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In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word constitutes a semantic concept, and the various meanings of that word assign themselves to radial network members of that concept. Accordingly, this study investigates the polysemy of the prefix "/pas-/" based on a cognitive semantic approach. The nature of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical, and data have been extracted from Persian-language resources, namely Dehkhoda Dictionary (1994), Moein Dictionary (2003), and Amid Dictionary (2010), using a library research method. In this study, the two criteria of Tylor and Evans (2003), namely the prototypical fixed meaning or historically evidenced meaning and salience and prominence in the semantic network, have been employed to determine the primary or prototype meaning of Persian language prefixes. The authors aim to demonstrate that the prefix "/pas-/" is a polysemous prefix with a spectrum of lexical functions. This prefix, given its usage in Persian, has different semantic clusters such as "after, before, in front, back, and behind," which have expanded from a prototype or primary meaning. The findings indicated that the prefix "/pas-/" attaches to diverse textual foundations and generates newly derived words such as "pas-farda (the day after tomorrow), pas-pariirooz (the day before yesterday), pas-andaz (savings), pas-larze (aftershock)," and the like. It is observed that the prefix "/pas-/" possesses an extensive radial network due to the combination of this prefix with various verbs.

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The adequacy of the SWAT model in the estimation of runoff, sediment yield and nitrate loss in the Gorganrood watershed was tested, using the existing spatial database as the primary data. The model was then executed for a 31-years’ time period. In combination with the SWAT model, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Program (SWAT-CUP and SUFI-2) was added used to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model of the watershed. The obtained values at 14 stations were between 0.48 to 0.83 for NS and 0.58 to 0.90 for R², respectively. The results showed that nitrate loss was higher in cultivated lands, and in the loess deposits. The maximum amounts of runoff and sediment yield were largely produced in steep areas of the watershed, where dry farming was practiced. In general, the results showed that SWAT could be a proper tool for simulating runoff, sediment yield and nitrate loss into the river.

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Bruno Bettelheim (1903/1990), Austrian psychoanalyst and psychologist, explored fairy tales in his famous work, The Uses of Enchantment. Considering Freud’s approach, in this work he analyzed fairy tales and emphasized on the important role of tales in child’s mental developments. Bettelheim’s approach in analyzing fairy tales was based on optimism, pleasure versus reality, vicarious satisfaction versus conscious recognition, externalization, transformations, unifying dual nature, bringing order into chaos, achieving integration, and achieving autonomy. There are a few works on Iranian fairy tales according to comparative-historic, anthropological, and mythic approaches while Freud or Bettelheim’s psychoanalytic approaches has almost no evident part among them. Knowing that there is a wide similarity in fairy tales’ structures, contents, elements, and characters in all over the world, give us the authority to analyze Iranian fairy tales, taking Bettelheim’s point of view and using his doctrines of psychoanalytic analysis. The major task of this research is psychoanalytic analysis of some Iranian fairy tales according to Bruno Bettelheim’s analytical approach in which analysis of characters, symbols and functions displays paradigms of Bettelheim’s approach. Psychoanalytic approach to the study of Iranian fairy tales help us to investigate each single step of child’s development, and provides several fields to study the comparative literature.

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Research subject:Well-designed plastic foams, with respect to their cell density and cell size, open-or-close cells, and the cell uniformity, compared to their counterpart unfoamed plastic parts, beside of having the advantages of less material consumption, dimensional stability, better processability, and a higher surface quality, they can have superior mechanical and physical properties, including strength to weight, impact strength, thermal and dielectric properties. The temperature distribution in the different zones of the extruder, the qualities and quantities of the nanoparticle additives and their dispersion in the polymer matrix can have significant effect on the mechanical properties of the produced foams by the extruder.
Research approach: In this study, using an extruder, MA-g-polypropylene microcellular foams, containing 3, 7 and 9 wt% of nano-clay particles, were produced under three temperature arrangements on the extruder and the material and the processing effects on the mechanical properties were investigated.  
Main results: The result of this investigation shows that adding of nanoclay improves the mechanical properties of MA-g-PP.s foams. As an example, the results show that the sample with 7 wt% of surface modified nanoclay, owns about 10% higher impact toughness compared to the samples produced without nanoclay. Also for the same samples a rise of about 5% was recorded in Young's modulus. The microstructural studies of the produced foams by scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that adding of nanoclay can result on more foam uniformity and smaller cell size. In this study, the smallest average cell size (87.5 μm) and the lowest density (0.3 g/cm³) were recorded for a sample with 7wt% nanoclay.

