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Showing 157 results for Bahar
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
The issue of climate change and its associated water security challenges has become a growing concern for Iran, particularly in its agricultural sector. Increasing population, rising demand for agricultural products, and the need for food security exacerbate these challenges. This study highlights the risks posed by reduced precipitation, rising temperatures, and inefficient water management practices, including heavy reliance on groundwater and outdated irrigation systems. It emphasizes the urgent need for modern irrigation technologies, such as water recycling (NEWater), and robust governance reforms to improve water use efficiency, analyzed through the HES framework. The study concludes that adopting a comprehensive, long-term strategy, incorporating technological innovations, localized water management practices, and enhanced governance, can mitigate the impacts of climate change and ensure the sustainable use of water resources in Iran's agricultural sector.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
The central bank operates by setting an inflation target and implementing monetary policies to achieve its economic goals. The accurate estimation and calculation of actual inflation in society are crucial for establishing the correct inflation target. Any discrepancy between the set inflation target and real inflation can disrupt the central bank's policy-making. If the actual inflation differs from the inflation perceived by society, it can further complicate the central bank's decision-making process.
Society's perception of inflation, as reflected in inflation expectations, refers to consumers' personal feelings and assessments of the rate at which market prices are rising. This perception is often associated with an increase in the cost of living, products, and services, as well as a decrease in the standard of living. Criticisms have been raised regarding the rationality of individuals when estimating inflation rates. Carroll's epidemiological model (2001) posits that individuals form their expectations of future inflation based on the information they receive, such as expert forecasts published in articles. Those who do not encounter such articles may rely on previous inflation statistics and forecasts they have come across.
Initially, the influence of the media on society's perception of inflation was considered. Subsequent developments in this theory led to the identification of various experimental factors from different societal studies that can impact this perception. It is crucially important to note that factors other than those involved in the calculation of the inflation rate can also influence this index.
Methodology
This study investigates inflation perception through both qualitative and quantitative approaches and explores its relationship with potential influencing factors. The Consumer Inflation Expectations Index quantifies the percentage by which consumers anticipate prices of goods and services to fluctuate over the next 12 months. The index is constructed by developing a questionnaire that reflects the socio-economic conditions of the countries under study. The questionnaire encompasses various inquiries pertaining to past experiences of price changes, personal financial circumstances, business conditions, purchasing power, expectations regarding interest rates and inflation, and significant purchasing and saving intentions. Understanding the determinants of perceived inflation is vital for the efficacious implementation of policies within a society. This research was conducted within a comprehensive framework, evaluating a sample of 384 consumers in the city of Tabriz. Participants were selected randomly in November 2023 and consisted of either household heads or family members responsible for a substantial proportion of household expenditures, all aged 15 and older. The causal-comparative method was utilized to analyze the collected data, acknowledging that individual perceptions of inflation may be influenced by variables such as geographical location, gender, level of knowledge and education, performance, attitude, and subjective norms. Some of these variables may be inherent traits that are unchangeable, while others may be external factors beyond the control of the researcher or unethical to manipulate. Furthermore, this method was employed to identify factors associated with unsuccessful policy implementation to prevent their recurrence, as well as to pinpoint and cultivate beneficial factors.
Findings
The survey results from this study indicate that the perceived inflation rate in Tabriz in November 2023 was 70.54%, compared to 50.40% as reported by the Iranian Statistics Center for the same period, showing a discrepancy of approximately 20.14% between the community's perceived inflation rate and the official inflation rate. Additionally, the perceived inflation rate for October 2023 was estimated at 59.80%, which is higher than the official inflation rate of 51.20%. The forecasted perceived inflation rate for December 2023 was also examined, estimated at 57.83%, showing a decreasing trend compared to November's perceived inflation rate. This rate was compared with the official rate of 70.49% reported by the Statistics Center. The significant gap between perceived and official inflation rates confirms the high bias in the perceived inflation rate relative to the official rate and indicates a concurrent movement between the actual inflation rate and the perceived inflation rate. As a result, the impact of expected inflation, derived from perceived inflation, on the official inflation rate is validated. The results also revealed that perceived inflation rates are higher among women, part-time employees, manufacturing workers, unemployed educated individuals, and married people. Factors such as very low knowledge of the concept of inflation and related statistics, incorrect recollection of past prices, the disproportionate effect of frequent purchases, asymmetric perception of price increases and decreases, and household income levels play a significant role in explaining the highest perceptions of inflation rates. Furthermore, individual behaviors in purchasing and consuming goods have led to increased perceptions of inflation. The role of media and social networks in shaping inflation perceptions has been very prominent, with the highest perceived inflation rates attributed to the influence of reports from foreign media. Changes in the gold and currency markets also had the greatest impact on consumers' inflation rate estimates.
