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Measuring topography and flatness of nontransparent rough surfaces using a laser interferometer topography measuring (Zygo) machine is impossible. Due to high accuracy and short measuring time, capacitor probe is a good candidate for measuring topography and flatness of a rough surface. Measuring by a capacitor probe is an average area measuring method and it is suitable for measurment of machinment processes such as ion or blast figure correction, computer control polishing (CCP) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF) methods. The idea of a rough surface which directly can be used for corrective figuring is generated by measuring flatness and waviness of it through a capacitive probe. Among the area averaging methods, the surface capacitance method can be used to elaborate the idea of corrective figuring of a rough surface. Measuring flatness of a rough surface whose roughness (Ra) is in the range of out of flatness is another technical property of the presented method. Keywords: Surface Metrology, Capacitance Measurement, Figure Correcting, Precision Machining.

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Storytelling is a marketing strategy that any brand, company, product, or service Can take advantage of it. People remember stories. If a story can evoke emotions in consumers, they will never forget that experience. Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to the effectiveness of the content in storytelling to attract potential customers and build a strong relationship with them. The purpose of the following study is to investigate the effect of story content on increasing customers' purchase intention. Therefore, two types of content were used in the content of a hypothetical brand's story in the form of narrative scripting. One of the contents had a personal plot, and the five other commercial contents had different plots.
The statistical population was the female students of public universities in Tehran. A questionnaire with six scenarios was used as a statically tool that was filled out by 270 students. There was a significant difference between the impact of the mentioned stories on the intention to buy. Also, the story with the social responsibility content had a greater impact on the consumer's purchasing intention in comparison to the other story themes.

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In reverse engineering it may be required to perform multiple measurements due to the size and part complexity limitations of the physical equipment CMM / Optical Scanner and / or settings. To model the whole part it is required to bring different point sets obtained during different scans to a common coordinate system. Registration process for point clouds is to find the geometric transform between them in which all point clouds are transformed into a single absolute coordinate system. Theoretically, it is very straight forward to perform registration by finding the six components of transformation matrix (3 angles plus 3 displacements) and this can be mathematically determined if three non-linear points are known in both global and local coordinate systems. The process of registration is strongly affected by inaccurate data and may fail in the case of noisy data, hence other methods are usually sought to find the transformation matrix. This paper tries to solve the problem in practical applications. The Nelder-Mead method was employ for point clouds registration for the first time. The registration was also performed using Singular value decomposition and Genetic Algorithm methods. The three methods were compared in terms of convergence, accuracy and computation time.

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Abrasive water jet cutting process can produce tapered edges on cutting kerf. This problem can limit the applications of abrasive water jet cutting process and in some cases it is necessary another edge preparation process. In this paper, an experimental investigation kerf characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under abrasive water jet cutting is presented. In this regards, it is shown how to use the hybrid approach of Taguchi method and principal component analysis to optimize abrasive water jet cutting are used in this paper. The abrasive water jet cutting process input parameters effect on material removal rate and the characteristics of the surface. A considerable effort was made in understanding the influence of the system operational process parameters such as water jet pressure, traverse speed, abrasive flow rate, and standoff distance. Due to appropriate selecting abrasive water jet cutting process parameters leads to optimizing of kerf characteristics include top kerf width, kerf tapper and kerf deviation, therefore it is important to select appropriate input parameters. The obtained results from this method show that the hybrid approach of Taguchi method and principal component analysis is a suitable solution for optimizing of abrasive water jet cutting process.

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Optimization has found a widespread application in many branches of science. In recent years, different methods and theories have been developed to find optimal solutions. Optimization algorithms inspired by nature as heuristics solutions to complex problems. Reverse engineering is one of the applications of optimization methods. In reverse engineering a set of scan points are defined relative to a particular coordination. In data registration process the scanned data sets separated and combined to a single coordinate system are called the process of registration. In this research, applications part has been digitized by coordinate measuring machine(CMM) and the process of point clouds registration in experimental on two pieces in position (without translation and with translation case) has been implemented. Using gravitational search algorithm (GSA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization process is optimized and the registration parameters (rotation and displacement) are obtained. The algorithms mentioned, GSA the accuracy displacement, rotational accuracy and better convergence rate and the run time is less. Finally, a hybrid algorithm is proposed which is a combination of GSA, and Nelder-Mead algorithms (GSA-NM). In the proposed algorithm, the initial guess values obtained by GSA and Nelder-Mead algorithm is provided to ensure an accurate response. The proposed hybrid algorithm is superior to GSA and Nelder-Mead, in terms of the number of iterations and the amount of convergence.