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Abstract Since proverbs are based on the life experiences of ethnics, by studying them the social, cultural and political structure of each ethnic can be reintroduced. The political structure of Iran until constitutionalism is known by despotism, in which the king was on top of the power and people were his slaves. Despotic power, popularity of deterministic ideas lack of intellectuality and philosophy in society, allegiance, and lack of individualism are examples that during the history have formed proverbs and words that has fainted the base of any kind of intellectuality, social movement, and progress. proverbs as a representative of human thought and the most important role model for common people’s life has formed a considerable portion of Iranian’s language and culture. Then it will be very helpful in studying and analyzing Iranian’s culture. The purpose of this article is to analyze several important backgrounds that have made people accept and grow despotism, and have been manifested in proverbs .It is concluded that despotism has cultural backgrounds rather than being the result of authority exercise and during the history has formed people’s language and thought.

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Abstract
Research subject: The pure Goethite nanoparticles were synthesized successfully with solution oxidation method and by using raw materials Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Research approach: In this study, the simulation of experiment was implemented by Minitab software, with complete factorial method, at 40°C, the variation of two parameters including the flow rate of entered gas in the solution reaction (Q) and mass percent ratio of raw materials (R) (mass percent of iron (II) sulphate to mass percent of sodium hydroxide), in two levels (Q=2 and 13.3 Lit/min) and (R=1 and 3) were evaluated. The qualitative analysis of results was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), synthesis of Goethite phase (α-FeOOH) confirmed Iron oxyhydroxide and the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), illustrated that the synthesized Goethite has high purity percentage (≥99.8%). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for Goethite reported a bar-shaped crystal structure, with an average particle Cluster size between (23-43nm), based on R and Q and by analyzing the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) results, it was seen that the reaction time of Goethite formation is between 635-2210s.
Main results: The statistical analysis of results with Minitab software can create Correlation relations for Goethite, between two parameters(Q and R) and two response (reaction time(t) and average particle Cluster size(d)) at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C. regarding the relations, it was seen that at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C, with an increase in air flow rate(Q) and decrease of the mass percent ratio of raw materials(R), the reaction time and average particles Cluster size of Goethite decrease generally and vice versatile. Also, the percentage change (R) has a higher impact on average particles Cluster size and reaction time than changes (Q).
 

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Background: Calf scours (diarrhea) in unweaned calves play a major role in economic losses of animal farming industry worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate and interpret the presence of BRV, BVDV, and Escherichia coli K99 by molecular and serological approaches simultaneously.
Materials & Methods: A total of 73 E. coli-negative diarrheic fecal samples were collected from one-week to less than one-month-old calves of Holstein dairy cattle herds of some provinces of Iran during autumn and winter. The samples were directed to antigen detection by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay), RNA extraction by semi-manual approach, and cDNA synthesis for PCR amplification.
Findings: Out of 73 calves’ diarrheic  fecal samples, 28 (38.3%) and 1 (1.36%) were positive for BRV and BVDR by ELISA, respectively. However, 31 (42.4%) samples were positive for BRV and non for BVDV by RT-PCR. The Kappa coefficient showed significant differences in BRV and BVDR detection between ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The distribution of the BRV-positive samples among bovine diarrheic calves was 80, 52.6, and 50% in Eslamshahr, Qazvin, and Hamedan, respectively.
Conclusion: ELISA and RT-PCR indicated high prevalence rate of BRV in autumn and winter, respectively. The present study results showed that positive cases detected by RT-PCR were more than those detected by ELISA. Further studies are needed to achieve a comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategy to address  diarrhea bovine pathogens.