Discussion and Conclusion
The achievement of objectives stemming from policy implementation relies heavily on the accurate estimation of the said policies and the factors influencing their execution. This study has revealed that the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors may deviate from the official inflation rate and its contributing factors. Inaccurate estimations heighten the risk of policy misalignments with predetermined goals. It is therefore imperative that estimating the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors falls within the purview of executing centers and is factored into the planning of societal policies as a whole
The central bank operates by setting an inflation target and implementing monetary policies to achieve its economic goals. The accurate estimation and calculation of actual inflation in society are crucial for establishing the correct inflation target. Any discrepancy between the set inflation target and real inflation can disrupt the central bank's policy-making. If the actual inflation differs from the inflation perceived by society, it can further complicate the central bank's decision-making process.
Society's perception of inflation, as reflected in inflation expectations, refers to consumers' personal feelings and assessments of the rate at which market prices are rising. This perception is often associated with an increase in the cost of living, products, and services, as well as a decrease in the standard of living. Criticisms have been raised regarding the rationality of individuals when estimating inflation rates. Carroll's epidemiological model (2001) posits that individuals form their expectations of future inflation based on the information they receive, such as expert forecasts published in articles. Those who do not encounter such articles may rely on previous inflation statistics and forecasts they have come across.
Initially, the influence of the media on society's perception of inflation was considered. Subsequent developments in this theory led to the identification of various experimental factors from different societal studies that can impact this perception. It is crucially important to note that factors other than those involved in the calculation of the inflation rate can also influence this index.
Methodology
This study investigates inflation perception through both qualitative and quantitative approaches and explores its relationship with potential influencing factors. The Consumer Inflation Expectations Index quantifies the percentage by which consumers anticipate prices of goods and services to fluctuate over the next 12 months. The index is constructed by developing a questionnaire that reflects the socio-economic conditions of the countries under study. The questionnaire encompasses various inquiries pertaining to past experiences of price changes, personal financial circumstances, business conditions, purchasing power, expectations regarding interest rates and inflation, and significant purchasing and saving intentions. Understanding the determinants of perceived inflation is vital for the efficacious implementation of policies within a society. This research was conducted within a comprehensive framework, evaluating a sample of 384 consumers in the city of Tabriz. Participants were selected randomly in November 2023 and consisted of either household heads or family members responsible for a substantial proportion of household expenditures, all aged 15 and older. The causal-comparative method was utilized to analyze the collected data, acknowledging that individual perceptions of inflation may be influenced by variables such as geographical location, gender, level of knowledge and education, performance, attitude, and subjective norms. Some of these variables may be inherent traits that are unchangeable, while others may be external factors beyond the control of the researcher or unethical to manipulate. Furthermore, this method was employed to identify factors associated with unsuccessful policy implementation to prevent their recurrence, as well as to pinpoint and cultivate beneficial factors.
Findings
The survey results from this study indicate that the perceived inflation rate in Tabriz in November 2023 was 70.54%, compared to 50.40% as reported by the Iranian Statistics Center for the same period, showing a discrepancy of approximately 20.14% between the community's perceived inflation rate and the official inflation rate. Additionally, the perceived inflation rate for October 2023 was estimated at 59.80%, which is higher than the official inflation rate of 51.20%. The forecasted perceived inflation rate for December 2023 was also examined, estimated at 57.83%, showing a decreasing trend compared to November's perceived inflation rate. This rate was compared with the official rate of 70.49% reported by the Statistics Center. The significant gap between perceived and official inflation rates confirms the high bias in the perceived inflation rate relative to the official rate and indicates a concurrent movement between the actual inflation rate and the perceived inflation rate. As a result, the impact of expected inflation, derived from perceived inflation, on the official inflation rate is validated. The results also revealed that perceived inflation rates are higher among women, part-time employees, manufacturing workers, unemployed educated individuals, and married people. Factors such as very low knowledge of the concept of inflation and related statistics, incorrect recollection of past prices, the disproportionate effect of frequent purchases, asymmetric perception of price increases and decreases, and household income levels play a significant role in explaining the highest perceptions of inflation rates. Furthermore, individual behaviors in purchasing and consuming goods have led to increased perceptions of inflation. The role of media and social networks in shaping inflation perceptions has been very prominent, with the highest perceived inflation rates attributed to the influence of reports from foreign media. Changes in the gold and currency markets also had the greatest impact on consumers' inflation rate estimates.
