabic and Turkish's myths with similar Iranian samples that have not been studied in any research so far. This paper has tried firstly to clarify the myth relation and functioning of mythology in comparative literature and  then  introduce  Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri's achievements. Then in a more limited scope, it reviews his theories that he received from Iran's myths. In the end, it shows the existing common points between Persian myths with Arabic and Turkish samples in two sections of religious and historical myths. The purpose of this essay is revealing the potential capabilities of Islamic nations' myths. It also recommend the necessary changes, which must occur in one-sided and unilateral views of Iranian or Non Iranian mythologists.

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 Resistance literature is the most important cultural strongholds for nations under domination. This word has always been associated with anti oppression and evokes it. This genre of literature has got a long bachground in the history that because of ruling oppression in muslim countries from alien countries and also imposed wars, has got a special representation. Iran and Palestine are two prominent examples of this country. Saleh Mahmood Alhowariis one of the poets who pays special attention to Palestine. Also TaherehSafarzadeh,with his poetry has defended his nation confronting aliens, and we see manifestation of resistance in her poems. Pride and national identity and patriotism, challenge, hope for a better future, and invitation to solidarity are of the common themes in the poetry of both poets.This study intends to express the themes of resistance literature in poetry of both poets and compare these kind of themes in their poetry using library tool and descriptive-analytical method the American School of comparative literature.

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The biocontrol activity of two isolates of Candida membranifaciens against grey mold of apple fruit caused by Botrytis mali and their ability to induce biochemical defense responses in apple tissue were investigated. Apple fruit (Malus domestica) wounds were inoculated with 50 µl yeast suspension (1 × 10⁷ CFU/ml) of C. membranifaciens followed 4 h later by 20 µl of conidial suspension of B. mali (1 × 10⁵ conidia/ml). The apples were then incubated at 20 ºC for 8 days. Lesion diameter sizes were measured 4 and 8 days after pathogen inoculation. In addition to controlling grey mold, these two isolates of C. membranifaciens caused increases in peroxidase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities. These isolates also caused inhibition in catalase activity. The accumulation of phenolic compounds was increased in apple fruit treated with antagonists and inoculated with B. mali and reached its highest level 6 days after treatment. The ability of C. membranifaciens to affect H2O2-metobolizing enzymes and increase levels of β-1, 3-glucanase activity and phenolic compounds may be some of mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activity.  

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Asiatic citrus canker is a devastating disease resulting in drastic economic losses in citriculture worldwide. Amongst three different types of the disease, i.e. A, A* and A^w, the A* type is genetically less known. In order to comprehend the behavior of the Asiatic citrus canker A*-type strain (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) in the vicinity of the host cells, a targeted semi-quantitative transcript analysis approach via RT-PCR was carried out. A subset of sixteen genes, as representative of different steps involved in phytopathogencity, was analyzed on the culture medium (as uninduced) and compared with the subset isolated from the infected Mexican lime (Citrus auarntifolia L.) plants (as induced). The results showed that certain genes were up-regulated in induced condition, suggesting a putative role in bacteria-host interaction. Furthermore, the transcripts in induced condition could be classified into constitutive, early- and late-responsive genes, demonstrating their functional relevance during the host-pathogen interaction.    

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Aims: Drug abuse among college students continues as a major public-health concern. Theory-driven research is necessary to address and find causes. The current research investigates the utility of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in designing and implementing a drug abuse educational prevention program among medical college students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 120 college students in two groups: experimental and control, who were randomly enrolled at the baseline survey. We used a questionnaire, which included three sections of background data (11 questions), knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse questionnaire (16 questions), and TPB-based questionnaire (20 questions). Educational planning was based on active learning with using group discussion, printed leaflet, and audio-visual CD. The participants were followed up after 2-month intervention. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 16 using appropriate statistical tests such as stepwise multiple logistic regressions and t-test. Findings: Almost 6.7% of the participants had a history of drug abuse. The three predictors of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control accounted for 48 % of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to drug abuse. There was a significant improvement in average response for knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse and TPB variables among the students who were under intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Designing intervention to reduce positive attitude and subjective norms toward drug abuse among college students could be useful to substance abuse prevention.

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 Length-weight relationship, age range and fecundity of 40 specimens of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, collected from two fishing stations in the southeastern Caspian Sea, were determined. Average length (TL) and weight were 129.5 cm and 12.7 kg for males and 145.8 cm and 22.15 kg for females, respectively. Absolute fecundity was 184000 in average and condition factor calculated 0/58 and 0/7 for male and females, respectively. Average age for males and females was 12.7 and 14.6 years, respectively. All these factors were lower than previous records from the Volga river estuary. Length-weight relationships results demonstrated isometric growth pattern with average slope of 2.978 and 2.822 for males and females respectively. These values were not statistically different between sexes (p> 0.05), but using this relationships for each sex separately will be useful for more reliable results especially in broodstock studies.

