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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the beliefs toward sexual health among couples attending marriage counseling centers, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a theoretical framework.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 416 couples, aged 14 to 40 years, who referred to a marriage counseling center in Kermanshah in 2014. They were recruited through a simple random sampling method. The data gathering tool consisted of a self-administered questionnaire based on the HBM constructs and some demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed with SPSS-18 software using independent t-test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Findings: According to the results, the level of perceived susceptibility of the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviors and perceived barriers among couples were not satisfactory; however, perceived severity and benefits were reported in a relatively good level. Internet and friends were the most important cues to action related to sexual health.
Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the framework of the HBM is useful for investigation of sexual health related beliefs among couples. Thus, design and implementation of interventions based on the results of present study may be effective in promoting knowledge and beliefs toward sexual health among couples.

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Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are at the risk of the acquisition of occupational transmissible diseases. Controversial results have been reported about hepatitis C virus (HCV). The main objective of the recent study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HCV and its relationship to the occupational history and exposure of HCWs in two teaching hospitals in Tehran-Iran.

Materials and Methods: A seroprevalence survey of HCV was conducted using serum samples obtained from 1400 HCWs in two teaching hospitals during 2012. The samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies.

Results: In none of the participants the HCV antibody was detected. Needle stick injury was significantly higher among nurses. Younger HCWs with a shorter professional life had more frequent needle stick injury (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HCV in HCWs was considerably lower than that reported in the general population, and needs to be evaluated on a larger scale.

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Aims: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease. It has more prevalence and severity in women than in men. The aim of this research was to compare the navicular drop (ND) and hallux deviation (HD) in women with different knee osteoarthritis (OA) based on the radiographic grades of 1 to 4.   
Instruments and Methods: The present research was a descriptive cross-sectional and causal-comparative study. The study population included women with knee osteoarthritis in Tehran. The statistical sample included 87 female patients with knee osteoarthritis, who were selected based on the simple purposive and non-probability sampling method from patients referring to specialized clinics and Akhtar Hospital in 2015. The number of knees with knee OA was 168, which were divided into 4 groups based on the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the difference between the groups in terms of the amount of navicular drop and the hallux deviation, and for significant results, Tukey's post hoc test was applied.
Findings: There was a significant difference between the first and second groups regarding the extent of ND, which was mostly observed in Group 2. It was non-significantly higher in Group 4 in comparison with Group 3 and higher in Group 3 than in Group 1. The mean of HD increased from Group 1 to 4 but not significantly.
Conclusion: Higher drop in navicular is a risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis radiographic grades.

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According to researches, lack of commitment to change is one of the important factors making changes ineffective. Commitment to change is a force involving individuals in necessary processes of successful change. In current research, commitment to change path analysis model was designed according to the roles of organizational support, supervisor support, trust to supervisor, justice, and positive affection. This is a descriptive study and is based on correlations. The research sample contained 463 individuals of Isfahan Oil Refining & DistributionCompany that selected by stratifiedsampling and responded to research instruments. Bootstrapping analysis showed that supervisor support, procedural justice and interactional justice are mediator variables between trust, organizational support and normative commitment to change. According to results, managers and organizations are recommended to establish commitment to change by increasing trust, support, positive affection and justice.      

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Many people in organizations have positive beliefs about computers’ role in human resource system, such as fairness in selection and interviews. This belief spread to contexts such as evaluation in assessment centers (AC). However evaluation in AC make up by multistep procedure that vanish in computer evaluation that may deteriorate that. The aim of current research was to compare computer model of evaluation with traditional model include six step of group evaluators. Two separate study reported by two samples (N1=200 , N2=147) of managers of Isfahan ( private and governmental) organizations that were selected by convenience sampling. Instruments were contained 360 degree performance appraisal Questionnaire, computer instrument and force choice instrument and evaluators divided into two groups namely experts and novice. Findings indicated that complete model of human evaluators were superior to computer evaluation and also its indicators of reliability and validity are better. Given the results and the importance and usefulness of assessment centers, it is recommended to use of human evaluators rather than computer evaluation. It may be better to replace computer role in side of exercises instead of evaluation.