Discussion and Conclusion
The achievement of objectives stemming from policy implementation relies heavily on the accurate estimation of the said policies and the factors influencing their execution. This study has revealed that the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors may deviate from the official inflation rate and its contributing factors. Inaccurate estimations heighten the risk of policy misalignments with predetermined goals. It is therefore imperative that estimating the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors falls within the purview of executing centers and is factored into the planning of societal policies as a whole
Volume 1, Issue 1 (NO. 1- 2011)
Abstract
One of the most important issues that organizations face is how to motivate employee to perform their roles well, thus ensuring that organization to retain its effectiveness. Indeed, specific set of employees' behaviors, discretionary ones that employees perform for organization that can significantly affect on organization’s success specifically. These behaviors are called organizational citizenship behaviors, defined as discretionary work behaviors that that have not been recognized directly or explicitly by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate, they promote the functioning of the organization. In this study has tried to investigate relationships between organization ethical values, organizational justice, organizational commitment, ethical behavior and organizational citizenship behaviors in Staff part employees of Payam Nour University (Tehran branch). In respect to purpose, this study is applied and in respect to doing method and data collection, is descriptive-analytic. LISREL and structural equation model were used for testing the hypotheses. The results of this study indicated that organization ethical values positively affects on procedural and distributive justice. Procedural and distributive justice positively affects on organizational commitment. Also organizational commitment positively affects on ethical behavior. Ethical behavior positively affect on sportsmanship and altruism dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
This article highlights some Islamic jurisprudential (fiqhī) principles which require reduction and restriction of death penalty. According to this article, in Islamic view the permissibility of capital punishment is very limited and narrow. Minimalistic approach to capital punishment includes fixed punishment (had), just retaliation (qisās) and discretionary punishment (ta’zir). The article also studies some procedural factors, which in their turn, result in the reduction of the numbers of capital punishment. Of them is proportionality between the epistemic value of the evidence and the content it is supposed to prove. The necessity of observing humane considerations in the performance of death penalty, in a few cases in which it is permitted, is also briefly discussed. In other words, performance of death penalty should be with the lowest level of pain when it is permitted.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Volume 1, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Some Biochemical properties of silver carp surimi prepared by application of acid-alkali aided methods were investigated and compared to that of derived by conventional method. In terms of total protein solubility and recovery, lipid reduction, and total pigment extractability and myoglobin removal there was a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. Acid-aided method showed the most efficiency to recover more proteins (86.2%) in comparison to the alkaline-aided (79.8%) and conventional (76.7%) methods. The lipid reduction percentage was recorded as 43.6%, 58.4% and 72.3% for the conventional method, and acid-alkali aided methods, respectively. In terms of total pigment removal, the conventional method showed higher efficiency (P<0.05) compared to the pH-shifting methods. Conversely, fish protein solubilisation by acid-alkali aided techniques was more efficient (P<0.05) compared to the conventional method of making surimi. In conclusion, pH-shifting techniques were superior in comparison with the conventional method in order to recover more functional proteins and to efficiently reduce the lipid and myoglobin content of resultant fish protein isolate.
Volume 2, Issue 3 (7-2016)
Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted human disease that is caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Metronidazole is the selective drug in trichomoniasis treatment. However, the reported cases show an increasing trend of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mango and blueberry extracts on T. vaginalis.
Materials and Methods: T. vaginalis was cultured axenically in TYM (Trypticase Yeast Extract) medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum. The effect of mango and blueberry extracts at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 μg.mL-1 on T. vaginalis was studied after 24 and 48 hours. The final numbers of parasite with a hemocytometer and Trypan blue were recorded. Then the value of IC50 [Half maximal inhibitory concentration] and the lethal percent were calculated. In the present study, the metronidazole was used as positive control. The IC50 value of metronidazole and tinidazole were calculated in the concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 μg.mL-1.
Results: The final results confirmed the significant effect of all mango and blueberry extracts concentrations on the reduction of parasite numbers (P-value<0.05(. The extract concentrations of 1000 μg.mL-1 had the most significant effect on T. vaginalis growth inhibition after 24 hours. The IC50 values of mango and blueberry extracts, metronidazole, and tinidazole were calculated as 118.3, 60.74, 0.042 and 0.02 μg.ml-1 respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the different concentrations of mango and blueberry extracts have significant anti Trichomonas vaginalis activities. It is suggested carrying out further studies on suitable animal models.
