---

The message recall effects consist of the primary effects, middle effects and recency effects. People who recall the first part of the list are affected by the primary effects, those who recall the middle part are affected by the middle effects, and those who recall the last part are affected by the recency effects. The present research is to investigate the recency effects of Persian verbal radio commercials on the memory of their listeners. Also the study is to represent the effects of using short sentences and slogans in Persian radio commercials. The research methods are the field study and experimental. To perform the trials, six out of the 50 Persian radio commercials were chosen, which were broadcasted from Iran, Javan and Payam radio channels in February and March, 2011. Six blank-sentence tests were designed according to the commercials. 71 participants (44 men and 27 women) were randomly selected. Listening the commercials twice, they wrote the missing words in the tests they recalled. The results suggest the recency items with minrank (2/77) of a Persian radio commercial have more effects on the listeners’ working memory and are recalled better than the primary (2/16) and  the middle items (%1/06). Also short sentences and slogans (99/79) have more effects on the listeners’ working memory and they are recalled well than the others (41/80). The results are suitable for Persian radio commercial programmers, goods producers and service institution administrators to take the listeners’ attractions to introduce their goods and services better. Linguists and psychologists can also use these results to study the effects of sentence positions on people's memories.

---

One of the problems that translators and commentators face in understanding the meanings of the verses is the multiplicity of meanings that make it difficult to distinguish the meaning considered in the verse. One example of the above problem is: meanings of the phrase) wala tute man 'aghfalna qalbah) so each of the commentators and translators, based on their understanding, have taken a meaning that some of these meanings raise the suspicion of algebra Therefore, the present article tries to examine this phrase in a descriptive-analytical method in various interpretations in order to extract the meaning of the above phrase using the context and finally to critique the Persian translations. For this purpose, more than twenty interpretations and forty translations of the Holy Qur'an were examined, and finally the context of the verse (verbal and non-verbal) showed that among the proposed meanings, the meaning of (neglect of the heart) is closer to the main meaning of the verse. However, among the commentators, Sharif Razi, Ibn Shahr Ashob, Neyshabouri and Ibn Jonei, and among the translations translated, only two Persian translations of Tafsir Tabari and Kazem Arfa's translation have mentioned this concept.
 

---

Se-kheshti is a type of Kormanji's poems. The aim of this research is to describe and classify the frequent image clusters and analyze their representation in the Se-kheshti. We used oral and written sources to check examples. The study follows which group of phenomena the basis of the images represented in these songs is taken from, and which image cluster these images can be classified in. The theoretical basis of this research is linguistic image and virtual image which is influenced by two types of real and virtual language use in literature. The findings of the research show that image clusters of lover and natural environment have a higher frequency. Also, the imagery in these poems is realistic and closer to the pole of description and interpretation.
 

---

In the present work, the dynamics of lean (ϕ =0.5) premixed hydrogen/air flames in a micro channel with prescribed wall temperature is studied. The investigation is carried out using the low Mach formulation of Navier-Stokes equations with detailed chemistry and molecular transport for different inflow velocity. Ignition-extinction repetitive, steady symmetry flame and asymmetric flame are observed as the inlet velocity increased. Close to lower flammability limit, ignition-extinction repetitive flame was observed duo to imbalance between chemical time scale and residence time scale. In this regime, the reacting flow is affected by high wall temperature and the extinction occurred by the flow temperature. Upon increasing the inlet velocity, symmetric flame can be observed due to the balance between time scales. It is observed that further increasing the inlet velocity would cause symmetry flame to become unstable because of presence of some perturbations in flow field. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the perturbations are created by preferential diffusion of species.

