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Showing 24 results for Bashiri
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Aims: Adolescence is one the most precarious periods of life, concerning the drug abuse. The social cost of the drug abuse and injury among adolescents is extraordinary and requires intervention. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is perhaps the most influential theory for prediction of social and health behaviors including drug abuse. This study aimed at designing and implementing a curriculum based on the TPB for preventing adolescents from drug abuse. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Hamadan, west Iran. We recruited 140 male high school students from randomly selected schools: they were divided into experimental group, n = 70 and control group, n = 70. The experimental group received 20 hours educational program based on the TPB. The control group receives no intervention. Findings: Compared to the control group, experimental group have significantly elevated post test scores for attitude (19.07 vs. 15.28, p < .001), subjective norm (18.08 vs. 16.45, p < .001), perceived behavioral control (51.67 vs. 54.82, p < .001); and their intention to use drug significantly decreased(p = 0.082) Conclusions: The TPB-based educational program may be effective in prevention of substance abuse among adolescents.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (summer 2021)
Abstract
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency
Volume 3, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Temporal experiences are experiences that represent the temporal aspects of the world. Phenomenologically, our temporal experiences directly and immediately belong to temporal properties. This obvious phenomenological truth leads to a paradox with the addition of other premises. Three models have been presented to explain the possibility of direct perceptual experience of temporal properties to solve this paradox. These models are the snapshot or atomic model, extensionalism, and retentionalism. The snapshot model or atomism is that perceptual experiences are only instantaneous or short-term conscious events that occur in succession, and their succession is explanatory and adequate for temporal experience. We will first describe the paradox of temporal experiences and the approach of temporal experience models, try to explain the criticisms of the atomic model and their rejection, and finally show the explanatory adequacy of the succession of atomic experiences for the temporal experience.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Volume 6, Issue 4 (winter 2018)
Abstract
According to the intertextuality theory, each text is formed from the previous texts and cultures which are hidden in the present one and form its existence. Intertextuality theory is going to decode the presence of the previous texts in the present one. Based on this theory, this article wants to decode the Simultaneous presence of Quran and Kashf al-asrar (a translation and interpretation of the Quran) in Ahmad shampoo’s poems. The importance of this subject is in its efforts to show the role of the Quran in the rhythm of Iranian contemporary Blanc poem. Authors in this article have tried to apply the theory without considering the intentions of the poet and his ideology. The results of this research show that the Intertextual relationships between these three texts have been seen in the levels like external and internal music of poem (meter, rhyme), rhythm, Structures of sentences, Quranic horizontal style of writing.
Volume 6, Issue 24 (12-2018)
Abstract
The story of “Kush Pil Dandan” in “Kush Namah “has been consisted of several important parts. The story of “Kush and Darnush “ , “ Abtin and Franak “ , “ Kush – Zahak’s brother “ , “ Kush’s battles in China and India “ , “ Kush’s battles in West” and finally “ Kush’s repentance” story. Based on these sections, the stories entitled “ Abtin and Franak “ , “ Kush – Zahak’s brother “ , “ Kush’s battles in China and India “ , “ Kush’s battles in West” have been frequently quoted in story scrolls. This paper will only examine "Kush’s story- Zahak’s brother and “Kush Pil Dandan’s battles in the west” in eight story scrolls. However, there are some important notes in these texts. Therefore, this paper, using a descriptive analytical method and based on the resources of the library, tries to analyze this issue by analogy. It should be noted that Kush has entered a number of different names, such as Kush, Ears, Bough, Nishad, Nayriz, Qatran, as well as Pil-dandan and Bil-dandan in narrative texts.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (12-2020)
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a serious pest of many greenhouse crops such as bean, cucumber, rose and other products. The control of this important pest has been mainly based on the use of acaricides. Phytoseiid mites are used mostly for biological control of pest mites. In this study, control of TSSM by phytoseiid predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus californicus McGregor was evaluated on four rose varieties including Avalanche, Dolcevita, Samurai and Sorbet in a commercial rose greenhouse. The total number of motile stages and eggs of each studied species on a leaf were counted weekly, through a zigzag sampling pattern and using a hand lens. The sampling was carried out randomly and the leaves of a rose plant were taken from the canopy base (shoots bent over beds), the middle (area between base and top) and the top of the canopy (flowering shoots), which added up to a total of 30 leaves. The highest population density of TSSM per leaf was recorded on Samurai (17.96 ± 0.85) and the lowest population density was observed on Dolcevita (5.32 ± 0.39). Based on population fluctuation data of TSSM and its predators on four rose varieties, it was found that the predatory mite P. persimilis had the ability to reduce the high TSSM density and N. californicus also continued to operate in low TSSM density, but A. swirskii did not have a clear impact on TSSM density reduction.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (No. 4 (Tome 46), (Articles in Persian) 2018)
Abstract
This research aims at describing the sevenfold solutions presented by André Lefevere for the poetry translation in a precise manner. These seven solutions are 1. Phonological or phonetic translation; 2. Literal translation; 3. Metrical translation; 4. Translation of the poetry into prose; 5. Rhymed translation; 6. Translation into blank verse, 7. Interpretation. The next step after the description, is to evaluate its proficiency in this field by implementing these solutions in translation of the poetry from Arabic to Persian and vice versa.