Volume 2, Issue 3 (7-2016)
Abstract
Background: This study was performed to determine antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) compared to voriconazole on clinical and standard strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Materials and Methods: Inhibitory potency of nano-Ag was determined using microtiter broth dilution method. Susceptibility tests were performed against A. fumigatus isolated from BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients who suffered from respiratory problems and compared with the strain (ATCC: 204305) by broth dilution antifungal susceptibility test of filamentous fungi approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A. In addition, cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles was studied on epithelial cell line by MTT assay.
Results: From 60 BAL samples the following strains were isolated; A. flavus (n=21), A. niger (n=3), and A. fumigatus (n=1). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values of nano-Ag were 0.25 and 0.5 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values of nano-Ag were 0.5 and 1 μg.mL-1for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. MIC90 values of voriconazole were 0.125 and 0.25 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolate respectively. The MFC values of voriconazole were 0.25 and 0 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in 0.25 μg.mL-1 concentration.
Conclusion: Our results showed high antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Aspergillus isolates. Furthermore, the availability of a wide form of nano-Ag structures can be considered as novel agents to decrease fungal burden in medical application.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Spring 98 2019)
Abstract
Research Subject: Removal of industrial wastewater especially from textile and dyeing factories is always important actions to control of pollutions. Using of polymeric adsorbents is an important method for removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. In this research work, designing and fabrication of PVA-based adsorbent with proper potential for removal of green malachite from industrial wastewater has been reported.
Research Approach: For fabrication of adsorbent 4 wt.% PVA was gelled in the present of 10 wt.% glutaraldehyde as cross-linker and punched. The punched hydrogels were porous with freeze drying method. For improving the adsorption ability, graphene and TiO2 were used. The adsorption of green malachite with prepare adsorbent was measured timely to determine the optimum percentage of nanoparticles. In addition, the effect of contact time and the presence of UV on the adsorption of pollution was investigated. Finally, the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics study were investigated in different time.
Main Results: The results of adsorption of pollution with PVA/graphene adsorbent in different times showed that 0.5 wt.% is the optimum loading of graphene in the PVA matrix. This value was 3 wt.% for TiO2. The adsorption percentage via optimum adsorbent in dark condition showed that one minute after addition of adsorbent the adsorption percent increased to 75% indicating the high capability of the adsorbent in adsorption of tested pollution. The porous structure was confirmed via SEM image. By comparing the correlation coefficient for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms it was found that Freundlich isotherm has better agreement with the findings of the current study. In other words, adsorption of green malachite with fabricated adsorbent was done multi layered. The thermodynamics studies showed that due to negative value of Gibbs energy the adsorption reaction of green malachite with fabricated absorbent is automatically.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Abstract
Research Subject: In recent years, the use of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in polymer nanocomposites has attracted considerable attention. Dispersion state of GnPs in the polymer matrix has a great importance which can affect microstructure and final properties of nanocomposite. Therefore, in the present work, the effect of compatibilizer on the dispersion state of GnPs and also on internal structure, orientation, and tensile properties of polypropylene (PP)/GnPs nanocomposite fibers are investigated.
Research Approach: PP/GnPs nanocomposite fibers containing 0.1% and 0.5% GnPs with and without maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) were melt spun. Dispersion state and location of GnPs in the nanocomposite fibers were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Fiber orientation and crystallinity were studied by polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Moreover, fracture behaviour of PP/GnPs nanocomposite fibers was investigated by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of tensile fractured samples. Using Halpin-Tsai model, experimental tensile moduli of fibers were compared with the predicted values.