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Hybrid layered manufacturing is one of the key methods among rapid manufacturing techniques in which a layer of molten metal is deposited on the substrate and desired geometry is completed by stacking the layers. Inexpensiveness, high rates of deposition and great applicability are some of the characteristics of hybrid layered manufacturing. Welding and face milling are the two steps of the process. In welding phase, metal is built up by weld lines to cover a given surface and in milling phase weld beads are truncated to achieve a flat and integrated layer. The focus in this article is to optimize two contradictory objectives, namely reduction in machining volume and increase in deposition rate. Thus, the first task is to formulate the bead model considering the metal build-up effect. Then, the situation needed for achieving quasi-flat layers in welding phase is studied and the unified model is extracted. Moreover, GA is used to find optimum values for the proposed model based on heat and process constraints. Finally the model is verified and conclusions are drawn. This article presents a new criterion by defining the heat constraint for the multi-objective function. Results show that for the 0.8 mm wire ER70S6, optimum values are 8.6 m/min for wire speed and 0.6 m/min for torch speed that yield a deposition rate of 4224 mm3/min without violating heat constraint.

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Friction drilling is a nontraditional hole-making process used to create and form the holes in thin sheets. The process involves penetration of a rotating conical tool into a sheet metal work piece and creation of a bushed hole in a single step. The tools are conical without having cutting edges, and the heat caused by friction between the tool and workpiece is used to soften the material, penetrate into the workpiece and make the bush. In this process, the temperature is high, and so that the deformation. The simulation by finite element analysis is a useful tool for understanding the material flow, stress, strain and length of bush. In this research, Abacus software was used to simulate the behavior of friction drilling. To verify the simulation results, the length of bushes created by tools with different diameters at different rotational speeds and federate were measured, and results were compared with experimental data. The aim of this study was to determine the process parameters to provide the bush with a uniform thickness, and study their effect on the shape of bush. Therefore, DOE was performed using a full factorial method and results were interpreted using ANOVA. Results showed that the tool diameter has the greatest effect (95%) on the length of bush during friction drilling, then feed rate (3%) and finally rotational speed (2%) has the smallest effect.

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Free-form surfaces are widely used in engineering applications. These surfaces are complex and without rotational symmetry, and for this reason they are inspected using the coordinate measuring machines equipped with contact sensor require a suitable sampling strategy. Sampling algorithms are one of the most important factors of error creation in the accuracy of substitute geometry. In coordinate measuring machines, the sampling strategy involves the estimation of the number of sample points (sample size) and identification of their positions (how distribution) on the surface. Thus sample points should be distributed on the surface using sampling strategies that are appropriate for the surface. Often it is difficult to establish such pieces of information (number and the way of distributing the points on the surface) owing to the complex nature of free-form surfaces. In the present work for first time, new adaptive sampling strategy by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) for sampling from free-form surface is proposed. The proposed strategy was compared with two conventional strategies and the deviation between substitute geometry and CAD model is extracted. The simulation results showed that in the proposed method the deviation between substitute geometry and CAD model is less than conventional methods by 2 to 3 times (depending on the number of points). Therefore high efficiency of the proposed method over other methods is concluded.

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Inconel alloys are a family of nickel-based superalloys that consist of a wide range of compositions and properties. Inconel 718 is one of superalloys used in the aerospace industry due to its good mechanical properties; such as high corrosion and creep resistance at high temperatures. Despite these advantages, Inconel 718 is among the most difficult materials to be machined. In this paper, a finite element model for orthogonal machining of Inconel 718 was developed in order to investigate the effective parameters on the force, temperature and chip morphology. The plastic behavior of material was simulated with Johnson-cook material model, and constant shear friction factor (m) is used to model the friction between chip and tool interface. Then, the simulation results were compared with experimental values with which a good agreement was found between them. After validating the simulation results, the effect of coefficient friction, cutting speed and rake angle, on the cutting edge temperature, force on the tool and chip morphology was achieved by using design of experiments (DOE) method. According to the results, feedrate (with 30% contribution) and friction coefficient (with 19% contribution) have the greatest impact on the force on the tool. Rake angle (with 31% contribution), cutting speed (with 21% contribution) and feedrate (with 20% contribution) are the most effective parameters on the cutting edge temperature. The friction coefficient and feedrate (both with 25% contribution) have the greatest impact on the chip geometry.

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In hydromechanical deep drawing process, the traditional matrix is replaced by pressurized fluid, and the final shape is determined based on the shape of a rigid punch. It is required to change the fluid pressure within the allowed working zone during the process to prevent the workpiece from rupturing and wrinkling,. Working zone curve represents the range of maximum available drawing ratios without rupture under the highest chamber pressure. In this paper, hydromechanical deep drawing of square cups made of aluminum-steel double layer sheets are studied by experiments and finite element simulations. In order to detect the rupture onset in simulations, experimental forming limit diagrams were obtained using for aluminum/steel double layer sheet. Experimental data were used to validate the finite element model. The effects of process parameters such as thickness of the various layers, prebulge pressure, chamber pressure and the friction coefficient were investigated on the working zone and the process window. The numerical results show that an optimum amount for the drawing ratio exists for each prebulge pressure. Also, with increasing the chamber pressure, shrinkage is reduced on the flange area. With increasing the friction between the sheet and matrix or the sheet and blank-holder, working zone becomes smaller; while with increasing the friction between the sheet and the punch it becomes larger. Experiments were performed for different drawing ratios to evaluate the numerical results, in which a good agreement was observed.

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Due to the rapid growth of manufacturing industry and increased competition among companies, the need to produce parts with free-form surfaces with lower cost and higher accuracy is felt. Nowadays beside all of the great benefits of 5-axis CNC machines the use of 3-axis CNC machines are more common in industry because of the high capital investment, high operating and maintenance cost, the low dynamic stability and their complex programming in 5-axis machining. Therefore it is preferred using 3-axis machines in industry where it’s possible. Since the inability of machining some complex parts by 3-axis machines, the 3+2-axis machining technology has been proposed. In this paper, a new method has been used to determine the tool appropriate orientation for 3+2-axis machining. In the proposed method, visible and invisible points of the surface and the shortest tool length are calculated for the workpiece and finally performed surface partitioning. The minimum number of tool orientation result from this methods reducing overall machining time and the boundaries between machining partitions to improves the surface quality. A 3+2-axis machining of an impeller perform and evaluate the efficiency and surface accuracy by the use of a coordinate measuring machine.

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The most essential problem in lapping process is low material removal rate which leads to increase in production costs and time. Thus, in this process, it's essential to select a condition that besides producing pieces with required flatness and roughness, has a high material removal rate. In this research, effects of parameters such as abrasive particle size, abrasive particles concentration in slurry, and lapping pressure on material removal rate, flatness and surface roughness were studied by experimental method in single sided lapping of flat workpieces made of 440c steel. In the following, effect of aforementioned parameters on material removal rate, flatness and surface roughness of lapped surface has been modeled using artificial neural network. Finally, by exerting multi-objective particle swarm optimization, simultaneous optimization of material removal rate, surface roughness and flatness of lapping pieces has been conducted and related Pareto front has been obtained. Obtained results show that by using Multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm we can produce workpieces with required surface roughness and flatness with high material removal rate. Consequently, by using this method moreover producing workpieces with desired quality, production cost and time would decrease.

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The objective of this study was to measure the amount of heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic between the amounts of metals and the risk assessment in wheat, extracted flax from imported wheat and indigenous cultivars. Considering the wheat cultivar and the number of flour mill factories in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Wheat samples were harvested. Samples after flint transfer to flour mills and process of flour process for evaluation and determination of heavy metals in laboratory. Research Institute of Science and Technology Research Institute. The results of this study showed that the highest concentration of cadmium in wheat flour samples in 2017 and 2018 was related to the R sample. The highest concentration of lead in wheat flour samples is related to the R sample. The highest concentration of arsenic in wheat flour samples is related to the N sample. According to the results obtained in wheat samples, the mean values ​​of cadmium in B sample were the highest. The mean of lead values ​​in the W sample was the highest. The concentration of arsenic in A sample is also the highest. The results showed that S, M, N, K, R, D, and E samples were unsafe for adult samples in flour samples. Also, R sample flour for adults was unsafe for cadmium. The F, H and M specimens were safe in adults in terms of heavy metals. In samples of wheat, S, N, and H samples were unsafe for adults in terms of lead levels.
Keywords: Flour, Wheat, Heavy metals, Risk assessment
 
 

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Chicken nugget is one of the most popular convenience food in the world. Because of high-fat content in preparation of nuggets with regular methods that causes obesity and other related diseases, other techniques like pretreatment using gum and drying came into attention. In this study, chicken nuggets coated with batter containing Balangu gum (0.25 and 0.5%) were cooked by infrared-frying method in three heat fluxes of 18.5, 21.6, 24.7 kW/m² for 12 minutes. The effects of the process and gum concentration on moisture content, fat, total weight loss, color parameters (a*, b* and L*) and texture properties of this product were investigated. The sample containing 0.5% gum had the highest moisture content (51.80%) and by increasing the power of the infrared radiation, moisture content decreased. The lowest fat content was related to the sample with a heat flux of 24.7kW/m² containing 0.5% Balangu gum. By decreasing gum concentration and decreasing the power of the infrared radiation, fat content of samples increased. Also, Color attribute L* which shows lightness had the lowest amount in the control sample because of higher heat during the cooking process. The hardness of chicken nugget in various treatments did not change significantly, which can be important in consumer acceptance, but cohesiveness of samples treated using infrared-gum treatment showed significant difference compared to the control sample (P<0.05).