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Oral –formulaic composition (theory) has been originated from Homeric studies in Parry and Lord Works and is widely used in most languages. In the field of folk prose texts of Persian several researches have been conducted, all of which have addressed the issue of general stereotyped propositions. On the basis of these achievements, foreign scholars have considered Persian epic poems, particularly Shāhnameh, as a product of narrative and oral tradition. With a new look at narrative scrolls as oral epic texts, this article in addition to presenting their general propositions, introduces another type of proposition in the form of epic statements in three parts: a) Propositions indicating the beginning or entry to the scene of wrestling c) Propositions indicating the beginning of wrestling and C) Proposals indicating the end of wrestling that are presented and describe the function of each category. The paper concludes by proving that the scrolls and narrators of the manuscripts had in mind a treasure trove of these propositions and used them automatically when they thought of combat. Therefore, one can better understand the narrative structure of the Persian oral epic by using this method and extracting the assertions used in various martial art.

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Motivation for learning a new language does not have an all-or-none impact. It is gradually formed and fluctuated over time and on each timescale has varying levels of influence on a person’s endeavor to learn a language. At the present time, scholars claim that throughout the Second Language Development (SLD) different timescales interact with each other and this interaction is nonlinear, complex and dynamic in nature (de Bot, 2015). The present study attempted to investigate the motivational dynamics of a group of language learners in longer timescales composed of a number of tasks performed on shorter timescales. Moreover, it scrutinized the participants’ potential attribution for the variation in their motivational intensity. Ten participants were interviewed at the onset, while performing tasks and at the end of the course to better picture the interplay of different motivational themes over time. The findings confirmed temporal variation in participants’ motivation. Moreover, the data revealed the fact that motivational themes were not equally effective over the course and during task performance. External incentives and desired L2 proficiency as two major initial motivational factors, for instance, were gradually replaced by internal incentives and L2 learning enjoyment over the semester. However, personal pursuits in L2 learning were equally influential over these timescales. Moreover, L2 future image and positive feelings towards L2 speakers were the least referred factors over all the timescales. Gender and culture-specificity of some of the motivational themes was another finding of this study. As for the attributions behind their motivation, the participants referred to reasons such as parents’ pressure, passion for pursuing personal goals, the kind of tasks, the harmony between their character type and the task type, and gaining more experience through the course.  In sum, participants’ motivation was composed of a web of interrelated and dynamic factors which varied over different timescales. Finally, some implications were driven from the findings of the study.

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    The Islamic Revolution, by transforming the political, social, and cultural foundations of the society, paved the way for experimenting with new modes of novel-writing. In the 1990s, postmodernism became a dominant trend in the Persian novel. Refusing to obey the standard form of the novel as a genre, both in the content and style, the postmodern Iranian novelists have tried to keep pace with their international counterparts and to experiment with new forms. The epistemic background for this literary movement has been the postmodern philosophy. Postmodernism, against Enlightenment rationalism and the concept of an autonomous subject, concentrates on the questions of language and discourse. In addition to describing the position of language in postmodernism, the present study attempts to explain the rhetoric and ideological techniques in the postmodern Persian novels. Studying the linguistic components of these novels at the two levels of ideology and rhetoric, our research reveal that these works of art more frequently employ rhetoric techniques and that there is not a single ideology ruling over them.

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Objective: Molecular epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is currently used widely for different objectives such as vector incrimination studies. Materials and Methods: In this study three different loci including kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and Cystein protease B (CPB) of Leishmania parasite genome were used for detection and identification of natural infection of sand flies of Germi district of Ardebil province, the most important VL or Kala-azar foci in Iran. Results: The results showed that the three loci of kDNA, rDNA and CPBs are respectively more appropriate for leptomonad infection/initial screening, identification of the L.donovani complex, and discrimination of the species complex. It was also verified that both members of the complex, L. donovani and L. infantum, are present in the study area and are transmitted to the hosts by

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Aims: It is very important to maintain oral health during pregnancy because it has short- and long-term effects on the health of women and children. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting tooth brushing behavior among pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
Instruments & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 275 pregnant women under the coverage of the health centers of Arak, Iran, selected by cluster sampling method in 2021. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which was constructed and validated in this study. The questionnaire contained items about demographic variables and Health Promotion Model constructs. Data were analyzed in SPSS 18 software using regression models.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 29.67±5.54. Only 24% of pregnant women brushed twice a day or more. Perceived Self-efficacy (β=0.157, p=0.020), perceived barriers of action (β= -0.138, p=0.049), and interpersonal influence (modeling) (β=0.188, p=0.002) had significant relationships with commitment to a plan of action. The pregnant women who had more self-efficacy (OR: 1.114, 95% CI: 1.012-1.225) and more commitment to a plan of action (OR: 1.802, 95% CI: 1.509-2.153) were more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day.
Conclusion: Perceived self-efficacy and commitment to a plan of action are determinant factors of brushing behavior in pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
 