Main Results: TEM images show that in the compatibilized PP/MA/GnPs nanocomposite fibers, GnPs aggregates decrease and their size also reduces, suggesting that GnPs dispersion improved. An increase in Lp of the compatibilized sample recorded from SAXS analysis indicates that the more GnPs are located in the intrafibrillar region. Based on polarized FTIR and DSC results, orientation and crystallinity of PP/G0.5 nanocomposite fiber are found to significantly increase after inclusion of PP-g-MA. Moreover, reinforcing effect of GnPs in PP/MA/GnPs nanocomposite fibers could be explained by better GnPs dispersion and changes in internal structure of fiber. Furthermore, the tensile fracture behavior of PP/GnPs nanocomposite fiber changes from ductile to brittle in the presence of PP-g-MA.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
The aim of this study, in the first step, was to recover the protein content in wastewater of fish meal factories using chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan-aluminum sulphate composition. In the second step, the extracted protein was assessed for its essential amino acids profile. Also, the reduced amount of proteins in the waste water was evaluated by measuring different parameters such as turbidity, pH, COD. Finally, chitosan nanoparticles characteristics were investigated using atomic force microscopy. Results showed that turbidity, COD and soluble protein significantly decreased upon adding different concentrations of chitosan, nanoparticle of chitosan and chitosan-alum (p<0.05). The maximum protein recovery was related to chitosan-alum composition and chitosan nanoparticles with no significant difference between these two treatments. Evaluation of recovered protein in term of amino acids profiles showed that there were essential amino acids such as histidine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine in protein of fish meal wastewater.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
The effect of ice-storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on qualitative properties of its surimi powder was assessed by analyzing proximate composition, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid. Increase in ice-storage duration increased the density and thiobarbituric acid of surimi powder(p<0.05); proximate composition, color indices, protein solubility, oil adsorption and gel forming decreased significantly (p<0.05); emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability decreased with storage duration, although no regular trends were detected (p<0.05). The present study indicated that long-term ice-storage of silver carp led to reduction of qualitative properties of the surimi powder.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
In order to improve the properties of myofibrillar protein-based film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) at 3 levels (1, 3 and 5%) was used. Optimum treatment was determined by evaluating the mechanical, physical and optical properties as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). Cellulose nanoparticles had no effect on tensile strength but reduced the elasticity of film (p≤0.05). Water vapor barrier property (WVP) and other physical properties of the films were improved by addition of nanofibrillated cellulose at 1%, but decreased at higher concentrations (p≤0.05. Based on SEM, low concentrations of nanoparticles showed more homogeneous dispersion and films had a smoother and better cross-sectional area compared to the higher levels of nanoparticles. Generally, low levels of nanoparticles could be effective to improve the mechanical and physical properties of myofibrillar protein - nanofibrillated cellulose films.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (3-2016)
Abstract
The effects of frozen storage (-20°C) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) for periods of 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 months on the qualitative properties of surimi powder was investigated. Qualitative characteristics were assessed through analysis of proximate composition, sensory evaluation, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, water holding capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity and stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid value. Most of the qualitative indices decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatments, including the water holding capacity and the percentage of protein solubility that, respectively, decreased from 13.4ml/g and 7.42% in the control to 10.46 ml/g and 4.82% after 6 months of frozen storage. Besides, the treatments didn’t show foam. The density and thiobarbituric acid increased significantly with time (p<0.05). Based on the analyses as well as sensory assessment, quality of silver carp surimi powder was maintained in -20°C frozen storage up to four months.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Transition from the industrial age to the knowledge era has led to a paradigm shift in employer and employee relationship. Paying more attention to talent supply and demand diagram led to more focus on talented personnel in organizations. Winning the war for talent, organizations need to recruit more business for themselves through the creation of an attractive and distinctive brand. Since organizations have problems in creating a distinctive brand, it would be based in the employer's interest. The present study is an attempt to answer the question that how an attractive employer based on the employer's distinctive branding will be created. Based on the existing literature the conceptual model designed and tested in order to answer the above question. Statistical analysis of the results shows that when an employer creates the brand based upon the needs of the target group, differentiated EVP, people strategies, brand consistency, employer brand communication and metrics of employer branding led to the employer attractiveness in all aspects.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
Performance evaluation has always been considered as one of the critical issues in every and each organization. In order to identify, adjust and apply the changes in their short-term and long-term goals, every organization needs to evaluate its performance continuously. Considering the key role of banks as one of the most important financial and economic parts of any society, it is important to evaluate the performance of these financial institution. In this study, 100 third level branches of Keshavarzi Bank were evaluated with 36 sub-indicators (7 inputs and 29 outputs) and these 36 sub-indicators were clustered in 3 inputs and 7 outputs. In this research, CCR-O model is used as the main model and to reduce the number of sub-indicators and obtain main-indicators three scenarios were performed (simple average, weighted average by using weights from AHP and Principle Component Analysis (PCA)) and outputs of these three scenarios were used as CCR-O inputs. Finally, increasing of discrimination power in all three scenarios was examined using coefficient of variation and it was understood that discrimination power in PCA-DEA scenario increased more than the other two.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2016)