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The study of Aref Qazvini’s relationship with some of the most prominent intellectuals of his time and the ups and downs of these relationships will shed light on his worldview. Pessimism, suspicion, hysterical reactions, and aggressive behavior coupled with sensitivity and honesty are characteristics of Aref’s capricious interaction with fellow writers and figures of his time. His friendships and hostilities were not permanent and this led to his alienation from his friends. To this we should add his revolutionary attitude along with his jingoism that further alienated him from his contemporary intellectuals. This article discusses the roots of Aref’s conflicts by studying his letters, diaries, and other documents. I will focus specifically on his interaction with Hassan Taghizadeh, Ashrafoldin Gilani, Ahmad Kasravi, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Waheed Dastgerdi and Reza Shah.            

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This paper presents a fuzzy search controller approach along with the look-up tables, to optimize the efficiency of a pump-induction motor drive. The induction motor and the converter are modeled based on thermal loss; and for modeling the pump and the hydraulic system, which are non-linear and relatively complicated, the neural network is used. In the designed system, in order to optimize the efficiency of the pump and the hydraulic system, the amount of outflow is controlled by adjusting the pump’s rotating speed. Meanwhile by choosing the suitable switching frequency of the inverter and feeding the motor by proper amount of voltage and frequency, the loss amount of the drive system is minimized. Simulation results show that the proposed controller improving the efficiency of the drive system under flow-changing conditions, as well as it has improved the problems that existed in some of the classical efficiency optimization approaches, such as the slowness of the converging, and the oscillation around the optimal point.

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This article aims to examine the role of the ineffectiveness of the repressive apparatus in Arab revolutions of 2011. This year, the four Arab regimes (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen) collapsed one after another but others, such as Bahrain, Morocco, Algeria, and Jordan, despite being faced with massive protests, did not experience the revolution. Several common factors have been effective in the collapse of political regimes in Arab world, or what is known as the Arab revolutions. This study, according to the experiences of previous revolutions and expected outcome of the revolutionary ideas, to investigate one of the most determine the causes of the revolutions, seeks to answer this question: Is the ineffectiveness of the repressive apparatus and specifically the Army, has been effective in the Arab revolutions? The results of this study by comparing four revolutionary (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen) and two non-revolutionary cases (Algeria and Morocco) with using comparative method and Mill^,s difference techniques  shows that The ineffectiveness of the repressive apparatus in all four cases is common and Arabic countries, despite the similarities with these countries but did not experience the revolution in 2011, these factors were absent. So the presence and absence of this factor has been determined in the occurrence / non-occurrence of these revolutions.

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Aims: Chlamydial infections could lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Considering the high prevalence of infertility in Iran and little information about the role of urogenital bacterial infections in this disease, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and sequence types of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital tract of infertile couples in North Khorasan.
Materials & Methods: Cervical or urethral swabs collected from infertile patients referring to two private clinics and the infertility center of Bent Al-Hoda hospital in Bojnurd during 2017-2021 were tested for C. trachomatis. These specimens were evaluated using PCR for C. trachomatis orf8 gene. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on positive samples using PCR amplification of seven housekeeping genes (GlyA, leuS, lysS, mdhC, pdhA, pykF, and yhbG) following a previously described protocol.
Findings. Out of 268 samples tested, 44 (16.4%) samples were positive for C. trachomatis. Among which, 35 cases were obtained from women, and nine samples were from men. Of the 44 positive samples, 10 cases were not typable. Only two sequence types were detected among 34 typeable isolates: 25 (73.5%) isolates belonged to ST80, and nine (26.5%) samples belonged to ST4.
Conclusion. The high prevalence of ST4 and ST80 in most symptomatic infertile patients may be attributed to the higher pathogenicity of these types in the urogenital tract. However, our sample size was insufficient to draw such a conclusion.,  Further research on the prevention and treatment of Chlamydial infections could potentially help to reduce infertility in Iran.
 