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Aims: Identifying the educational contents affecting couples' communication skills can help psychologists resolve important marital problems. This study was designed to focus on the most important educational contents classified in communication skills interventions.
Information & Methods: This study reviewed the articles in the PubMed and Science Direct databases in February 2020. Articles screened in two databases were according to “titles and abstracts”, “past ten years”, “full-text”, and “open access” filters. The present study was designed based on the York Protocol. Evaluation of the information in the articles of this study was reported based on Elo S’ study. The CONSORT Checklist was used to report the clinical trials. This study was completed by incorporating 19 articles related to communication skills interventions.
Findings: The educational contents of this study were divided into two categories individual and interpersonal educational content. Also, individual and interpersonal educational content was divided into the following four categories. These four consist of rational, practical, emotional, and motivational content. The intervention was completed via six articles, and all six could be accessed virtually. The educational content, such as problem-solving, emotional skills, listening skills, behavior change, and behavioral coping skills, were the most frequent educational content in the articles of this study.
Conclusion: Problem-solving, listening skills, emotional skills, behavioral coping skills, and behavior change are the most frequent educational content in communication skills interventions.
 

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Aims: Determining the effective factors in the use of e-learning among students can be useful in providing appropriate and practical solutions to increase the use of e-learning. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors related to the behavior of using e-learning among medical university students using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a conceptual framework.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 425 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences who were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tools included a questionnaire, including demographic data and TAM constructs. The data were analyzed in SPSS 23 software using one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression analysis.
Findings: The age range of participants was between 18 and 54 years with an average age of 24.2±3.96 years. The history of participating in e-learning classes was significantly related to all the constructs of the TAM (p<0.05). Also, undergraduate and graduate students had a significantly more positive attitude, higher perceived usefulness, and more usage intention and behavior concerning e-learning than professional doctorate students (p<0.05). Attitude (β=0.394), perceived usefulness (β=0.313), and external variables (β=0.196) were respectively the strongest predictors of intention to use e-learning (p<0.05). The intention of e-learning usage directly and significantly predicted the behavior of using it (β=0.483, p<0.05).
Conclusion: The TAM constructs predict the behavior of using e-learning among students.

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This research studies the concept of love from Sheikh Ishragh’s perspective in Attar of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair paintings by Kamal Adin Behzad.The concept of love from Suhrawardi’s perspective as a love theory is a unique concept which is different from the mystical and aesthetic approaches to love due to its wisdom-centrism.In present study,4 paintings are analyzed using descriptive-qualitative approach.The main goal of this research is to discover and analyze the elements reflecting the Sheikh Ishragh’s love perspective as well as finding the answers to the following questions: based on the centrality of wisdom in Suhrawardi’s theory of love, which of the Behzad’s paintings elements in Attar of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair paintings can be analyzed on the basis of this theory?The results of the analysis imply that the association of concept of love from Suhrawardi’s perspective and reflection of love in Behzad’s paintings elaborates on the wisdom centrality of Sheikh Ishragh’s theory. The reflection of love from Suhrawardi’s perspective in Attar of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair paintings was studied in details.Using the contrasting visual elements and compositions, in these paintings to show the contrast of wisdom and ignorance is used as the main themes of Suhrawardi’s love. Each of these themes are accompanied with a theme of suffrage and sorrow whose origin is self-knowledge towards the destination of theism. Finally, this can be implied from the analyses that using all these symbols and signs were consciously and were used very carefully by painter which are compatible with concepts Suhrawardi and Attar reflected.

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Outdoor experiments on a once-through single glazed solar air heater with perforated metal absorber plate were conducted to determine the practical effect of absorber plate porosity as well as suction air flow rate on the collector thermal efficiency and its total pressure drop. Three aluminum absorber plates were made perforated by drilling circular holes with different diameter/pitch ratios in square layout. A fan was employed at the top of the collector to suck ambient air from the bottom side through absorber plate perforations. The flow channel was designed such that uniform air flow over the entire absorber plate area could be achieved. Five levels of air mass flow rates (0.0065 to 0.0321 kg m-2 s-1) were adopted. Pressure drop across the apparatus was measured. The inlet air was preheated by short wavelength radiation absorbed by the cover as well as the long wavelength emission by the absorber prior to catching the heat from transpired absorber plate. A maximum thermal efficiency of 84% could be achieved for the most part of the porous absorber plate at the highest air mass flow rate. The collector with minimum porosity showed a maximum pressure drop. In some experiments, the glass cover was removed to determine the outdoor effect of glazing. Comparing the performance of the collector with and without glazing showed that the unglazed collector was about 25% less efficient than the glazed one at the same overall operating conditions. This reduction can be attributed to high top radiative and convective heat losses for the unglazed collector at the outdoor conditions. The pressure drop for the uncovered collector showed a lower magnitude in comparison to the covered one. The inlet air passes and heats up (21-59°C above the ambient) through the solar collector, therefore the fresh and clean hot air can be continuously supplied for many purposes such as solar drying system.

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This article aims to introduce one of the characteristics of the oral tradition in the Persian epic based on the achievements of the theory of oral expression. Therefore, it focused on battle tools and extracted their types and frequency. It selected Haft Lashkar scroll and the Shahnameh narration scroll as examples of oral epics, and Shahnameh and Shahryarnameh as examples of poetic epics, and in the process of this research, it also explored the prominence and fame of epic battle tools due to their attribution to kings and warriors, country/city, totemic animals, as well as exaggeration of weight and power. The poets of the epic writers/narrators have these special martial tools in the form and construction of "form statements" in the treasure of their minds and have naturally and unconsciously introduced them in the stage of composing the epic. The most important achievement of this research, in addition to the introduction of battle tools as "epic template statements", is that the difference in the frequency and This article aims to introduce one of the characteristics of the oral tradition in the Persian epic based on the achievements of the theory of oral expression. Therefore, it focused on battle tools and extracted their types and frequency. It selected Haft Lashkar scroll and the Shahnameh narration scroll as examples of oral epics, and Shahnameh and Shahryarnameh as examples of poetic epics, and in the process of this research, it also explored the prominence and fame of epic battle tools due to their attribution to kings and warriors, country/city, totemic animals, as well as exaggeration of weight and power. The poets of the epic writers/narrators have these special martial tools in the form and construction of "form statements" in the treasure of their minds and have naturally and unconsciously introduced them in the stage of composing the epic. The most important achievement of this research, in addition to the introduction of battle tools as "epic template statements", is that the difference in the frequency and variety of battle tools between the texts of epic verses and the scrolls of narrative, as well as the use of battle tools in texts before and at the same time as the Shahnameh, such as Yadgar Zariran, Rudaki's poems , Farrokhi Sistani, etc., shows that first of all, "epic battle tools style statements" are a legacy of the oral tradition of Persian epics, and the poets of epics/narrators, even Ferdowsi, have no role in inventing them. Moreover, the narrative scrolls were not only influenced by the poetic epic texts, but oral narratives also played a role in their formation.
 

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Rheological properties of chocolate are important in manufacturing process for obtaining high-quality products with well-defined texture and are directly influenced by composition and their refining time. Soy protein benefits from nutritional and functional properties to be used in different foods. Effects of different replacement levels of skim milk powder by soy flour, (from 0 to 100%) and ball mill refining time (105 and 135 minutes) on particle size and rheological properties of compound chocolate were investigated. Considering four rheological models, it was found that compound chocolate behaved as a Casson fluid .Overall, the results indicated that Casson plastic viscosity values ranged between 1.36 and 5.47 (Pa s) and replacing skim milk powder with soy flour led to a significant (P< 0.05) increase in Casson plastic viscosity in either of the refining time treatments. Casson plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity also increased for all the replacement levels with increase in refining time from 105 to 135 minutes. Values of Casson yield ranged from 11.23 to 38.88 (Pa). By replacing soy flour, Casson yield value increased significantly (P<0.05). Casson yield value also increased with increase in refining time in samples containing only skim milk powder, but it decreased in samples containing soy flour.