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum, as a toxigenic fungus, is one of the important agents of onion basal rot (FBR). Among the control methods of the disease, biological control is considered as one of the best options. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum strain T100 at the rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g was mixed with pot soil artificially infested with F. proliferatum. Also Glomus mosseae was applied to each pot at the rate of three grams of soil containing 80 chlamydospores/ml. Combination of T100 and G. mosseae was used as well. Onion seeds were disinfected & planted in pots, arranged in completely randomized design in 4 replicates under greenhouse condition and finally, the individual or combined effects of these bioagents were assessed on FBR control and also root colonization by Glomus 23, 30 and 36 days after sowing. Inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizae improved onion growth effectively, but its biocontrol effect was not considerable. Trichoderma amended soil decreased disease incidence by 25% but its usefulness as biocontrol agent was reduced in the course of time. AM root colonization was decreased in plants in presence of Trichoderma. Nevertheless, the disease control in combination of Trichoderma and Glomus treatment was better than the treatments by each one of the agents singly. The disease control achieved by fungicide seed treatment was inferior to that of Trichoderma and Glomus in combination.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (5-2016)
Abstract
Innovation can Create competitive advantage and consequently the company success. Innovation in business models is a new them and Companies act based on innovative business models to create and deliver greater value for their customers. Innovation in business model includes not only technological innovation or organizational innovation but also strategic innovation witch is sharing and increasing knowledge resource and managerial skills. Thus the important role of customer knowledge management which is based on strategic innovation in business models, can be identified. this study evaluated the ability of customer knowledge management capability of organizations to create innovative business model. Conceptual model based on the relevant literature is presented and tested. This research is practical and survey- analysis. company of creating custom cars in Iran Khodro (APCO) is the study case of this research. Path analysis and structural equation modeling was used for testing the research model. results show that if Organizations use the customer knowledge management to improve their skills in creating customized products and Create better conditions for optimal decision and design better consumer experience, they can achieve business model innovation by creating value based on the success of customers and increasing sales volume .
Volume 5, Issue 13 (5-2017)
Abstract
Qajar wall painting includes different fields and works dispersed in various locations such as royal buildings, private houses, public places and holy shrines under the dynastic rubrics, epic, sensual and religious contexts. Religious murals in shrines and tombs, especially those depicting Prophet Mohammad's Mi’raj are among the ones which could be seen in such places.
Mi’raj has been described as both a physical and spiritual journey. A brief sketch of the story is in surah al-Isra of the Quran and other details come from the hadith, which are collections of the reports, teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad. In the Isra, Muhammad traveled on the steed Buraq to "the farthest mosque". Traditionally, later Muslims identified the mosque as a location in the physical world, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. At the mosque, Muhammad led other prophets in prayer. He then ascended to heaven in the Mi'raj journey where Prophet Muhammad spoke to God. The remembrance of this journey is one of the most significant events in the Islamic calendar. Due to the significance of this event, it has been manifested in the realm of art from days of yore.
Although we can find different stages of this historical-religious event in the works of lithography and miniature, not many of them have been studied in the field of wall painting and popular arts. Having
examined such works of art, some questions are proposed as follows: firstly, what are the structural and aesthetic elements in these religious wall paintings? Secondly, how these elements are depicted and what similarities and differences do they share with works of lithography and miniature? The results of this research done in analytic and comparative methodology reveal that these wall paintings are more, in term of quantity, distributed in northern provinces of Iran and the scenes related to "visiting the lion" prevail as a result of Shiite beliefs. But the illustrated scenes and stages in lithography and miniature are more diverse including different events. Of other things we should note and compare in here are the execution and decoration of works besides the style of depicting the elements, their colors and sizes as well as the background of each medium and some other slight differences.
As to the differences of artworks in these three artistic media, we should mention that in works of miniature and lithography, there are more stages and episodes to be seen. Furthermore, due to the technical and expressive capacities of each medium, there are more figures and details in miniature in compare to those of lithography and on the other hand, more ones in lithography than wall painting. But as to the similarities, there some points to be noted. The central position of the Prophet and his praising of God during the journey of Mi’raj, the adaptability of the clothes and other elements with the features of the era in which paintings have been executed, and lack of perspective as well as depiction of the climax of the story with somewhat epic aspects are all among the similarities in each of the works of the three fields.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (No.2 (Tome 23), (Articles in Persian) 2015)
Abstract
Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness, and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10.4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination, and in the patients, it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination, respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0.05), while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients, rustics, low educated ones, and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different, the presumptuousness increased; however, the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking, because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination, the patients were in a special situation, sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference, and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients, politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome