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In order to improve the properties of myofibrillar protein-based film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) at 3 levels (1, 3 and 5%) was used. Optimum treatment was determined by evaluating the mechanical, physical and optical properties as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). Cellulose nanoparticles had no effect on tensile strength but reduced the elasticity of film (p≤0.05). Water vapor barrier property (WVP) and other physical properties of the films were improved by addition of nanofibrillated cellulose at 1%, but decreased at higher concentrations (p≤0.05. Based on SEM, low concentrations of nanoparticles showed more homogeneous dispersion and films had a smoother and better cross-sectional area compared to the higher levels of nanoparticles. Generally, low levels of nanoparticles could be effective to improve the mechanical and physical properties of myofibrillar protein - nanofibrillated cellulose films.  

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different fat levels and substitution of sodium chloride salt with potassium chloride on physic- chemical and sensorial properties and shelf life of fish sausage produced from minced fish in the refrigerator. To do this, the sausages have been produced with different fat levels (10, 15, 20 %) and substitution of part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride( 0.95 KCl+ 0.54 NaCl and 0.47 KCl+ 1.02 NaCl)and have been reserved in refrigerator for 30 days and physical, chemical and sensorial evaluations have been done. The results of analyzing the approximate composition and PH show salient differences between different formulations of sausage and the control sample (p<0.05). By adding KCl to formulation, the final products had higher harness in comparison to the control sample. Sensorial analyze didn't show any significant difference between the samples. Treatment with higher fat content got higher score in the textural properties but this difference was not significant (p> 0.05). There was not a salient difference in color, taste and total acceptance between samples and control sample. Generally sensorial properties reduced in time but this reduction was not significant. Increase of thiobarbituric acid has been observed in all treatment over time but this amount never violated the normal range in any treatments.

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The egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma have become one of the most important economic insects, for they are widely used in biological control of Lepidopteran key pests. For that reason, all aspects of their mass production including diapause have been considered over the last few years. In this study, the effect of host quality on the diapause induction of sexual and asexual T. brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) have been investigated at two temperatures. Maternal generation developed at two distinct temperatures (14 and 20 °C) and they oviposited on four different qualities of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep: Pyralidae) eggs including fresh eggs, frozen eggs, host eggs with developing embryo and low quality eggs. Data analysis revealed significant influence of temperature and host quality on diapause induction in both sexual and asexual strains. Maximum diapause happened in host eggs with developing embryo even though they were in fetal development. A higher level of diapause was observed in T. brassicae whose maternal generation had developed at 20 °C. The diapause induction in asexual T. brassicae was less than sexual wasps. The results imply that Wolbachia causes a disturbance in the diapause process. The outcomes of this study, which are new, indicate the complexity of diapause and the importance of factors such as host quality which have received less attention in diapause induction. 

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The performance and flight behavior of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae was studied on the 'Superior-BT' line transgenic for the CryIIIA toxin of Bacillus thuringien-sis (BT), resistant to the Colorado potato beetle; and non transformed 'Superior' line which served as control. Mortality of the treated aphids was negligible and potato lines did not affect the development time of M. euphorbiae, but aphids were largest on 'Supe-rior' and smallest on BT potatoes. This difference was reflected in aphid fecundity, which was lowest on 'Superior-BT', and highest on Superior. Incidence of flight in newly emerged alate M. euphorbiae that developed on BT was high compared to control. The re-sults illustrate that the performance of a secondary pest of potato can be unpredictably affected by the resistance factor involved in developing specific resistance to a primary pest.

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Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, is important for mass rearing of parasitoid insects such as Bracon wasps and it's feeding on cereals leads to economic losses in flour mills. In current research, the effects of four different diets: wheat, barley, oat, and maize flours, on protein content of larval and pupal whole-body, gut and fat bodies of the last instars and the digestive α-amylase activity were evaluated. In addition, their protein patterns were compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protein contents of fifth instars whole-body, fat bodies, gut, and also pupa varied in different diets. On the whole, the lowest protein levels were found in all experiments in oat and the highest in barley and wheat. Other biological parameters such as insect weight and digestive α-amylase activity were also significantly affected by the decrease in protein content. The results obtained from the estimation of protein content by a colorimetric method and SDS-PAGE were consistent with each other; the low or high protein contents were also clearly visible in the gels. According to the results of enzyme activity and protein contents of insects reared on different diets, barley and wheat are reported to be appropriate diets for this pest, while oat and maize are not suitable diets.
 

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The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Puton) (Hem.: Scutelleridae), is an economic pest of wheat that reduces the quantitative and qualitative properties of wheat products. We investigated the effect of E. integriceps feeding on six different wheat cultivars (Ghermez (Red), Noodle, Antanius, Sabalan, Azar 2 (with two types of cultivation), and Sardari) on the protein content in the adult’s gut and fat body and their digestive enzymatic activity. All qualified values of the insect feeding on wheat cultivars differed significantly. The least amount of adult weight and protein content of gut and fat body were observed in the insects fed on Ghermez (Red) cultivar, and the highest amount belonged to the Sardari cultivar. The same results for protein content were obtained from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Also, the lowest and highest gut α-amylase, pectinase, and protease activities were in Ghermez and Sardari cultivars, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the type of wheat cultivar affects the food preference of this insect and, thereby, physiological parameters of the insect gastrointestinal tract. Planting a wheat cultivar like “Ghermez,” which may be resistant, can be a suitable and cost-effective method to decrease the chemicals applied against this pest.

