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Showing 165 results for Amini
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The present research investigates the conceptualization of the metaphors of “fear” in the Quran. Conceptual metaphors are an important discourse in cognitive linguistics. In this approach, metaphors are believed to be a cognitive phenomenon which manifests in language. This research aims to identify the initial spheres based on which fear has been conceptualized in the Quran and endeavors to attain the stance of the Quran on this emotion. To this end, a body of 607 verses containing the concept of fear was collected. In the next stage, 18 concepts were identified using cognitive analysis. The two schemas of force and movement as the initial spheres play a major role in the conceptualization of “fear” in the Quran. In conceptualization based on movement, behavioral and physiological actions of people facing external forces indicate their lack of control and defeat by external forces, with a virtual basis in most cases. In return, in conceptualizing fear based on the schema of force, the presence of a range of forces such as pressure, blocking, and redirection in facing external forces express the voluntary reaction of people in overcoming the external forces. Hence, in line with its guiding purposes, the Quran has missioned the prophets, in many cases as a divine command, to ask His audience to confront the non-divine external forces with the force arising from – the fear – of divine majesty.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
In this article, “reduplication” is studied in Hawrami language. The data of the research is obtained in a fieldwork and in conversation with the speakers of a variety of Hawrami called "Hawrami-e Takht" (Hawrami of Takht), which is spoken in a number of villages in Sarvabad county of Kurdistan province in Iran. The main goal of the research is understanding functions of reduplication in Hawrami, and also to know the differences of functions of this phenomenon in that language in comparison to other Iranian languages, namely Persian. The analyses and studies of the research indicate that “complete” and “incomplete” reduplication in Hawrami have various manifestations, but complete reduplication of verbs seems special to Hawrami, and no parallel can be found for it in Persian. In addition, examination of some constructions resulting from incomplete reduplication in Hawrami, shows that inflectional sign of grammatical gender, which in its absolute form, appears in feminine gender, is lost or appears in a different way in the construction resulting from reduplication. Regarding some parts of the data and analyses of the research, it is possible to say that this research also confirms that reduplication has similar functions and mechanisms in human languages.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
The growing global consumption of non-alcoholic drinks has brought attention to the characterization and quality control of popular beverages such as malt beverages. Organic acids remarkably impact on the microbial control, stability and organoleptic characteristics (flavor, color and aroma) of beverages. This study focuses on the determination of organic acids, including oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic, fumaric, acetic, propionic, and gallic acid, in 100 commercial malt beverages from different brands (five Iranian and five various imported brands) and flavored variants (classic, pomegranate, peach, tropical and lemon). In addition, the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and free amino acids were measured to assess the overall composition. Liquid chromatography (LC) was employed to develop a method for analyzing the organic acids, while spectrophotometric techniques were used for quantifying other bioactive compounds. The results revealed significant variations in the organic acid profiles, with succinic acid being the most abundant, while tartaric acid was absent in all samples. For better data analysis, chemometrics technique (PCA method) was applied to classify achieved results. The results show that PCA can classify the malt drinks based on the additive values with a very high precision. In order to improve the quality control of malt beverages, it is recommended that some extra assessments like organic acids and free amino nitrogen determination tests would better to be considered at Iranian national standard.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Measurement and examination of unobservable variables directly such as inflation expectations or potential output, is really challenging. Inflation expectations have been considered a key variable in many macroeconomic models, particularly in the realm of monetary economics. Macroeconomic models assume that economic agents make consumption, savings, and labor market decisions based on their perception of future inflation levels, and these decisions play a great role in realizing economic variables, including inflation. The role of inflation expectations differs from other inflation-generating factors. While factors such as money supply, budget deficit, exchange rate, and to some extent, economic sanctions can be considered as policy tools. Inflation expectations normally result from the interaction of other factors and may potentially predict future inflation. For example, an increase in the budget deficit, if not addressed independently by the Central Bank, can lead to an increase in money supply, inflation, and intensification of inflation expectations. Thus, inflation expectations can be considered as a variable that evolves within society and changes due to other inflation-generating factors. However, once formed, these expectations themselves become significant factors in inflation and other economic variables. Unlike many countries, in Iran, despite the importance of inflation due to decades of double-digit inflation, no action has been taken to produce and provide survey data related to this variable. However, according to existing literature, comparing the results of alternative methods incorporating inflation expectations with survey data can provide valuable insights. In practice, incorporating inflation expectations can improve the performance of inflation prediction models.