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In this study, the effects of discharge angle from an air curtain’s jet have been investigated on aerodynamic sealing of a room with positive pressure ventilation system. For this reason, the modeling of flow, heat transfer and species diffusion has been performed by using OpenFoam® numerical solver. The results show that the jet discharge angle has significant effects on the distribution of parameters such as temperature, concentration of pollutants and occupants’ thermal sensation index. So, by varying the jet discharge angle from +10 (towards the indoor space) to -10 (towards the outdoor space), the average temperature difference between two spaces is reduced to 2.5°C. Also, the mentioned varying in discharge angle causes a significant reduction in the mean concentration of pollutants at the indoor space, from 25ppm to 5ppm. On the other hand, the results indicated that for the discharge angle of -10, the average of occupant’s thermal sensation index is shifting to the cool feeling. Therefore, the mentioned discharge angle can reduce the impacts of outdoor warm conditions on the indoor’s. In other words, the discharge angle of -10 demonstrates the best performance of the air curtain device in thermal and aerodynamic separating of two indoor and outdoor spaces.

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An undesirable factor that affects the dimensional precision and final shape of metallic parts produced in cold forming processes is springback phenomenon. An analytical model is introduced to predict springback in U-shaped bending process of DP780 dual phase steel sheet. This analytical model is based on the Hill48 yield criterion and plane strain condition. In this model, the effect of forming history, sheet thinning and the motion of the neutral surface on the springback of U-shaped bending process is taken into account. The anisotropic nonlinear kinematic hardening model is used to consider the impact of complex deformation, including stretching, bending and reverse bending. This model is able to investigate the complex hardening behavior of material such as Bauschinger effect, transient behavior and permanent softening. The effect of the sheet holder force, the coefficient of friction, thickness, material anisotropy and hardening parameters on the sheet springback is studied. It can be seen that analytical model which presented in this paper has good accuracy in the springback prediction in comparison with FEM method and results are close to experimental data. The results shows that the sheet holder force, the coefficient of friction, thickness and material anisotropy have great influences on the springback prediction. Since during the forming process the material experience reverse loading, the hardening parameters of material has a significant influence on the springback prediction. It can be seen that the Bauschinger effect has more influence on the springback prediction than the permanent softening and transient behavior.

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In this paper the methodology of reliability analysis in aerial structures has been developed. This methodology has been carried out on a special specimen. The selected specimen is a cylinder strut of the landing gear system of a training airplane. This specimen is one of the most important part of the landing gear system. Because of it’s special shape, there is no analytical solution for calculation of stress in it. Therefore, by means of the surface response method and Box-Behnken tables, a deterministic equation for calculating the stresses in critical points of the specimen has been produced. Then in order to obtain the reliability of this part via probabilistic method, Monte Carlo simulation has been used. The applied loads have been modeled whit one pressure, one bending moment and one concentrated force. These loads have been assumed to be independent random variables. Also, the probability distribution function of the pressure and the bending moment have been assumed to be normal and the probability distribution function of the concentrated force has been assumed to be lognormal. The dimensions of the specimen is deterministic and the mechanical properties of the material is a normal distribution with standard deviation equals to be 10 percent of its mean value. The results showed that the minimum reliability of this specimen is 99.9997 percent. So, the design of the cylinder strut is safe for aerial applications in reliability viewpoint.

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Fatigue is one of the most important phenomena in the life determination of parts in various industries. The life determination of the part through the test procedures, due to the real loading (spectral loading) is very complicated. Thus, it is necessary to equalize the fatigue real cycle to test cycles applicable in the laboratory. In this paper, by using the available equations in equalization of fatigue cycles, some equations have been studied for the load spectrum. Then the deviation percentage of these equations has been investigated for two very applicable materials in aviation industries (Aluminum 7075-T6 and Steel 4130) by means of block loading spectrum. It has been observed that the errors is very large and not acceptable in some situations. After that, in order to decrease the errors, a new method has been proposed to determine the number of equivalent cycles in fatigue test, considering equalization of the real load and converting it to an applicable load in the laboratory. In this equalization process, constant amplitude loading was obtained for a sample loading block for each of the mentioned materials in such a way that the rate of fatigue damage to be equal to the real loading. Finally, some standard specimens have been tested by fatigue loading and has been observed that the new proposed procedure is capable to predict the fatigue life. The maximum error is equal to 5.5 per cent.