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The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, poses a significant threat affecting sugar beet and various field crops and vegetables. AS larvae can devastate entire plants, it is crucial to implement effective and safe control measures to prevent economic losses. However, traditional chemical control methods disrupt ecosystem balance and contribute to the development of insecticide resistance. This study explores the potential of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and inherited sterility to manage S. exigua through the irradiation of pupae with Co60 gamma rays. Key factors such as reproduction, sterility, growth biology, sex ratio, mating competitiveness, and inherited sterility in both parent (P1) and F1 generations were assessed. Notably, irradiation of pupae at 250 Gy and 400 Gy resulted in sterile P1 males and females, respectively. While female emergence significantly decreased at 400 Gy, their longevity increased with higher doses. When P1 male or female pupae were irradiated at 250 Gy or 180 Gy, respectively, the developmental period of F1 larvae extended beyond that of the control group. Additionally, F1 male emergence declined with increasing irradiation doses. Crossbreeding treated male parents with normal females resulted in a sex ratio of F1 progeny skewed in favor of males. The F1 generation exhibited greater sterility compared to the P1 generation, with F1 males demonstrating a higher level of sterility than F1 females. Laboratory assessments of mating competitiveness revealed that males irradiated at 250 Gy (IM) successfully competed against untreated males (UM) for mating with untreated females (UF), even at a 1:1: 1 ratio of IM:UM:UF.


 

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Heat transfer of Alumina/water nanofluids in a uniform-temperature porous pipe has been investigated in a wide range of Reynolds number, i.e. 700<Re<5000. Investigation of force convective heat transfer of nanofluids in a porous pipe with uniform wall temperature has not been considered completely in the literature. In this experimental study, Alumina nanofluids with different volume fractions have been completely employed. By measuring the nanofluid temperatures, the Nusslet numbers have been reported as a function of the Reynolds number. Also, the pressure drop of nanofluids inside the porous pipe has been measured. The accuracy of the experimental results has been also validated by the presented theoretical formulas in the literature. The result shows a considerable increase in the Nusslet number by using nanofluids instead of water. Convective heat transfer of a porous pipe has been also studied as a novel method to increase the heat transfer rate. The related results show a significant increase in the heat transfer in the presence of porous medium. Both heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluids in the porous pipe have been also reported and discussed.

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Drowsy driving is a main cause of severe accidents. Drowsiness is responsible for 30% to 37% of fatal road accident in Iran. In this paper, driver drowsiness is detected based on features related to the steering wheel angle and the lateral position of the vehicle. Data from the vehicle and the virtual road are used to extract drowsiness features. Experimental results using a driving simulator are presented. Participants were 21 to 28 year-old males with a high tendency to sleep (Epworth Sleepiness Scale≥10). The subjects had to drive a lane keeping scenario on a long and monotonous virtual road in both drowsy and alert states. The drowsiness criteria are validated with Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and video rating based on KSS measurements. The results illustrate that the phase diagram of the steering wheel angle (Ellipse criterion), the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle, and the mean and the standard deviation of the lateral position of the vehicle are highly correlated with drowsiness. The accuracy of the diagnosis was 77% for the Ellipse criterion, 76% for the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle, 67% for the standard deviation of the lateral position, and 65% for the mean value of the lateral position.

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Transient heat transfer from a storage fluid around a central tube is experimentally investigated in a wide range of Reynolds number, i.e. 700

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Abstract . This research intends to identify the relationship between Individual and Organizational Values with Organizational Commitment in Al-Mahdi Aluminum Company in Hormzgan Proneinc. The research universe included 1000 employee and by using sampling method in a limited universe (Cochran's formula) a sample of 165 people was selected, Schwartz questionnaire was used to measure individual values , a researcher made questionnaire used to assess organizational values, and Balfour and Wechsler questionnaire was used to measure organizational commitment . Reliability coefficients of these questionnaires were 90%, 81% and 73% respectively. Based on correlation, research data were analyzed with SPSS software and research hypotheses were tested using techniques of inferential statistics. The results confirmed all hypothesis and showed that there is a relatively strong correlation between "individual values" with "continuous commitment". Also a significant and positive correlation between organizational values such as identification commitment and exchange commitment was observed. Key words: values, individual values, organizational values, organizational commitment