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Quatrain is one of the most popular forms of Persian folk poetry. In the early literary works and in different regions in Iran, various names are used to refer to Quatrain: Fahlavi, Tarāne, Hājiyāni, Qaribi, Faryād, Šarve and so forth. The question is if these different names correspond to different genres with distinct characteristics, or they are merely different names that all belong to one autonomous genre, based on the generic and literary criteria. To answer this question, the structure and content of approximately five thousand three hundred Persian Quatrains were studied, including Čārbeiti, Seytak, Šarve, Ferāqi, Faryād, Falaki, Kallegi, Hazāragy, Hoseinā, Najmā, and Šarbe. The results show that, based on the generic and literary criteria, all of the above-mentioned have the same structural and content features and should be classified under the Quatrain genre.
Introduction
In different regions of Iran and in the neighboring Persian speaking countries, various names are used to refer to Quatrain. For example, ‘Čārbeiti’, ‘Ferāqi’, and ‘Faryād’ are used in Khorasan, ‘Kallegi’ in Sarkavir, ‘Seytak’ in Sistan, ‘Šarve’ in Bushehr, ‘Hazāragy’ in Afghanistan, ‘Falaki’ in Tajikistan, ‘Šarbe’ in Arak, and ‘Šarme’ in Fars. Moreover, in the early Persian literary works, Quatrain is referred to as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’. Even some musical terms such as ‘Jamšidi’, ‘Sarhaddi’, ‘Kuče Bāqi’, ‘Hājiyāni’, and ‘Dašti’ have been used to address Quatrain.
Most of the above-mentioned names have been so popular over such a long period of time that they have persuaded some researchers to consider each of them as an autonomous genre. However, studying these terms, using scientific methods and literary classification criteria might revise this common opinion, as there are great similarities between these different names.
This study aims to investigate if these different names correspond to different genres with distinct characteristics, or they are merely different names that all belong to one autonomous genre. To this aim, the structure and content of approximately one thousand five hundred Persian Quatrain is studied.
The structural and content features of Persian quatrain in different regions have been extensively investigated in previous studies by other researchers like Nasiri Jami (2001), Naseh (2014), Bahrampur (2015), and Zolfaghari (2015b). However, different names used in different regions of Iran to refer to Quatrain have not been studied and analyzed thus far.
Discussion
In comparison to many other types of poetry in the early Persian literary works, a very limited number of Quatrains were recorded, where they are referred to as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’. In the following section, the reasons that these names are allocated to these Quatrains are explained.
Dobeiti (in Persian): This name refers to the number of verses in a Quatrain, which means two verses. Quatrain is a short poetic form that expresses an autonomous content only within two verses, along with rhymes in the first, second and fourth hemistich. Most of the Quatrains have emotional content expressed by an intimate, simple, and casual language in the prosodic meter bahr-e hazaj, and they have been widely used as lyrics for many songs.
Robāi: This name refers to the number of the verses as well. Robai is very similar to Dobeiti, in terms of having two verses and, most importantly, the same rhyme scheme. Consequently, sometimes by mistake, Robai has been used to refer to Dobeiti. However, Dobeiti and Robai are totally different in terms of meter, content, language, and applications.
Fahlavi: Dobeiti and Fahlavi are considered the same mainly because of their historical background in the pre-Islamic period. Indeed, Fahlaviat refers to the poems which are composed in different dialects of the Pahlavi language. These poems have been used as lyrics for songs, mostly in the form of Quatrain. Considering that Fahlaviat have been popular before Dobeiti and the fact that the only difference between these two Quatrains is in the syllabic meter, the current hypotheses put forward by this study is that Dobeiti is an extension of Fahlavi (Bahar, 1976, p. 41).
Tarāne: The melodized Dobeiti is called Tarāne (Shams Gheis, 2009, p. 142). In other words, whenever Dobeiti is presented along with musical instruments, it is called Tarāne. In the past, Robai and Dobeiti were often taken as synonymous with Tarāne by mistake.
Beit: In the Persian literature, two hemistiches together form a Beit (verse). Beit also stands for all forms of Persian poem. Singing ‘Beit’ means singing Persian poem, and that is why sometime ‘Beit’ is used to refer to Dobeiti.
Other terms like ‘Jamšidi’, ‘Sarhaddi’, ‘Kuče Bāqi’, ‘Hājiyāni’, ‘Bidagāni’, ‘Gharibi’, and ‘Dašti’ have been used to refer to Quatrain all of which have the characteristics of Quatrain studied in this article. In fact, these terms are musical expressions mainly used to refer to different musical Magham. Therefore, due to the correlation between Quatrain and music, the corresponding musical Magham has sometimes been used to refer to Quatrain.
Conclusion
In this paper, the structural and content features of the investigated samples are taken into account, and a comparative analysis is drawn between them. The results showed that Quatrain has been referred to by many different names due to its popularity in different eras and regions. For example, in early Persian literary works, Quatrain has been named as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’, while in oral literature, it has mostly been known as Čārbeiti, Seytak, Šarve, Ferāqi, Faryād, Falaki, Kallegi, Hazāragy, Hoseinā, Najmā, Šarbe, and Šarme. Indeed, all the above-mentioned terms are different names for referencing to a unique genre, which is Quatrain.
References 
Bahar, M. T. (1976). Bahar and Persian literature (vol. 1). Ketabhaye Jibi.
Bahrampur, Gh. (2015). Charbeiti: the continuation of the tradition of oral poetry in Iran. Culture and Folk Literature, 6, 75-112.
Naseh, M. M. (2014). A review of the Quatrains from Birjand. Fekre Bekr.
Nasiri Jami, H. (2001). A structural and content analysis of the oriental songs. Mohaghegh.
Shams Gheis, M. (2009). Almo’jam fi Ma’ayir Ash’ar Ajam (edited by Mohammad Ghazvini, Mohammad Taghi Modarres Razavi and Sirus Shamisa). Rowzane.