Methodology
Empirical research indicates that methods that consider inflation expectations along with its fluctuations and dynamics outperform models that do not consider these dynamics. Therefore, paying proper attention to how inflation expectations form and fluctuate, as well as avoiding simple methods, is necessary in calculating inflation expectations. In this research, an attempt was made to calculate and present data related to this variable in the framework of rational expectations for the period of 1996 to 2021 using the random forest regression method, considering the strengths and weaknesses of each method of mapping inflation expectations. Subsequently, after learning the random forest-based model, by conducting an in-sample prediction, the data were extracted and the features related to rational expectations regarding these data were examined.
Findings
The coefficient of determination value for the test data was found to be 80%, indicating that, on average, 80% of inflation variations are correctly predicted by economic factors using the model inputs or features. Based on this and by examining the features related to estimation residuals, it was determined that economic factors in predicting inflation do not exhibit systematic errors and, with a sufficiently large time interval and having an adequate information set, can have a proper understanding of inflation behavior. Moreover, the results of comparing inflation expectations based on random forest regression-based predictions show superiority of this approach compared to competing methods such as the Hodrick-Prescott filter. After that, the importance of each of the factors in the basket of information related to inflation expectations was ranked. It should be noted that the selection of features for predicting inflation expectations was not based on the direct attention of households and economic factors to these features. Rather, economic factors and households may find the effect of these features in other evidence. For example, the effect of an increase in the exchange rate on the prices of goods that are somehow related to this variable may be apparent to households, and fundamentally, the prevalent interpretation of rational expectations in the literature of this field is based on this approach. The results of this ranking indicate that among the entire information set, factors such as inflation breaks, exchange rates, and economic sanctions had the highest importance in shaping inflation expectations.
Discussion and Conclusion
It is worth mentioning that inflation breaks have been identified as the most important factor among the entire information set as a manifestation of the adaptive section of inflation expectations. However, this does not mean that expectations are entirely adaptive. Based on the research findings, it is clear that if economic factors rely solely on the adaptive section to predict inflation, zero estimation error, unpredictability of errors, and consequently the formation of rational expectations will not be achieved. Using a combination of three approaches: gradient boosting algorithm, random forest algorithm, and linear regression, a voting regression was also performed, showing a 3% improvement in determination coefficient compared to random forest (83%). Moreover, other results, such as the order and intensity of feature importance, and predicted inflation values, are similar to the random forest method with slight variations which means, estimating rational expectations is reliable
Measurement and examination of unobservable variables directly such as inflation expectations or potential output, is really challenging. Inflation expectations have been considered a key variable in many macroeconomic models, particularly in the realm of monetary economics. Macroeconomic models assume that economic agents make consumption, savings, and labor market decisions based on their perception of future inflation levels, and these decisions play a great role in realizing economic variables, including inflation. The role of inflation expectations differs from other inflation-generating factors. While factors such as money supply, budget deficit, exchange rate, and to some extent, economic sanctions can be considered as policy tools. Inflation expectations normally result from the interaction of other factors and may potentially predict future inflation. For example, an increase in the budget deficit, if not addressed independently by the Central Bank, can lead to an increase in money supply, inflation, and intensification of inflation expectations. Thus, inflation expectations can be considered as a variable that evolves within society and changes due to other inflation-generating factors. However, once formed, these expectations themselves become significant factors in inflation and other economic variables. Unlike many countries, in Iran, despite the importance of inflation due to decades of double-digit inflation, no action has been taken to produce and provide survey data related to this variable. However, according to existing literature, comparing the results of alternative methods incorporating inflation expectations with survey data can provide valuable insights. In practice, incorporating inflation expectations can improve the performance of inflation prediction models.
Methodology
Empirical research indicates that methods that consider inflation expectations along with its fluctuations and dynamics outperform models that do not consider these dynamics. Therefore, paying proper attention to how inflation expectations form and fluctuate, as well as avoiding simple methods, is necessary in calculating inflation expectations. In this research, an attempt was made to calculate and present data related to this variable in the framework of rational expectations for the period of 1996 to 2021 using the random forest regression method, considering the strengths and weaknesses of each method of mapping inflation expectations. Subsequently, after learning the random forest-based model, by conducting an in-sample prediction, the data were extracted and the features related to rational expectations regarding these data were examined.