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Potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae) is a worldwide pest of solanaceous crops. Larvae feed inside galleries in foliage, stems and tubers making chemical control unsuccessful, so other control methods should be applied. In recent years many plants have received genes that encode toxic proteins as a strategy to resist insect pests. In this study, optimal pH and temperature of digestive α-amylase and protease activities of potato tuberworm and the effect of triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack cv. Sanabad), rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Danko) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) seed proteinaceous extracts against enzymes activities were evaluated using starch 1% and azocasein 2% as a substrate, respectively. The optimum pH of α-amylase and protease activities was found to be highly alkaline. Enzymes inhibition assays showed that amylase activity was significantly affected by extracts from triticale and rye by pH (P= 0.05; maximum effect at pH 9) and influencing of protease activity by extracts mentioned above did not vary by pHs 8-11 and 9-11, respectively. Extracts from black nightshade seed had no effect on enzymes activity. Inhibition manner of various concentrations; 1.5, 0.75, 0.375, 0.187 and 0.093 (mg protein ml^-1) of extracts were dose-dependent. Maximum inhibitory effect occurred at the highest concentration and the minimum was at the lowest concentration. In polyacrylamide gel assay, both enzymes, without inhibitors showed two isozymes, which at highest concentration of extracts, both bands disappeared or their intensity decreased. So, these proteins can be introduced to be encoded in producing resistant potato crops against potato tuberworm.

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The aim of the present work was to purify cysteine protease inhibitors from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), with potential activity on digestive protease of Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Ammonium sulfate precipitated proteinaceous fractions; 30, 50, 70, and 100% showed 39.07, 57.03, 51.47, and 22.44% inhibition on the fourth instar larval gut general protease activity, respectively. Fraction 50% showed the highest inhibitory effect on digestive general protease activity of all developmental stages. Gel assays approved the inhibition of the enzyme activity. Fraction 50% was purified by using various chromatography techniques; ion-exchange using DEAE, gel filtration and affinity using SiO₂-CPB larval gut homogenate. Three peaks of protein were eluted from ion exchange chromatography using NaCl step gradient, also from gel filtration chromatography. When Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-4mßNA was used as cysteine protease substrate, the purification fold of second fraction of ion exchange chromatography was obtained 24.80, also the yield was 59.09%, the third fraction of gel permeation resulted in a 25.60 fold purification with 28.53% of recovery, and the fraction of affinity chromatography obtained a 22.72 fold purification and yielded 36.35%. In the SDS-PAGE, apparent molecular mass of purified proteins were 34 and 32 kDa by ion-exchange and 24 and 22 kDa by affinity. However, gel filtration was not an appropriate method in this study, because the purified protein band(s) were not observed on the gel. Consequently, these chromatography methods were appropriate methods to purification of inhibitor cystatins, specially affinity which was prepared by using CPB gut enzyme as ligand and obtained specific inhibitor proteins of CPB gut protease activity.

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In the present study, the instability in the interface of two semi-infinite fluid layers with applying a shock is studied. To this end, the effect of various parameters such as fluid densities, velocities of fluids, and magnetic field on the instability is explored. By using the magneto-hydrodynamic equations, a general equation is developed for the evolution of perturbation amplitude near the interface. Analytical and graphical results indicate that the time dependent part of perturbation amplitude is the same for both the constant and varying density cases and the instability depends on the growth rate. Remarkably, the growth rate depends on the characteristics of the fluids and magnetic field and can be real or imaginary; hence, the stability condition is determined with respect to this parameter. Furthermore, it is shown that the spatial part of the perturbation amplitude in the constant density case, even with different densities, is symmetric and independent from the layer densities and damps exponentially in the two sides of the interface. On the other hand, it is shown that in the varying density case, the function of the spatial part of the perturbation amplitude depends on the parameters of the environment and the fluid; so the spatial part of the perturbation amplitude in the two fluid damps asymmetrically. Moreover, the results attained in the constant density case match the findings of the previous studies.
 
 

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The present study examined the light wavelengths effect on the diapause percentage of progeny and energy reserves of maternal generation in sexual and asexual Trichogramma brassicae that had been reared under different light wavelengths before oviposition. Photoperiod has a maternal effect on the diapause induction in Trichogramma wasps; however, the light wavelengths effect on their diapause has not been studied. In this study, we reared the maternal generation of both strains under five light wavelengths including blue (455~475 nm), green (515~535 nm), orange (585~595 nm), red (620~630 nm), and white (5,000~10,000 K), and allowed 24 hours old females to oviposit in Ephestia kuehniella eggs. The diapausing generation was placed at 10°C and absolute darkness for two months. The results showed that Wolbachia infection and light wavelengths had significant effects on the diapause percentage and energy reserves of T. brassicae, excepting glycogen contents. The maximum and minimum diapause percentage was observed under green and white light in asexual, and under white and green light in sexual strain. The data showed that the sexual strain had lower lipid and protein levels than the asexual strain, except when exposed under white light. The diapause percentage in the sexual strain was higher than in the asexual strain under all light wavelengths, and the reaction of parasitoids toward light wavelengths was different in the two strains. Therefore, Wolbachia can cause a different reaction to light wavelengths in both diapause percentage and pattern of the parasitoid. These results should be considered to improve mass-rearing and long-term storage of this parasitoid.