It is natural that due to the difference in genres and styles of poetry versification among Latin , Persian and Arabic languages, some solutions are specific to English poetry, which is the subject of Lefevere's task, and there is no place for the emergence in the Persian and Arabic languages, and also some solutions are implementable with few or many differences. This paper attempts at first, to introduce Lefevere’s ploys, by implementing the procedures of translation from Persian into Arabic and vice versa, and evaluating the weaknesses and strengths of each solution. The importance of this paper is twofold: firstly, among the writings in Persian language, Lefevere's sevenfold solutions have not been fully introduced and have been referred to only in the context of the books. In this paper the authors have attempted to introduce each of these solutions completely. this research does not restrict itself to theories, but it seeks to implement the theoretical solutions.
It is perceived from the implementation of Lefevere's solutions that six out of seven aspects of his sevenfold aspects are largely adaptable in Arabic translation into Persian and only the sixth one is not possible to be implemented, since it is the translation ploy into blank verse which is unique to English and has no counterparts in Persian and Arabic. Also, the first ploy is not adaptable in all languages, but it can be translated in Persian and Arabic due to the common vocabulary of these two languages. In addition, none of these solutions can be instrumental independently in translation from Persian into Arabic, and the translator should use a combination of different solutions to translate the poetry.
Volume 9, Issue 37 (3-2021)
Abstract
Understanding "myth" is very important in understanding society, people's behaviors, and beliefs. We know that myth usually changes throughout history, but it disappears gradually. "The Story of Fereydoun" is considered as one of the most important stories of Iranian myths and researchers have traced its mythological roots to the Avestan period, Vedic texts, and the myths of birth and battle of the demon of land. The god of rain is mentioned in this story as well. On the other hand, there are myths and stories among people that contain mythical themes, symbols and signs in various forms, and the study and analysis of these myths in tracing the origins of the mythical elements of society plays an important role. One of these popular stories is "The Story of Shahzid", one of the Imamzadehs of Amol city of Mazandaran, which has many similarities with the story of Fereydoun in its narrative structure, semiotic elements, and mythical symbols. In this article, these two stories are examined and analyzed together, and their mythological elements are identified. It was concluded that the two stories, there are some similarities in some events and symbols of the myths such as: cow, tree, forest, snake, healing drink, witchcraft and geographical location. Both stories originate from a source which is the "myth of birth" and the war between the god of rain and the demon of land.
Introduction
Some studies have been done on the mythical story of Fereydoun and its comparison with mythology, but they are not comparative with regards to a story from the post-Islamic period and Islamic myths.
The main question of the research is whether a connection can be found between the story of the myth of Fereydoun and the story of Imamzadeh Shahzid. Could this connection be based on a myth?
In addition to Shahnameh's narration of Fereydoun's story, the summary narration of the people of Mazandaran is that: Fereydoun's mother hides him in the forest in a crack of an old tree when he is born. Every day, the cow goes near the tree and Fereydoun, the child, drinks milk from the cow. The owner of the cow notices and takes the child with him. "The cow loved Fereydoun and allowed Fereydoun to ride him."
Zayd ibn Musa ibn Ja'far is one of the Imamzadehs of Amol. Imamzadeh, fleeing from the enemies to the south of Amol, takes refuge in an old tree in a mountainous and forested area. The cow is commanded by God to go to the tree every day so that the gentleman can milk it. Galesh notices and strikes him with an ax and runs away. The prince curses Galesh and the ranch is stoned with all the cows. The Galesh family is also displaced. According to the story, the prince was a four-year-old child.
It is said that the servant of Astana Shahzid seeks water on the way during prayers to perform ablutions. At the same time, a pitcher and rosary descends on him from the sky. Saif performs ablution from the water of the pitcher and prays next to the rosary. The pitcher disappears, but the rosary is removed safely, and whenever the disease comes, the rosary is put in some water and the rosary water is drunk by the patient. According to the villagers, there are two green snakes with a cockatiel on the guard of Shahzid threshold, its spring, atmosphere, and water reservoir.
Mythical elements
Cow: Cow has been one of the ritual animals in ancient Iran. In the story of Fereydoun and Shahid, the main point is milking a cow, which goes back to the "mother goddess" of cows and raising humans. Since the prince emerges from the crack of the tree, it can be a symbol of the womb that is associated with the tree as the mother goddess. Cow is also closely related to rain and water in mythology. The myth of the god of clouds and rain can be deduced from it according to the myth of Indra and Trita Aptie.
In Dinkard, Fereydoun turns the Mazandaranis into stones. At the command of Ormazd, he firmly binds Zahak like a stone in a cave and achieves happiness and kingship, and the Imamzadeh of Shahzid stones the cattle ranch and cows.
The village of Shahzid is located on the border between the forest and the mountains without trees. In other words, the rainy clouds of the north remain behind the Alborz mountains in this region and collide with each other.
Forest and tree: "In mythology, the forest is a psychological realm having a feminine origin, the place of examination and knowing the unknown dangers and darkness, and the entry to the dark or symbolic haunted area" (Cooper, 2013, p. 110). The relation of forest with fertility, rain, and water could be another confirmation of the main roots of the myths in these two stories.
Snake: "Snakes guard the thresholds and temples, and all the gods depend on them. The two snakes represent the contradictions in the duality that eventually lead to unity" (ibid., p. 349). In the story of Fereydoun, a snake has grown on Zahak and makes him a demonic creature. "According to a version, Fereydoun was a three-headed snake that overcame another three-headed snake, namely Zahak" (Shamisa, 2015, p. 261).
Some scholars consider the word Fereydoun to mean having three spiritual, physical, and medical powers. These three attributes can be found to some extent in Imamzadeh Shahzid: having the spirit of a fighter and purity, being a master and fighting enemies, the symbolic tool of iron with changes in the Galesh's ax, the rosary's medical potentiality and the healing power of the water, and the magical ability in stoning cattle.
The title of Shah, which is used in the Iranian culture for Imams, their sons, and the Sufi followers is remarkable so far as the mythological semiotics is concerned, and it can be analyzed with regards to the story of Fereydoun.
References
Introduction
Some studies have been done on the mythical story of Fereydoun and its comparison with mythology, but they are not comparative with regards to a story from the post-Islamic period and Islamic myths.
The main question of the research is whether a connection can be found between the story of the myth of Fereydoun and the story of Imamzadeh Shahzid. Could this connection be based on a myth?
In addition to Shahnameh's narration of Fereydoun's story, the summary narration of the people of Mazandaran is that: Fereydoun's mother hides him in the forest in a crack of an old tree when he is born. Every day, the cow goes near the tree and Fereydoun, the child, drinks milk from the cow. The owner of the cow notices and takes the child with him. "The cow loved Fereydoun and allowed Fereydoun to ride him."
Zayd ibn Musa ibn Ja'far is one of the Imamzadehs of Amol. Imamzadeh, fleeing from the enemies to the south of Amol, takes refuge in an old tree in a mountainous and forested area. The cow is commanded by God to go to the tree every day so that the gentleman can milk it. Galesh notices and strikes him with an ax and runs away. The prince curses Galesh and the ranch is stoned with all the cows. The Galesh family is also displaced. According to the story, the prince was a four-year-old child.
It is said that the servant of Astana Shahzid seeks water on the way during prayers to perform ablutions. At the same time, a pitcher and rosary descends on him from the sky. Saif performs ablution from the water of the pitcher and prays next to the rosary. The pitcher disappears, but the rosary is removed safely, and whenever the disease comes, the rosary is put in some water and the rosary water is drunk by the patient. According to the villagers, there are two green snakes with a cockatiel on the guard of Shahzid threshold, its spring, atmosphere, and water reservoir.
Mythical elements
Cow: Cow has been one of the ritual animals in ancient Iran. In the story of Fereydoun and Shahid, the main point is milking a cow, which goes back to the "mother goddess" of cows and raising humans. Since the prince emerges from the crack of the tree, it can be a symbol of the womb that is associated with the tree as the mother goddess. Cow is also closely related to rain and water in mythology. The myth of the god of clouds and rain can be deduced from it according to the myth of Indra and Trita Aptie.
In Dinkard, Fereydoun turns the Mazandaranis into stones. At the command of Ormazd, he firmly binds Zahak like a stone in a cave and achieves happiness and kingship, and the Imamzadeh of Shahzid stones the cattle ranch and cows.
The village of Shahzid is located on the border between the forest and the mountains without trees. In other words, the rainy clouds of the north remain behind the Alborz mountains in this region and collide with each other.
Forest and tree: "In mythology, the forest is a psychological realm having a feminine origin, the place of examination and knowing the unknown dangers and darkness, and the entry to the dark or symbolic haunted area" (Cooper, 2013, p. 110). The relation of forest with fertility, rain, and water could be another confirmation of the main roots of the myths in these two stories.
Snake: "Snakes guard the thresholds and temples, and all the gods depend on them. The two snakes represent the contradictions in the duality that eventually lead to unity" (ibid., p. 349). In the story of Fereydoun, a snake has grown on Zahak and makes him a demonic creature. "According to a version, Fereydoun was a three-headed snake that overcame another three-headed snake, namely Zahak" (Shamisa, 2015, p. 261).
Some scholars consider the word Fereydoun to mean having three spiritual, physical, and medical powers. These three attributes can be found to some extent in Imamzadeh Shahzid: having the spirit of a fighter and purity, being a master and fighting enemies, the symbolic tool of iron with changes in the Galesh's ax, the rosary's medical potentiality and the healing power of the water, and the magical ability in stoning cattle.
The title of Shah, which is used in the Iranian culture for Imams, their sons, and the Sufi followers is remarkable so far as the mythological semiotics is concerned, and it can be analyzed with regards to the story of Fereydoun.
References
Cooper, J. S. (2013). Culture of ritual symbols (translated into Farsi by Roghaye Behzadi). Scientific.
Kazazi, M. J. (2011). Dream, epic, myth (in Farsi). Markaz Publishing.
Shamisa, S. (2015). Expression (in Farsi). Mitra.
Shamisa, S. (2015). Expression (in Farsi). Mitra.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Spring 2022)
Abstract
Aims: Patients after diagnosis of COVID-19 may have psychological problems. Illness perceptions and social support can play an important role in individuals’ health and the effects of stress. This study aimed to determine the relationship between mental health, perception of illness, and perceived social support in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020. 143 patients with coronavirus who met the inclusion criteria participated in this study. Inclusion criteria are age over 18 years, full consciousness, lack of physical and mental disabilities, diagnosis of coronavirus with the approval of an infectious disease specialist, no history of mental disorders, and the ability to communicate with the researcher. Data collection tools were the 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale, Zimet’s multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and the brief illness perception questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multivariate regression.
Findings: The mean score of depression, anxiety, and stress for all participants with coronavirus was 8.12±7.12, 11.74±6.02, and 13.92±6.80, respectively. In total, 30.1% of the participants had high illness perception and 59.4% had high social support levels. The multiple linear regression model showed illness perception and social support were associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Drug history was associated with depression and anxiety. Oxygen saturation was associated with anxiety and stress (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In general depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with Covid 19 are associated with the perception of illness and social support, which is more strongly associated with social support.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
Aims: It is very important to maintain oral health during pregnancy because it has short- and long-term effects on the health of women and children. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting tooth brushing behavior among pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
Instruments & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 275 pregnant women under the coverage of the health centers of Arak, Iran, selected by cluster sampling method in 2021. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which was constructed and validated in this study. The questionnaire contained items about demographic variables and Health Promotion Model constructs. Data were analyzed in SPSS 18 software using regression models.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 29.67±5.54. Only 24% of pregnant women brushed twice a day or more. Perceived Self-efficacy (β=0.157, p=0.020), perceived barriers of action (β= -0.138, p=0.049), and interpersonal influence (modeling) (β=0.188, p=0.002) had significant relationships with commitment to a plan of action. The pregnant women who had more self-efficacy (OR: 1.114, 95% CI: 1.012-1.225) and more commitment to a plan of action (OR: 1.802, 95% CI: 1.509-2.153) were more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day.