Findings
The coefficient of determination value for the test data was found to be 80%, indicating that, on average, 80% of inflation variations are correctly predicted by economic factors using the model inputs or features. Based on this and by examining the features related to estimation residuals, it was determined that economic factors in predicting inflation do not exhibit systematic errors and, with a sufficiently large time interval and having an adequate information set, can have a proper understanding of inflation behavior. Moreover, the results of comparing inflation expectations based on random forest regression-based predictions show superiority of this approach compared to competing methods such as the Hodrick-Prescott filter. After that, the importance of each of the factors in the basket of information related to inflation expectations was ranked. It should be noted that the selection of features for predicting inflation expectations was not based on the direct attention of households and economic factors to these features. Rather, economic factors and households may find the effect of these features in other evidence. For example, the effect of an increase in the exchange rate on the prices of goods that are somehow related to this variable may be apparent to households, and fundamentally, the prevalent interpretation of rational expectations in the literature of this field is based on this approach. The results of this ranking indicate that among the entire information set, factors such as inflation breaks, exchange rates, and economic sanctions had the highest importance in shaping inflation expectations.
Discussion and Conclusion
It is worth mentioning that inflation breaks have been identified as the most important factor among the entire information set as a manifestation of the adaptive section of inflation expectations. However, this does not mean that expectations are entirely adaptive. Based on the research findings, it is clear that if economic factors rely solely on the adaptive section to predict inflation, zero estimation error, unpredictability of errors, and consequently the formation of rational expectations will not be achieved. Using a combination of three approaches: gradient boosting algorithm, random forest algorithm, and linear regression, a voting regression was also performed, showing a 3% improvement in determination coefficient compared to random forest (83%). Moreover, other results, such as the order and intensity of feature importance, and predicted inflation values, are similar to the random forest method with slight variations which means, estimating rational expectations is reliable
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Economic globalization has many economic benefits, but it has also been accompanied by environmental challenges that have increased concern about the impact of these trends on the environment. Environmental welfare plays a key role in the organization of societies and drawing attention to environmental issues as one of the main dimensions of sustainability. This is also true for the development structures and decisions related to the environment. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of economic globalization on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries during the years 2000 to 2020 using soft panel regression. The results show the existence of a non-linear relationship between the research variables. For developed and developing countries, a transfer function and two threshold limits, representing a two-regime model, were also chosen as the optimal model. The slope factor for developed and developing countries was equal to 1.28 and 159.78 respectively. The results of the model estimation indicate that in developed countries, the variable of economic globalization has a negative effect on environmental welfare in the first extreme regime and a positive and significant effect in the second extreme regime. In developing countries, the variable of economic globalization has also a negative and significant effect on environmental well-being in both regimes. On the other hand, in developed countries, for the first limit regime, economic globalization may lead to an increase in unsustainable use of resources and environmental pollution. But in the second extreme regime, it can promote the improvement of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection and the development of clean and green technologies. In developing countries, increased economic globalization may lead to increased industrial pressures and inappropriate use of natural resources, which causes damages to the environment and rampant pollution. Due to technical, financial, and regulatory constraints, these countries may not be able to take advantage of the benefits of globalization in a positive way for the environment and thus have a negative impact on environmental well-being. According to the research results, with the development of technology and industrial control, along with sustainable policies, it is possible to ensure the improvement of environmental well-being and strengthen the positive effect of economic globalization on environmental well-being.
Methodology
This study examines the impact of globalization on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries (133 countries) for the period 2000-2020 using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model. Statistical tables, global databases, data from the Swiss Economic Institute KOF, and the Social Science Institute (SSI) - TH Köln website were used to collect statistics and quantitative information. The environmental welfare variable in this research as a dependent variable is the geometric mean of seven indicators of biodiversity, renewable water resources, energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy reserves, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. Economic globalization is considered as a transition variable, and to better explain the issues of GDP per capita growth (percentage per annum), general government final consumption expenditure (percentage of GDP), foreign direct investment, net inflows (percentage of GDP) and population growth (percentage per annum) were selected as influential factors. PSTR as a statistical model is usually used to analyze non-linear relationships between economic variables, especially to investigate non-linear patterns or changes in the behavior of variables over time. This flexible model can depict complex relationships between different variables and is known as a popular choice in various fields such as economics, finance and social science. The model is an extension of the smooth transition regression (STR) that allows the determination of the transition function between two different regimes. With PSTR, the transfer function is extended for panel data, which allows the analysis of nonlinear relationships between variables in multiple units, such as countries or firms, over time. PSTR is a powerful tool for analyzing the impact of various economic factors on different regions or countries and can be used to examine the impact of a specific economic policy or event on different regions. PSTR can also be used for different types of data such as cross-sectional, time series and panel data, which makes it a versatile tool for analyzing various economic phenomena.