Zolfaghari, H. (2015b). Application and features poetic couplet in a variety of popular literature. Adab Pazhuhi, 32, 63-95.

 

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Cancer stem cells are responsible for the formation the resistance to treatment, tumor relapse, and metastasis. miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of biological processes. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to candidate miRNAs that are involved in the regulation of all three properties including stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance and find their target genes and signaling pathways by using literature learning and data mining. The present systematic review is done to identify stemness-regulating miRNAs. By using CORMINE database, metastasis and drug resistance regulating miRNAs collected. Finally, we compared these three lists of miRNAs and found common miRNAs in these three properties. ONCO.IO database and KEGG pathway have been done to obtain the interaction between miRNA-miRNA target and cancer-related signaling pathway respectively. We collected 191 stemness-regulating miRNAs from 21 excluded studies. Based on CORMINE database, 161 miRNAs and 57 miRNAs had metastasis and stemness features respectively. We obtained 7 common miRNAs that 4 of them including has-miR-34a, has-miR-23a, has-miR-30a, has-miR-100 has a significant role for targeting signaling pathways involved in cancer and their most important targets regulate many processes of cells. These data suggest that three important properties can regulate by common miRNAs. Therefore, target these miRNAs or their targets can be helpful to stop tumor growth and metastasis and may be useful biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer.

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The use of a multi-site fungicide in cucumber downy mildew protection programs are recommended to ensure crops are adequately protected and delay a possible resistance development of high-risk groups of single-site fungicides. Commercially available dicopper chloride trihydroxide (also known as copper oxychloride) based fungicides (M FRAC Group) were assessed for their efficacy against cucumber downy mildew in comparison to a commonly used phosphonate (Fosphite^® 53 WSL, P7 FRAC Group) and untreated control. Foliar treatments started with the onset of disease symptoms and were repeated weekly. Disease severity was calculated twice during crop development. Significant differences between the treatments were detected. Fosphite^® was the most effective among other treatments, with a reduction in disease severity of 82.6%. Among the copper oxychloride-based fungicides, statistically significant differences were detected. Copertox^® and Oksavit^® were significantly effective than the other products at the first disease assessment, and Copertox^® being the most efficient fungicide at the second disease assessment. Significant differences were also detected among control plots. The efficiency of commercial brands of copper oxychloride in control of cucumber downy mildew was 53-67%. This efficiency is acceptable in normal disease conditions but not desirable in an epidemic situation. If the conditions are favorable for a severe disease epidemic, it is necessary to combine them with more effective fungicides such as Fosphite.
 