Conclusion: Perceived self-efficacy and commitment to a plan of action are determinant factors of brushing behavior in pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (Vol. 11, No. 3 (Tome 57) (Articles in Persian) 2020)
Abstract
Sounds is the main tool for embodying meaning and conveying mental concepts to the audience. According to Ibn Jani, Ava has an inherent meaning, which is consistent with the term phonology in contemporary linguistics. Accordingly, the role of inductive sounds, the rhythm of which has a special meaning in mind, is significant in the analysis of the meanings of the Holy Quran. He also claims a semantic connection between derivatives whose original number and type of sounds are the same but different in the order of the letters. Since phonetic signification has a clear scientific basis, there must naturally be a semantic commonality between words with common letters (with special connotations), just as the discovery of semantic connection between derivative derivatives is one of the introductory lexical topics for understanding verses. However, the high number of words of great derivation in the Qur'an also necessitates attention to this type of derivation. Therefore, the present article seeks to investigate and investigate the semantic relationship between the derivatives of "(ح، ل، م) " on a case-by-case basis with a descriptive-analytical method and through linguistic study of inductive sounds and discovering the fit between word and meaning. Examine its role in understanding the vocabulary of the divine word and answer the questions raised:
1. Based on the phonetic process, what are the semantic implications of the phonetic arrangement in the Qur'an with the focus on the sounds "(ح، ل، م )"?
2. According to Ibn Jani's theory, what kind of semantic fit does the derivatives of the sounds "((ح، ل، م " have?
3. What is the function of explaining phonetic data in derivatives of "(ح، ل، م) "?
Accordingly, the research hypotheses are:
1. The arrangement of letters corresponds to its semantic functions and implies the meaning of these words.
2. There is a semantic and sometimes contradictory semantic connection between the roots that have a derivative similarity.
3. Some of the functions of research are to express the coordination of the results obtained from Ibn Jani's phonetics and theory, to analyze the semantic relationship of derivatives based on the principle of substitution. Also, while pointing to the value of sound in conveying the meaning and conveying the message, it reveals another aspect of the verbal, spiritual and economic miracle of the Qur'an.
According to the Qur'anic evidences and citations of linguists, one of the tools of God to convey the meanings and concepts to the audience more effectively is to use phonetic art with the aim of contemplating verses and strengthening the verbal, spiritual and economic miracle of the Qur'an.
The phonetic load of the letters is very close to the characteristics of the intended meaning and best conveys the meanings of the words. There is a coincidental and sometimes contradictory semantic connection between derivatives, because according to the phonetics of each sound, it is effective in embodying the meaning of a word. Also, based on derivation theory, it plays a role in receiving other meanings of derivatives with the same phonemes, just as the arrangements of "(ح، ل، م) " in the context of phonetic codes indicate common meanings: hidden heat, softness, closure and strength..
Volume 13, Issue 4 (September & October 2022)
Abstract
The increasing knowledge and the changes in the lifestyle of today’s complicated world have made the optimal efficiency of the educational system to rely on understanding the basic principles of learning and proper design of textbooks. As the first educational language of human is pictorial and the importance of pictures in transferring the concepts is emphasized, this study investigates the relationship between text and picture of Arabic textbooks in the junior high school based on the theory of Maria Nikolajeva and Carole Scott by explaining the status of books from this perspective is the main issue of the present study. The research method is descriptive and of the content analysis type. The population and sample match and are all of the content of this grade’s Arabic book (text and pictures of this section) in 1399-1400(2021-2022). A review based on Nikolajeva and Carol Scott theory about different relations between text and pictures (symmetry, completion, expanding/incremental, confrontational, multi-narrative)is used as an analysis tool; and descriptive statistics (frequency and frequency percentage)and inferential statistics(Chi-square test) are used for data analysis.The study shows that there are the symmetry, completion, expanding/incremental relations in the Arabic books and the symmetry relation has the highest frequency. So different dynamic relationships between text and pictures are not considered in the content of mentioned text book and these new books need to be revised in the field of text-image relationship.