Findings
The research shows the estimated results of the model upon which the slope parameter, which expresses the speed of adjustment from one regime to another, is equal to 1.28 and 159.78 for developed and developing countries, respectively, i.e, the transition from linear regime to non-linear regime in developed countries is done at a much lower speed than in developing countries. The estimation of the model shows the nonlinear relationship in two threshold points for developed countries c_1=79.5617 and c_2=85.0326 and c = (79.56+85.03)/2 = 82.29 also for developing countries c_1= 50.6518 and c_2 = 62.4416 and c = (50.65+62.44) /2 = 56.54 and the transfer function is in two regimes. If the economic globalization exceeds 82.29 in developed countries and 56.54 in developing countries, the behavior of the variables will be according to the second regime, and if it is less than the above threshold, they will be in the first regime.
In developed countries, the coefficients are such that the variable of economic globalization has a negative and significant effect on environmental welfare in the first limit regime and a positive and significant effect in the second limit regime. GDP per capita growth has a positive and non-significant effect on environmental well-being in the first limit regime and a significant negative effect in the second limit regime. Government size and population growth have also a positive effect in the first limit regime and a negative and significant effect in the second limit regime. Foreign direct investment in both regimes has a negative and insignificant effect on environmental well-being.
In developing countries, the coefficients are such that the variable of economic globalization, the growth of GDP per capita in both marginal regimes has a negative and significant effect, as well as the size of the government and population growth in both marginal regimes have a negative and insignificant effect on the dependent variable (welfare). Foreign direct investment has also a positive and insignificant effect in the first limit regime and a negative and significant effect in the second limit regime on environmental well-being.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the research show that the impact of various factors on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries is different from each other. These differences may be due to different economic, social, and cultural conditions in these countries.
In developed countries in the first limit regime, economic globalization leads to an increase in economic pressures and international competition, which can cause more use of natural resources, increase the production of pollutants, and decrease the quality of the environment. Moreover, in the second extreme regime, the Economic globalization variable has a positive and significant effect on environmental well-being. This may be due to increased access to advanced technologies, higher environmental standards, and increased international cooperation in environmental protection.
In developing countries, economic globalization variables have a negative effect on environmental well-being in both regimes. In other words, the increase of these variables in both limit regimes leads to a decrease in the quality of the environment and environmental well-being. In other words, economic globalization leads to an increase in the per capita production and consumption of energy and natural resources, which can lead to air and water pollution, a decrease in biodiversity, and a reduction in air and water quality.
In general, it can be concluded that in developed countries, increasing economic growth, government size, and population growth lead to improved environmental conditions, but in developing countries, these factors usually cause a decrease in environmental quality and environmental well-being. For the optimal management of environmental welfare in any country, it is necessary to pay attention to the economic, social and cultural conditions of that country. It is also vitally important to formulate appropriate policies and strategies to deal with environmental challenges
Economic globalization has many economic benefits, but it has also been accompanied by environmental challenges that have increased concern about the impact of these trends on the environment. Environmental welfare plays a key role in the organization of societies and drawing attention to environmental issues as one of the main dimensions of sustainability. This is also true for the development structures and decisions related to the environment. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of economic globalization on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries during the years 2000 to 2020 using soft panel regression. The results show the existence of a non-linear relationship between the research variables. For developed and developing countries, a transfer function and two threshold limits, representing a two-regime model, were also chosen as the optimal model. The slope factor for developed and developing countries was equal to 1.28 and 159.78 respectively. The results of the model estimation indicate that in developed countries, the variable of economic globalization has a negative effect on environmental welfare in the first extreme regime and a positive and significant effect in the second extreme regime. In developing countries, the variable of economic globalization has also a negative and significant effect on environmental well-being in both regimes. On the other hand, in developed countries, for the first limit regime, economic globalization may lead to an increase in unsustainable use of resources and environmental pollution. But in the second extreme regime, it can promote the improvement of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection and the development of clean and green technologies. In developing countries, increased economic globalization may lead to increased industrial pressures and inappropriate use of natural resources, which causes damages to the environment and rampant pollution. Due to technical, financial, and regulatory constraints, these countries may not be able to take advantage of the benefits of globalization in a positive way for the environment and thus have a negative impact on environmental well-being. According to the research results, with the development of technology and industrial control, along with sustainable policies, it is possible to ensure the improvement of environmental well-being and strengthen the positive effect of economic globalization on environmental well-being.