---

The present numerical study investigates the effect of a bluff body on outer wall temperature of a micro scale combustor. Combustion of lean premixed hydrogen-air mixture is simulated in two dimensional domain utilizing detailed chemistry of Li et al. (13 species with 19 chemical reactions) and different mass diffusivity for each species. The effect of bluff body in combustor is studied in two viewpoints: shape of bluff body and number of bluff bodies. Two shapes of bluff body, square and triangular shapes, are considered to study the combustion efficiency and outer wall temperature. The results indicate that the shape of bluff body does not have important effect on outer wall temperature. However, triangular shape outer wall temperature is slightly more than square shape. Results also show that combustion efficiency of the square bluff body is larger than the triangular one. In second part, the effect of number of bluff bodies (i.e. one, two and four bluff bodies) on the micro scale combustor is examined on combustion characteristics. With increasing the number of bluff bodies, the outer wall temperature increases. This is due to the formation of a uniform temperature field in the micro scale combustor.

---

Industrial kilns and power plants with high consumption of fossil fuels play a significant role in the production of air pollutants. Nitrogen oxide is one of these pollutants. In the present work, effect of different geometries on NO reduction in stack of industrial kilns and power plants is investigated numerically based on a selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) method. In SNCR method, the NO reacts with ammonia which is injected into the kiln stack at temperature range of about 1150-1350 K and nitrogen is formed. In this study, a cylindrical stack with 500 cm length and 5 cm diameter is chosen similar to Ostberg experimental work. Four geometries for ammonia injection with one, two, four nozzles and by a ring around the stack have been studied. Numerical simulation of NO reduction by SNCR method shows that injection with one nozzle has lower efficiency than other injection geometries. Also effect of gas stack length on NO reduction has been investigated. The results show that increasing of stack length, has significant effect on ammonia slip reduction phenomenon. To investigate effect of ammonia injection nozzle angle on SNCR efficiency, nozzle angles between -75 to 75 degree were analyzed. Results show that the efficiency of this phenomenon decreases by increasing absolute value of injection nozzle angle. Finally, effect of baffle presence in mainstream has been studied. It is observed that and the required time and length for reaction decrease due to better mixing.

---

                In the upcoming article, by adopting a comparative approach to the criminal law of Australia, we decided to make clear the murder caused by necessity in different scenarios. Hence, after dividing the general premise of “deliberate murder caused by necessity” to three more minor sorts “killing one to save yourself”, “killing one of the parties at risk by a third party,” and “killing fewer people to save the lives of more people”, evidences about both acceptance and rejection of murder under necessityin such circumstances have been discussed. Finally, it is concluded that when it is possible for the perpetrator to evaluate the benefits and harms of his/her action, and he/she had been acted on the basis of acceptable religious and secular rational values ​​for determining the more important value (specially the numerical criteria mentioned in the article), he/she has no criminal responsibility.                          
*   Corresponding Author's E-mail: Shakeri_criminallaw@yahoo.com

---

---

Numerical simulation of multi material or multi-phase flows are one of the most challenging problems between computational fluid dynamics researches. The main difficulty of these problems is producing some unexpected and non-physical oscillation at material interface which causes entering some error in to computation domain. For eliminating this source of error, many sophisticated algorithm have been proposed recently. By neglecting diffusion processes, Euler equations and HLLC reimann solver are applied. In addition, Level set algorithm is implemented to track interferences between two materials. An accurate, easily developed and low computation cost algorithm, proposed by Abgrall and Karni, is used to prevent generating the oscillations in the interfaces. In the current work, the algorithm is developed to 2 dimensional algorithm. Afterwards, the result of 1 and 2 dimensional code are evaluated to verify the developed algorithm by some standard problems such as sod problem. Finally, shock –bubble (Air – Helium) interaction problem is simulated to investigate the effect of the algorithm in 2 dimensional simulation. The comparison shows that the code and its result have very good accuracy with very low computational cost.