1. Introduction
The increasing knowledge and the changes in the lifestyle of today’s complicated world have made the optimal efficiency of the educational system to rely on understanding the basic principles of learning and proper design of textbooks. As the first educational language of human is pictorial and the importance of pictures in transferring the concepts is emphasized, this study investigates the relationship between text and picture of Arabic textbooks in the in junior high school based on the theory of Maria Nikolajeva and Carole Scott.
2. Theoretical foundations
Nikolajeva and Carol Scott are among those who paid attention to the dynamism of the relationship between the text and the picture. They believed that in pictorial books, there is a relationship between two separate sets of photo symbols (pictures) and conventional symbols (words) and the tension between these two functions leads to endless probabilities of their interaction. During their studies, they differentiate among different types of books and represent them on the continuum, based on their texts and pictures as well as their relationship.
| Pictorial books without pictures | Text and picture together | Books without pictures |
In the group of books which are in the middle of the continuum, the relationship between text and picture is divided to five types which are:
Table 1.
Different types of relationship between text and picture based on Maria Nikolajeva and Carol Scott’s Theory
| Type of the relationship | Explanation | |
| Pictorial-symmetrical 1 | In this structure, the words narrate the story which can be seen in the picture; although the words cannot explain all the details of the picture. | |
| Pictorial- complementary 2 | If an issue is not stated in the text or the text cannot explain it, it completes its picture and vice versa. This relationship is established when the gaps between text and picture are small. | |
| Pictorial- expanding/increasing 3 | This kind of picture includes all of the concepts of the text and additionally, it expresses a more expanded story with the same theme expands it. | |
| Pictorial- contrastive 4 | Narrating text is different from that of the picture. In this structure, the audience can be challenged using a lot of methods so that the audience can take part in story creation using different interpretations. Making contrast in audience by presenting two levels of hidden complex and simple meaning, contrast in style, contrast in type and quality, contrast in characterization, contrast in place and time, contrast in attitude which certainly is not limited to point of view and can include ideology too, contrast in ultra-historical nature through which the concepts can be explained that cannot be explained through pictures; the concepts such as quadrilateral circle. |
|
| Pictorial- multi-narrative/ adjacent 5 | In this type, two or more dissimilar narrations, are next to each other. According to Nikolajeva and Scott, contrast in being next to each other exists in this type. | |
(Nikolajeva and Scott, 2000: 1-28; Nikolajeva and Scott, 2006: 225-238; Hesampour et, al. 1393: 29)
In their research and studies, Nikolajeva and Scott studied the presented hypothetical continuum comprehensively and regarded different types of books (pictorial without text, text together with picture, without picture) as well as different relationships between text and picture and on the other hand, their studies are among the latest studies in this field; therefor, the present research is based on the components and the definitions of these two theorists.
3. Methodology
The methodology used in this study is content analysis method which is regarded as one of the scientific research methodologies as well as the subset of descriptive methodology (Dehlan, 2015: 396).
4. Linguistic corpus and research content unit
The three-volume collection of junior high school Arabic text book (the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades) in the academic year of 1399-1400 is the studied linguistic corpus. The objective of the present research is to investigate the relationship between the text and the picture, so the texts and their related pictures are investigated in the mentioned books. Since two units of record and context attract the researchers’ attention, the text of each lesson as well as its considered picture is regarded as the “record” unit and the junior high school Arabic text books as the “context” unit. In the present research, the sample size equals the statistical population size.
5. Research data collection method and instruments
The instrument of this research is a content analysis form based on the presented components and definitions by Miria Nikolajeva and Carol Scott. During investigation of each lesson of the text book, the researchers noticed that the pictures haven’t been numbered; so first of all they numbered the pictures for reference facility. The text and the picture of some lessons were on two separate pages, it means that the text was on a page and its related picture was on the opposite page; so according to Nikolajeva and Scott’s functional expressions, they have been called “double range” and the samples in which the text and the picture were in the same page were called “single range” (Nikolajeva and Carol Scott, 2006: 3; Hesampour et, al. 1393: 32-33).
After conducting the initial studies and encoding, the research data were presented to one of the experts in the field of teaching Arabic and their accuracy as well as their analytic competence were confirmed.in order to assess the reliability of data, about twenty percent of the content investigated by two authors were classified and encoded and after that 84 percent of the resulted correlation and its reliability were confirmed; this coefficient illustrates their reliability and the comprehensiveness. To achieve more reliable results, in addition to descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage), chi-square test was administered for data inferential analysis.
6. Results
The findings illustrate that in the studied areas, the symmetrical relationship is the highest frequent relationship and the attention paid to this kind of relationship is increasing in each grade. The text book authors ignored the contrastive as well as the multi-narrative relationships and an insignificant percentage has been devoted to increasing as well as complementary ones. According to the results of chi-square test, all of the junior high school Arabic text books are homogeneous and are in the same situation regarding the type of relationship. The text book authors weren’t creative and energetic in spatial arrangements as well as in compounding pictures. They haven’t used complicated and various relationships in illustrations.
Volume 14, Issue 4 (1-2015)
Abstract
Design and optimization of a single crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell is performed to achieve the maximum light conversion efficiency. Various parameters such as doping concentration and thicknesses, and geometrical dimension of surface pyramids are studied. The inverted surface pyramid is used to increase the efficiency of the solar cell, and engineered oxide layer is used as the passivation and anti-reflect layer. Semi-analytic modeling of the output parameters of the solar cell, and numerical simulation for the structures are performed for the optimization. Fill factor (FF) of 85.4%, open circuit voltage (VOC) of 761 mV, short circuit current density (JSC) of 40.1 mA/cm2 and the overall cell efficiency of 26.3% are achieved. The optimization procedure leads to 1.5% efficiency increase in compare with the similar works.
Shahram Derakhshan, Ehsan Abdolahnejad, Mohammad Bashiri,
Volume 16, Issue 13 (Conference Special Issue 2017)
Volume 16, Issue 13 (Conference Special Issue 2017)
Abstract
Volume 17, Issue 4 (1-2014)
Abstract
In traditional covering problem, covering levelof receiving the services is independent ofdistances between nodes and facilities. However in gradual covering location problem (GCLP) the covering objective depends on the distance of customers from the service centers. Hence increasing incustomer-facility distances will results in decreasing the covering level. In most of covering problems, researchers only consider the distance factor. However; in the real word there are some other important elements such as population, availability, distance and etc. which affect the location of service center. Increasing the number of demand nodes and criteria’s will result in increasing the nodes evaluating computational time and inconsistency rate. This paper proposes a combined Simulated annealing (SA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches to solve the multi criteria GCLP.In presence of few nodes; score of nodes are calculated usingAnalytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Moreover by increasingthe number of nodes the score of every node will be calculated using ANNinstead of AHP. Statistical test of signed rank test shows that there is not a significant difference between the result of ANN and AHP methods. The comparison results between the exact solution method and the proposed algorithm confirms the efficiency of the proposed solution approach.
Volume 19, Issue 1 (7-2015)
Abstract
Customer value refers to the potential interaction of customer and enterprise in the certain periods of time. As companies recognize customer value it can provide customized services for different customers, they can achieve to an effective customer relationship management. This research focuses on Banking Industry and integrates data mining techniques and management issues in order to systematically analyze the customer values. First it applies Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Processing (FAHP) in order to weighting variables and then imports DFMT model to the k-means technique, for clustering customers according to the specific criteria. Using proposed scoring model establishes the customer value pyramid and categorizes customers in four spectrums. The customer value pyramid helps to separately determining of each customer value to giving appropriate services to them in proportion with the class value. The statistical population was 285 customers of Tejarat bank branches of Zanjan city in Iran. In the resulted customer pyramid, the first spectrum is the Platinum customer which is composed of two rows of the pyramid called H1 and H2. These two rows in pyramid have the highest value and have the most profitability for the bank. Second spectrum, is called golden customers which has three rows in pyramid called H3, H4, H5. Third spectrums are Silver customers which are laid in H6, H7, H8 rows of spectrum. Forth spectrum, are leaden customers that are H9 and H10 rows of customer pyramid. This spectrum receives and wastes resources of the bank and bank should respect and bear high risks.