Methodology
This study examines the impact of globalization on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries (133 countries) for the period 2000-2020 using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model. Statistical tables, global databases, data from the Swiss Economic Institute KOF, and the Social Science Institute (SSI) - TH Köln website were used to collect statistics and quantitative information. The environmental welfare variable in this research as a dependent variable is the geometric mean of seven indicators of biodiversity, renewable water resources, energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy reserves, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. Economic globalization is considered as a transition variable, and to better explain the issues of GDP per capita growth (percentage per annum), general government final consumption expenditure (percentage of GDP), foreign direct investment, net inflows (percentage of GDP) and population growth (percentage per annum) were selected as influential factors. PSTR as a statistical model is usually used to analyze non-linear relationships between economic variables, especially to investigate non-linear patterns or changes in the behavior of variables over time. This flexible model can depict complex relationships between different variables and is known as a popular choice in various fields such as economics, finance and social science. The model is an extension of the smooth transition regression (STR) that allows the determination of the transition function between two different regimes. With PSTR, the transfer function is extended for panel data, which allows the analysis of nonlinear relationships between variables in multiple units, such as countries or firms, over time. PSTR is a powerful tool for analyzing the impact of various economic factors on different regions or countries and can be used to examine the impact of a specific economic policy or event on different regions. PSTR can also be used for different types of data such as cross-sectional, time series and panel data, which makes it a versatile tool for analyzing various economic phenomena.
Findings
The research shows the estimated results of the model upon which the slope parameter, which expresses the speed of adjustment from one regime to another, is equal to 1.28 and 159.78 for developed and developing countries, respectively, i.e, the transition from linear regime to non-linear regime in developed countries is done at a much lower speed than in developing countries. The estimation of the model shows the nonlinear relationship in two threshold points for developed countries c_1=79.5617 and c_2=85.0326 and c = (79.56+85.03)/2 = 82.29 also for developing countries c_1= 50.6518 and c_2 = 62.4416 and c = (50.65+62.44) /2 = 56.54 and the transfer function is in two regimes. If the economic globalization exceeds 82.29 in developed countries and 56.54 in developing countries, the behavior of the variables will be according to the second regime, and if it is less than the above threshold, they will be in the first regime.
In developed countries, the coefficients are such that the variable of economic globalization has a negative and significant effect on environmental welfare in the first limit regime and a positive and significant effect in the second limit regime. GDP per capita growth has a positive and non-significant effect on environmental well-being in the first limit regime and a significant negative effect in the second limit regime. Government size and population growth have also a positive effect in the first limit regime and a negative and significant effect in the second limit regime. Foreign direct investment in both regimes has a negative and insignificant effect on environmental well-being.
In developing countries, the coefficients are such that the variable of economic globalization, the growth of GDP per capita in both marginal regimes has a negative and significant effect, as well as the size of the government and population growth in both marginal regimes have a negative and insignificant effect on the dependent variable (welfare). Foreign direct investment has also a positive and insignificant effect in the first limit regime and a negative and significant effect in the second limit regime on environmental well-being.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the research show that the impact of various factors on environmental well-being in developed and developing countries is different from each other. These differences may be due to different economic, social, and cultural conditions in these countries.
In developed countries in the first limit regime, economic globalization leads to an increase in economic pressures and international competition, which can cause more use of natural resources, increase the production of pollutants, and decrease the quality of the environment. Moreover, in the second extreme regime, the Economic globalization variable has a positive and significant effect on environmental well-being. This may be due to increased access to advanced technologies, higher environmental standards, and increased international cooperation in environmental protection.
In developing countries, economic globalization variables have a negative effect on environmental well-being in both regimes. In other words, the increase of these variables in both limit regimes leads to a decrease in the quality of the environment and environmental well-being. In other words, economic globalization leads to an increase in the per capita production and consumption of energy and natural resources, which can lead to air and water pollution, a decrease in biodiversity, and a reduction in air and water quality.