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This article examines the common approaches of famous Rezafi and Farokhi Yazdi to the political and social freedom of expression, freedom of thought, press freedom, and the freedom of workers and peasants through an analytical descriptive method based on the American School of Comparative Literature. The most important results of this article are that both poets devote their poetry to the liberation and liberation of the people in the form of tyranny, and have followed ethical issues in this regard, although Farrokhi Yazdi's insistence on freedom is more than the famous one.

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Public sphere and social ethics are always among the basic topics of sociology discussions. The main hypothesis of this study is that «action in the public sphere» is an effective factor on increasing the experience of shame as social ethics. For examining the relationship between these two, Hannah Arendt's «Public sphere theory» and Morris Rosenberg's «Reflective evaluation» principles were used. The model considered in this study includes freedom belief, plurality, private self-disclosure and public self-disclosure, which are participated as effective variables (in two forms: directed and indirected) on the experience of shame. Statistical population of this study includes the students of Tehran University at undergraduate, graduate and PhD degrees. 400 of them were selected by quota sampling for responding using proportional size method. The required data were collected using survey and questionnaire methods. The results of statistical analysis showed that students' public self-disclosure, freedom belief, plurality, gender and education degree have significant impacts on the experience of shame as social ethics. Only the significant effect of private self-disclosure was not confirmed statistically.

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Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) is the most economically destructive wood pest in structures in Khuzestan province (Iran). Chemicals such as essential oils and plant extracts that are compatible with the environment and have high potential to be used in integrated pest management programs are extremely important resources. This study evaluated contact and digestive toxicity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehneh. (Myrtaceae)essential oil in no-choice and choice bioassays and feeding inhibition trials on M. diversus. Concentrations of the essential oil ranged from 0.3 to 1.6%. The results of the choice tests and feeding inhibition trial showed that the essential oil could act as a repellent at 0.7% concentration. Concentrations used in these tests resulted in mortality of termites, and a direct relationship between concentration and mortality was observed. The essential oil also increased the mortality of termites at concentrations higher than 0.7%. Termite feeding decreased with increase in concentration. Due to the ability of termites to choose the untreated filter-paper in the choice trial, values of LT and LC, were higher than in no-choice trials. The highest effects of Eucalyptus essential oil (≈100% mortality) was obtained by the concentration 1.6%. Overall, this study reveals that Eucalyptus essential oil may be suggested as an effective toxicant with suitable contact and digestive toxicity on M. diversus.  

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Many investigations have demonstrated that arid regions display ideal conditions for remote sensing applications such as, land cover/land use detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal band in land cover/land use mapping in the Ardakan region of Yazd province, an area of desert with severe salinity conditions, and the Mook region in the Farse province, an area of mountains, forests, dry farming and orchards. Landsat TM imagery recorded on September and October, 1990 were used for land cover/land use classifications of Ardakan and Mook areas respectively. Maximum likelihood classifications were used by including TM thermal band (TM6) in band combinations. The results of image classifications showed that TM6 has improved the accuracy of classification in Ardakan, while no meaningful role was found in Mook region. Based on the results obtained it may be concluded that the effectiveness of TM bands for classification is highly dependant on land cover type, climatic, and geographic conditions. Based on the results obtained it was also concluded that TM6 plays a key role in separating urban and dark colour salt crust classes as in Ardakan area. In other words, in climatic and geographic conditions represented by dry surface and sparse vegetation, thermal band data may prove more useful.

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Length-weight relationships and fecundity of 93 individual female Acipenser persicus broodstocks were investigated. The specimens were caught during 2001-2005 from Golestan, Mazandaran and Guilan provinces along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Total length and weight of each fish was measured to the nearest 1cm and 100 g, respectively. Age determination was carried out by using transects of the first ray of pectoral fin. The absolute fecundity was assessed by egg count per weight unit of all eggs existed in the body. The specimens were from 13 to 20 years old, of which the 16 years old had the highest proportion with 23.7%. Range of total length and weight were 132.5 to 211 cm and 14 to 42 kg, respectively. Mean absolute fecundity was estimated 267810 ± 92570. Total length, weight and absolute fecundity of fish increased with age in all cases, showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.01). The slope of the length-weight relationship (b) was equal to 2.745 and isometric growth pattern was determined in this species.