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2019)
Abstract
Results of traffic assignment models are the main output of transportation planning studies and decision making for future developments is based on these results. Therefore, accuracy of these models is very important. Despite the mentioned importance, comparing the models and their solving methods to estimate actual traffic volume and network performance measures is rarely considered in previous studies. The traffic assignment process has started from the simplest methods like All-or-Nothing, then it has developed using the rules and supplement assumptions such as Wardrop principles and finally it has evolved by concepts such as Fuzzy theory. Traffic assignment models can be categorized by various factors into several groups: deterministic vs. stochastic, congestion considering vs. unconstrained capacity and being equilibrium or not. The main goal of this paper is a comparative and quantitative analysis of various traffic assignment methods to estimate the observed traffic volumes. In this regard, the main questions that this study seeks to answer is as follows: 1- Do the results of various traffic assignment methods have a significant difference in terms of overall network indices? 2- Is there a significant difference in the accuracy of traffic volume estimation in various traffic assignment methods? In this study various traffic assignment methods such as All-or-Nothing, Incremental, Stochastic, User Equilibrium, Stochastic User Equilibrium and System Optimum have been examined. To compare the results of traffic assignment methods, in addition to estimated link volumes, various performance measures such as vehicle-kilometers traveled, vehicle-hours traveled, fuel consumption and air pollutants emission are also used. In this regard the city of Qazvin is selected as a case study. This city has more than 400 thousands inhabitant, near 46 square kilometers area, 113 traffic analysis zone (TAZ) and its network has 2300 directional links and 1200 nodes. The results of applying these methods in Qazvin city network show that various traffic assignment methods based on User Equilibrium, despite different assumptions, have no significant difference in estimating the overall network performance measures as well as estimating traffic volume in links (correlation between estimated and actual link volumes using all of these models is approximately 0.88). But the other methods, which do not consider equilibrium assumption and volume-delay functions, produce different results (correlation between estimated and actual link volumes using all of these models is approximately 0.70). Although estimated link volumes in some of traffic assignment models are significantly different, overall network performance measures are approximately the same. In all of assignment models the differences between estimated and actual link volumes in average are high which are not negligible (approximately 20 percent). In addition to high average error in estimating link volumes, the distribution of these errors has significantly high standard deviation (approximately 20 percent). In spite of different and complicated assumptions, models and solving algorithms in various traffic assignment methods, on basis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test results, the distribution of links volume estimation error is not significantly different. According to this fact, it seems that should be careful in using the results of traffic assignment models to compare and assess minor network improvement alternatives, such as changing conventional streets function to pedestrian streets, upgrading intersections to interchanges, cross section widening, traffic signals optimization and changing traffic direction in streets.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (10-2012)
Abstract
The hub location decision is a long term investment and any changes in it take considerable time and money. In real situations, some parameters are uncertain hence, deterministic models cannot be more efficient. The ability of two-stage stochastic programming is to make a long-term decision by considering effects of it in short term decisions simultaneously. In the two-stage stochastic programming for hub location problems, the location is decided in the first stage and optimal flow allocations are determined in the second stage. In this paper, the two-stage stochastic programming is described and then a practical stochastic model is employed for determining hub locations in the Iranian aviation. Also, a survey of the model under fuel subsidy omission is conducted using extended two-stage stochastic programming. Demand and the cost of resources (fuel) are considered uncertain in this study. The results show Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Yazd can be hubs in the air network of Iran.
Volume 19, Issue 123 (May 2022)
Abstract
Patulin a major human health problem, especially in the juice. The global standard of patulin in fruit juices is about 50 ppb. Studies show that using different physical, chemical and biological methods can reduce the amount of patulin. Therefore, the amount of mycotoxin patulin in apple concentrate samples and their reduction by ozone, activated charcoal and their combined effects were evaluated. One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were used to analyses effects of the two factors separately and combination form and for compration of means Tukey test at the 5% level of significance were used too. According to the results of this study on the reduction of patulin concentration by two variables of activated charcoal concentration and ozonation time showed that there is a direct relationship between increase the activated charcoal concentration and also ozonation time. The highest decrease in patulin concentration was obtained in 0.2 g of activated charcoal and 9 minutes ozonation. The results also showed that there was an interaction between the two variables (P = 0.006 and the highest decrease in patulin was observed at 8 minutes of ozonation and 1.5 g of activated charcoal. patulin in the juice and concentrate factories and can be an effective step in health by GAP (Green Agricultural Practice) and exports of fruit juice and concentrates.
Keywords: Mycotoxin, Patulin, Ozone, Activated charcoal, Apple concentrate