In general, it can be concluded that in developed countries, increasing economic growth, government size, and population growth lead to improved environmental conditions, but in developing countries, these factors usually cause a decrease in environmental quality and environmental well-being. For the optimal management of environmental welfare in any country, it is necessary to pay attention to the economic, social and cultural conditions of that country. It is also vitally important to formulate appropriate policies and strategies to deal with environmental challenges
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
This research aimed to compare the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players in the Iranian Premier League, which was carried out using a comparative research method. The statistical population of the research was all the judokas of the Iranian Premier League (9 teams and 18 judokas on each team) and all the Iranian Premier League basketball players (9 teams and 18 basketball players on each team). They competed in the Premier League competitions in 2014. The present research considered the statistical sample based on Morgan's sample size table for judokas (n=83) and basketball players (n=102).In order to conduct data collection, a demographic form and motivational climate questionnaire (PMCSQ) were used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and an independent t-test was used to compare the two sports at a significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed a difference between the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players of the Iranian Premier League (p≤0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that the performance Climate in judokas was higher than in basketball players (p≤0.05), but the skill motivational Climate in basketball players was higher than in judokas (p≤0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the type of sport is an important factor in the type of perceived motivational climate.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Fall & Winter 2025)
Abstract
Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi is one of the reformers of religious thought in the contemporary world, who had an impact not only in Iran and among Shiite Muslims, but also throughout the Islamic world, including in Afghanistan, Egypt, Turkey (Ottoman) and Iraq. He wanted to save Muslims from colonial rule and the backwardness of the world and achieve the greatness of Muslims. The main question of the current research is following the issue of whether adopting a strategy and opening up ideas in Egypt's affairs could create a confrontation in its relations with the colonial countries? And whether the adoption of this strategy in those periods of time was in accordance with the national interests and the domestic and international conditions of Egypt? The result of the research, which was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach, indicates that Seyyed Jamaluddin's intellectual capacity has influenced a wide scale of the Islamic world. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, Sayyid suggested the way to unify the Islamic world and return to authentic Islam.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
The biocontrol activity of two isolates of Candida membranifaciens against grey mold of apple fruit caused by Botrytis mali and their ability to induce biochemical defense responses in apple tissue were investigated. Apple fruit (Malus domestica) wounds were inoculated with 50 µl yeast suspension (1 × 107 CFU/ml) of C. membranifaciens followed 4 h later by 20 µl of conidial suspension of B. mali (1 × 105 conidia/ml). The apples were then incubated at 20 ºC for 8 days. Lesion diameter sizes were measured 4 and 8 days after pathogen inoculation. In addition to controlling grey mold, these two isolates of C. membranifaciens caused increases in peroxidase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities. These isolates also caused inhibition in catalase activity. The accumulation of phenolic compounds was increased in apple fruit treated with antagonists and inoculated with B. mali and reached its highest level 6 days after treatment. The ability of C. membranifaciens to affect H2O2-metobolizing enzymes and increase levels of β-1, 3-glucanase activity and phenolic compounds may be some of mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activity.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (3-2013)
Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to design and test a model that explains the effects of dimensions of institutional pressures and organizational culture on the utilization and development of knowledge management. Methodology: A descriptive research is conducted to investigate the relationship between variables under study. To collect data, questionnaires (α= 0.949) are randomly distributed among 178 employees of Mashhad Regional Electricity Company. The Structural Equation Modeling using maximum likelihood estimation is applied to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results reveal that while perceived institutional pressures positively affect the exploitation and development of knowledge management, organizational culture plays a mediatory role. Thus managing organizational knowledge requires attention to the effects of institutional pressures and the role of organizational culture. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Institutional Pressures, Organizational Culture.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed at surveying the relationship between spiritual quotient and human relationships among the principals of elementary schools of Esfarayen City in Iran. Methods: The sample group consisted of 100 randomly selected managers. Data gathering was carried out through spiritual quotient and human relationships’ tests. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between spiritual quotient and its elements including communication, self-awareness, trust, and motivation, on the one hand, and human relationships of the participants on the other. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between Transcendental Awareness, Conscious State Expansion, Personal Meaning Production, and Critical Existential Thinking, and human relationships among the participants. Conclusion: Spirituality at work may result in increasing creativity, honesty, trust, sense of personal perfection, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, participation at work, morality and professional conscious, motivation, and performance. Therefore, a spiritual manager leads the organization toward success in a way that the customers, employees, and society members enjoy the benefits.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract
Background: Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most important species of Salmonella that is intracellular parasite and attacks host mucus membrane. These bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, and their main transmission route is water, poultry, meat, egg, and raw food. The aim of this study was to detect three virulence genes associated with S. typhimurium named invA, STM4497, and fliC183 genes by Multiplex PCR method.
Materials and Methods: 183 samples of poultry were collected from food products in Zanjan (Iran) and cultured in BPW (Buffered Peptone Water) for 18 hr and at 37°C, and in RVS broth (Rappaport Vassiliadis Soya) for 6 hr at 41.5°C. After amplification of genomic DNA by Multiplex PCR method, occurrence of pathogen contamination was checked and compared with standard strain.