---

---

In this paper, the instability of wave motion on the surface of liquid sheet emanating from a swirl injector exposed to inner and outer air streams, before the breakup is considered using the linear instability analysis by a perturbation method. The forces acting on a liquid gas interface in sprays, including surface tension, pressure, inertia force, centrifugal force and viscous force, lead to grow the disturbances originated from inside the injector on the outgoing liquid sheet. Interaction between these forces ultimately breaks up the jet into the ligaments. The linear instability analysis used in the present study is different from prior analysis. A cylindrical liquid sheet has been considered in previous studies but the present study implements the linear instability on a conical annular liquid sheet. Due to the complexity of derived governing equations a semi-analytical and numerical method was utilized in the solution procedure. The present model is capable to solve governing equations for the liquid jet with large range of spray angle. The predicted results compared with the prior studies results and experiments. The results of the current model in comparison with prior models have better accordance with experimental data. Also, the results show that the improved linear theory (the present model) predicts the breakup length better than linear theory.

---

In this paper, the goal is to provide analytical solutions for the thin film flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in different geometries and boundary conditions. An analytical solution for the non-Newtonian fluids is one of the most important and challenging issues that helps in understanding the physics of these fluids. For this purpose, the theory of micropolar fluids has been used. Thin film in three specific geometries, including flow downward on an inclined surface, flow on a moving ribbon, and flow downward on a vertical cylinder is considered. In order to solve the governing equations and obtaining the velocity and rotational fields, in the first two geometries, an analytical methods and in the third geometry a combined analytic and numerical methods are used with respect to the complexity of the equations. The rotational and velocity fields are plotted for all three cases and the results are discussed for different values of the parameters of a micropolar fluid. Also, the effect of the concentration of microelements in the fluid has been studied. It was observed that with the increase of the micropolar fluid parameter, the magnitude of velocity and rotation decreases.

---

Turbine tip leakage flow is one of the effective factors in reducing the efficiency and performance of axial turbines, which can also destroy turbine blades. Accordingly, it is important to identify and control the tip leakage flow. In this paper, we investigate the effect of tip clearance sizes and changes in tip shape as a passive control method on tip structure and total turbine flow performance. For this purpose, the flow loss in a two-stage axial turbine is performed using the CFX software. In order to ensure the accuracy of the results, the turbine performance curves were compared with the experimental results which good consistency have been observed. Considering the four cases for tip clearance size, the turbine performance curves and resulting pressure loss have been investigated. It was found that increasing the tip clearance size leads to reduced efficiency and increased losses in the axial turbine. In the following, we examine the application of the passive control method through the change of the tip geometry. In this regard, the shape of the blade tip is somehow considered that the tip clearance size is variable from leading edge to trailing edge. The results show that in these cases, tip leakage flow and the resulting vertices are weakened, which leads to a decrease in the rotor loss coefficient. Observing the flow contours results in lower temperatures in the blade region due to the formation of a weaker tipping leak flow, which helps cool the turbine blades.

---

---

---

---

To investigate the effect of relative humidity percentage on heat transfer and distribution of droplets in the condensation phenomenon, a test device with the ability to provide and control different environmental conditions was made, and therefore, the hydrophilic (copper) and hydrophobic (Teflon coating on copper) surfaces were measured under controlled environmental conditions. In all the tests, the inlet air flow rate, inlet air temperature, air temperature reaching the test surface, water temperature, water surface height, and test surface temperature were kept constant at specific values using PID control. Each test's relative humidity values of 80, 88, and 96% have been determined and controlled. The results of the transient investigation of heat transfer show that it takes time for the condensation phenomenon to occur, and the higher the surface hydrophilicity and relative humidity, the shorter this time will be. Also, the average heat transfer for 60 minutes was calculated. It showed that the average heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing humidity. Under the same environmental conditions, the heat transfer coefficient on hydrophilic surfaces is higher than on hydrophobic ones. In the graphical analysis of the droplet size, it has been observed that the most oversized droplets on hydrophilic surfaces at relative humidities of 88 and 96% are in the hydraulic diameter range of 0.35 to 0.4, and on hydrophobic surfaces are at relative humidities of 80 and 88% in the hydraulic diameter range of 0.2 to 0.25 mm.