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Damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora melonis is the most common disease of cucumber seedlings Cucumis sativus L.. To study the efficacy of 8-hydroxy quinoline sulfate (Beltanol^®) in control of cucumber damping-off disease, glasshouse experiments were carried out with six treatments at research stations in Tehran, Alborz, and Semnan provinces in Iran. Treatments included 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ml∙l^-1 of Beltanol as the experimental fungicide, metalaxyl+mancozeb (Rosalaxyl^® WP 72%; FRAC code 3 + M03) at 2 g∙l^-1 as the standard fungicide along with inoculated and untreated and non-inoculated (healthy) controls. Cucumbers were cultivated from seed in trays, and treatments were applied twice. Once after seed sowing and second time at the 2-leaf stage. Disease incidence was recorded at the 4-leaf stage. Beltanol at 0.3 ml∙l^-1 had the least effect among fungicides, with nearly 50% of treated plants showing signs of disease. Application of Beltanol at 0.4 and 0.5 ml∙l^-1 decreased disease incidence by 59.55 and 64.47% compared to the inoculated control, respectively. Rosalaxyl^® performed better than Beltanol and reduced disease by 83.55%. However, to provide alternatives for proper fungicide rotations, Beltanol at the rate of 0.4 ml∙l^-1 may manage damping-off disease in cucumber.

 

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Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of serious infection in both hospital and the community. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates with rapid development of resistance. There is a need for early and reliable detection of MRSA infection to direct antibiotic therapy, and more effectively control cross-infection. In this study, resistance to methicillin was detected by a disk diffusion method, the determination of MIC, and the PCR for mecA gene. Materials and Methods: A total of 174 S.aureus strains were isolated from different clinical specimens from three teaching Hospitals. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method, MIC for oxacillin was made by the agar dilution, and mecA gene was identified by specific primers. Results: The prevalence of MRSA by three methods ranged from 47% to 50%, and mecA positive isolates were more resistant to all of the antibiotic tested than mecA negative isolates. All S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, and susceptible to vancomycin. The results of agar dilution test indicated a low-level resistance to methicillin (MIC>64mg/l). The distribution of MRSA isolates were uniform between three hospitals, and there were not significant differences in the presence of MRSA between isolates from different clinical specimens. Conclusion: The PCR method was the best test for routine detection of MRSA in the present study. An additional benefit of the mecA PCR is the potential to generate a susceptibility report, 24h earlier than the time of generation of results of conventional susceptibility testing methods.

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In this paper, mass flow rate and location of leakage in natural gas pipeline has been estimated simultaneously using inverse analysis. For doing so, at first natural gas transient flow in pipeline has been simulated numerically; this simulation is named direct problem. In the direct problem, it is assumed that the mass flow rate and location of leakage is definite and the governing equations are inhomogeneous well-known Euler equations. In these equations, the leakage effect has been considered as a source term. Steger–Warming flux splitting method has been used for numerical analysis of these equations. Then the location and mass flow rate of gas leakage of pipeline have been estimated simultaneously using Levenberg-Marquardt method for parameter estimation. This method is an iterative algorithm and based on minimizing the sum of the squares of the errors which are difference between pressures computed by the direct problem and pressures measured by pressure gauges. The results of the direct problem have good agreement with Mac–Cormack method and characteristics method of specified time intervals. The results of the inverse analysis demonstrate that Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is stable and efficient enough to estimate simultaneously the mass flow rate and location of leakage in natural gas pipeline.