Results: From the total of 183 collected samples, 52(28.4%) samples were positive for S. typhimurium. The frequency of STM4497, fliC183, and invA genes were 49 (27%), 3 (2%), and 53 (29%), respectively.
Conclusion: Simultaneous detection of invA, STM4497, and fliC183 genes were recognized as a key for detection of S. typhimurium by Multiplex PCR method.
Volume 2, Issue 6 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
Sports mascots can be used as a good provider of consumer products in advertising and product marketing (from a consumer perspective); On the other hand, understanding the proper insight into the attitudes of sports consumers influenced by different factors can be effective in this regard. Therefore, the present study aims to analyse the attitude of physical education students towards the advertising of well-known sports mascots (case study: Puma brand). The methodology of this study is a descriptive survey; by purpose, it is a type of applied study. Estimating sample size in this study was done using SPSS Sample power software based on the objectives and assumptions of the research and using the tool considered (questionnaire); the assumptions considered in the form of statistical methods were analysed by Smart PLS 3 software. This study's findings indicate no significant difference between male and female students' attitudes toward the Puma sports mascot. Overall, students had a favourable and effective attitude toward Puma sports mascot advertising in the sports context. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in age concerning students' attitudes to Puma's well-known sports mascots. It is therefore recommended to marketers and practitioners that, according to the psychological characteristics of individuals, consider age groups and gender segregation to implement their advertising strategies in the context of sport.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
The toxicity of imidacloprid and pirimicarb for all stages of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 oC, 65 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.) using a leaf dipping method. These pesticides were very toxic for first instar nymphs of A. gossypii with LC50 values of 17 and 220.2 ppm for imidacloprid and pirimicarb, respectively. For other nymphal instars, values of 23.9 to 70.5 ppm and 308.8 to 781.7 ppm were recorded for imidacloprid and pirimicarb respectively. Their LC50 values for adults were 90.1 and 983.1 ppm, respectively. Toxicity decreased with increasing age. Imidacloprid was more toxic than pirimicarb for all stages of development. The effect of applying sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and pirimicarb was evaluated, also, using demographic toxicology. Longevity and population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (Tc) and finite rate of population increase (λ), were affected negatively by both insecticides. The rm values for control, imidacloprid and pirimicarb exposed populations were 0.438, 0.150 and 0.335 female offspring per female per day, respectively. The doubling time (DT) also, was affected by imidacloprid. Overall, these results suggest that imidacloprid and pirimicarb can be effective against A. gossypii.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
According to Iran’s visions "Iran is a country achieved the first position of economy, science and technology in Southwest Asia, with emphasis on the software and science." Since the base line of this vision is knowledge core, in this study is conducted in Science and Technology sectors considering being knowledge core. Therefore developing such strategic model with accordance to Iran’s 20 years period vision was perused. Knowledge core consists of three layers, humans, organization and society. Each of these layers have different dimension. For each of these dimensions, indicators has proposed and to confirm those indicators, a six steps process has conducted. Cultural, economic, social, political, scientific, financial, indicators totaling 2,100 were identified. Doing analysis, 1178 indicators were extracted and grouped in 20 categories. 313 indicators considered based on meaningfulness analysis approach and 40 of them selected using focus groups. Selected indicators ranked based on frequencies. In this research content analysis, Delphi, interview and questionnaire have been used. Collected data analyzed using statistical softwares by chi-square test. According to the results, the wise man, the wise organization and the wise community formed the main aspects of the research model. According to Iran’s visions "Iran is a country achieved the first position of economy, science and technology in Southwest Asia, with emphasis on the software and science." Since the base line of this vision is knowledge core, in this study is conducted in Science and Technology sectors considering being knowledge core. Therefore developing such strategic model with accordance to Iran’s 20 years period vision was perused. Knowledge core consists of three layers, humans, organization and society. Each of these layers have different dimension. For each of these dimensions, indicators has proposed and to confirm those indicators, a six steps process has conducted. Cultural, economic, social, political, scientific, financial, indicators totaling 2,100 were identified. Doing analysis, 1178 indicators were extracted and grouped in 20 categories. 313 indicators considered based on meaningfulness analysis approach and 40 of them selected using focus groups. Selected indicators ranked based on frequencies. In this research content analysis, Delphi, interview and questionnaire have been used. Collected data analyzed using statistical softwares by chi-square test. According to the results, the wise man, the wise organization and the wise community formed the main aspects of the research model.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (No.4 (Tome 16), (Articles in Persian) 2013)
Abstract
In Haliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), there are three metafunctions that actually are three semantic layers of clauses of a language; being aware of them are important in transferring meaning in the process of translation. Regarding the crucial importance of transferring meaning faithfully in translation, particularly meanings beyond the propositional meaning of an utterance, here, we study the semantic changes of the structures termed “predicated themes” in SFG. Data investigation revealed that in ideational, interpersonal, textual and also information structure of many predicated themes translated into Persian, we see changes that sometimes have ended in missing of some important parts of meaning. In case of being aware of the different semantic layers of structures like predicated themes, many of these kinds of semantic changes are avoidable; consequently, it is possible to transfer meaning of the source language more faithfully to the target language. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to investigate the semantic changes of predicated themes in the process of translation. The next goal of the research is providing some ways for minimizing these kinds of changes.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Aim: Musculoskeletal pain refers to pain in the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors affecting musculoskeletal pain and demographic variables of nursing and midwifery students. studying
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Fall 2022)
Abstract
The importance of water has always been emphasized by the religion of Islam. The correct use of this existential element has been emphasized in several verses and hadiths. Given that the issue of water is the cause of many national and transnational conflicts today، so the issue of water management، especially in countries such as Iran، which are facing water stress، seems very necessary. The present study intends to explain the principles of jurisprudence and ethics in the plans and development plans related to water management. This paper intends to answer the following question: "what principles of jurisprudence and ethics would be considered in development plans and projects related to water management?" This research is a fundamental and developmental in terms of purpose and used descriptive-analytic method. Also، in order to collect data، the method of documentary-library studies is used. The research findings are first inferred by qualitative content analysis method and then using logical reasoning method. The results of the research show that if the principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence and ethics are considered in the programs and laws related to water management in the country، many harms and challenges in the water sector can be overcome. This requires the development of a comprehensive plan with special considerations of jurisprudence and Islamic ethics related to water management and، of course، its strict implementation.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: Quality of Life (QOL)is a basic and pervasive term for the quality of the various domains in human life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skeletal-muscular pains on the quality of life in nursing and midwifery students.
Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was done in 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical sciences (TUMS) aged between 18-22 years old. The students were selected by simple random sampling. They standard Nordic pain questionnaire and WHO-quality of life scales were applied to collect data. Mean / standard Deviation (SD) and T test were used to analyze data through SPSS-25 software.
Findings: The findings of tis study showed that midwifery students were better than nursing students in social health and environmental health, but in other quality of life dimensions, both students were almost similar (P>0.05). Moreover, the rate of musculoskeletal pain in nursing and midwifery students was almost the same. There was no significant difference between students` quality of life dimensions based on having or not having musculoskeletal pain (P>0.05).
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that Skeletal-muscular pains do not have a significant effect on students’ quality of life due to their youth.
Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was done in 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical sciences (TUMS) aged between 18-22 years old. The students were selected by simple random sampling. They standard Nordic pain questionnaire and WHO-quality of life scales were applied to collect data. Mean / standard Deviation (SD) and T test were used to analyze data through SPSS-25 software.
Findings: The findings of tis study showed that midwifery students were better than nursing students in social health and environmental health, but in other quality of life dimensions, both students were almost similar (P>0.05). Moreover, the rate of musculoskeletal pain in nursing and midwifery students was almost the same. There was no significant difference between students` quality of life dimensions based on having or not having musculoskeletal pain (P>0.05).
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that Skeletal-muscular pains do not have a significant effect on students’ quality of life due to their youth.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (No.3 (Tome 19), (Articles in Persian) 2014)
Abstract
Reduplication is a lingual phenomenon some of which are seen in all languages, but some are specific to some languages alone. The current article deals with the reduplication in the Turkish language, especially a kind of partial reduplication. Taking into account the existing data and in relation to the first question of the research, we can say that the complete reduplication in the Turkish language and the reduplication that is termed as 'ETBA' in the traditional Persian grammar have a similar application and mechanism. The second research question, in a way, is related to a type of partial reduplication in the Turkish language. In this type, some of the initial elements of the words are separated and after getting specific phoneme rejoin the base word hence; lead to change in the meaning with most of them emphasizing on the base or its intensification. In order to respond to the second research question, with due attention to the phoneme that comes in between the reduplicated part and the base word, the current article takes into account a number of formulas to explain the partial reduplication mechanism in the Turkish language and finally presents an ultimate formula. The research data indicates that considering phonetic and phonemic environment it is not enough to provide an explanatory analysis of this kind of reduplication in Turkish; and it seems a further analysis of why a specific phoneme appears between the reduplicated part and the base word is needed taking into account other linguistic factors such as supra-segmental.