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Aim: Considering the fundamental role of parents' function and family dynamics including the importance role of family communication pattern on preventing early-onset substance use in children, the present study aimed to determine the correlation between family communication pattern and mothers' preventive behavioral intention regarding preventing early-onset substance use in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 234 Iranian mothers in Tehran who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. The participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire including I- demographic information; II- family-based behavioral intention regarding preventing early- onset substance use in children; and III- family communication pattern. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using Pearson's correlations, independent t-test, and ANOVA at 95% significant level. Findings: The results reported a correlation between conversation (r=0.509**& P≥0.001), conformity orientation (r= -0.150*& P=0.022) and behavioral intention; as well as between conversation conformity orientation (r= -0.382*& P≥0.001), and conversation (r=0.218**& P=0.001), conformity orientation (r= -0.105& P=0.108) and age. Conclusion: The findings suggest that to develop a preventive program, it will be useful to increase family communication pattern, specially conversation orientation to prevent the onset of substance use in children.

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To use remote sensing data effectively, one must understand the spectral characteristics of the particular features under investigations. To study the relationship between soil salinity and soil reflectance, four MultiSpectral Scanners (MSS) and seven Thematic Mappers (TM bands) over the Ardakan playa located on the Central Iranian Desert margins were selected. In this study soil map, soil salinity observations, an interpolated soil salinity map and 13 images in all, including 7 TM, 4 MSS and 2 Normalised Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) images were used. After smoothing the imagery using a 3× 3 kernel, and delineating the bare soil from vegetated areas, the correlation coefficients between soil salinity (Electrical Conductivity) and related Digital Number (DN) values from TM and MSS bands on different soil types, such as gypsiferons and saline soils, were calculated. The results obtained demonstrate the trend of the correlation coefficients between soil salinity and the related DN values of MSS and TM bands. Based on the results obtained, we may conclude that the presence of gypsum in soil plays a significant role in lowering the correlation coefficients between soil salinity and surface reflectance -further studies are required to draw more general conclusions. From the results obtained we may also conclude that the behavior of band 6 of TM on gypsiferous soil is completely different from that on saline soil and, therefore, we may generally conclude that Landsat TM imagery with six reflective bands, on the one hand, and the TM thermal band as complementary information to the TM reflective bands, on the other hand, contained some useful information that may play an important role in soil salinity studies and also the detection of gypsiferous soils in desert areas.

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In Comparative studies, poem of Saadi and Motenabbi are comparable in many ways. One of the common parts of these poets is Proverbial method , this method has brought forth Saadi has followed Motenabbi in aspect to motif and poetic method. This article tries to analyze proverbial method in the poem of Saadi and Motenabbi and examined cultural base and mobility poetry and imagination in these poets. Vocabulary and imagination of Saadi are wider than Motenabbi and "I" Sadi especially has become human "I". Cultural base of Saadi is more powerful than Motenabbi and powerful culture and imagination are developed through both sides of the proverbial method, diversity and dynamic style.  

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The present study aimed to analyze affecting factors on agricultural experts moving toward becoming agricultural e-marketing users. During a correlation-descriptive research method, variables of the study were prioritized through Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and correlation between variables and adoption was computed and finally the most effective variables on adoption were determined using logistic regression. Results showed that behavioral belief (Attitude), normative belief (Subjective norm) and control belief (Perceived Behavioral Control) were affecting adoption. Among personal abilities and skills, engagement in agricultural jobs had the greatest effect on adoption which was related to control belief of the respondents. positive belief toward e-marketing and believing that had next great effect on decreasing traditional interferences respectively and variables related to behavioral belief had more important role in forming attitude of experts. Finally, agricultural companies were the most affecting variables on subjective norm of experts among other affecting components of agricultural market included in normative belief. Respondents selected network of agricultural advisory service companies which had an interference role between producers and customers as a proper option in e-marketing for local farmers. In this case, companies could merely deal with providing information of farmers’ products to suppliants through internet websites without playing direct role in buying and selling.     

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While writing a literal or educational text, especially for children, it is very important to know the characteristics of the readers. Children’s literature and educational professionals believe that using difficult vocabulary or structures in a text will eliminate the reader’s motivation, so using simple structures and core vocabulary is very important. Core vocabulary means a list of words that have high frequency in use, and everyone (in an age level) can understand their meaning. In this research, we study the usage of core vocabulary in 20 texts from “Roshde Noamuz” magazine according to Nematzade et al (2011). The results of this research can be fruitful in writing and translating childrenʼs texts. We further aim to find vocabulary that all Iranian children can understand its meaning to use in literal and educational texts.

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In the present investigation, infection of Lernaeacruciata parasite is reported in Farsi toothcarp (Aphaniusfarsicus) collected from Maharlu Lake basin in 2014. The prevalence of infection appeared 88.9% (45 specimens). Lernaeacruciataparasites were isolated from origin of fins, gill opercels and body surface. Frequency of parasite on each fish appeared 1 or 2 which mostly attached to branch and under operculum (45%) and base of pectoral and anal fins (43%). The L. cruciata may have been translocated into the Maharloulake Basin by an exotic Poecilid; Gambusiaholbrooki. Sever infection of this endangered endemic fish species warns that urgent reactions should be taken for conservation of Farsi tooth carps in area.