Showing 20 results for Beygi
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2000)
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs and
support needed by agricultural extension agents in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
The target population for the study consisted of S3 agricultural extension agents in
Isfahan province. Census population were used therefore, sampling procedures were
not utilized and genera I izability of the results was limited to study population. Results
indicate the five most highly ranked items on educational needs of extension agents
were: extension philosophy, instructional technology, innovation and adoption process,
adult education, and extension methods. Respondents indicated that the major
support needed were availability of subject matter specialists to help them with their
technical and communication methods.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (12-2003)
Abstract
An important task in the initial design stages of rapid-transit type systems or "metros" is the allocation of signals and control points. These are placed so as to achieve a specified minimum time-separation between trains (headway), whilst minimizing the amount of signaling equipment but maintaining the highest level of safety. Conventional signaling and control systems are based on the fixed-block principle, whereby the track (or guide way) is divided into sections of predetermined length. A train is only allowed to proceed into a block when that block and usually the next one is clear of traffic. With the moving-block concept, a train can follow a preceding train at a safe braking distance behind the tail of the train.
In this paper, the transient performances of the two signaling systems are compared. A multi-train simulator which was originally developed at Birmingham University (U.K.) with a fixed-block algorithm, has been adopted and modified to accommodate the moving block algorithm. Both signaling systems were applied to Singapore Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the results were compared in terms of train movement and transient performances including headway and station delay under safety and speed restrictions. Results have shown that with a pure moving-block system a considerable improvement in transient performance can be achieved.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (summer 2021)
Abstract
Oil as the most important strategic commodity in Southwest Asian countries has a particular political and economic weight. Prior to the instability in oil prices which began in late 2013, the macroeconomic challenges were managed by the oil states. With the collection of systematic geopolitical rivalries in Southwest Asia, the emergence of alternative oils in the United States of America and turbulence in Geo-economic areas of the Middle East, major challenges in the political economy of oil-producing countries have been created. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the oil centers of Southwest Asia has experienced unstable oil prices in line with a set of challenges. Given the strategic importance of oil in Iran's political and economic basket, the present study examines the role of the structure-agency in political economy of oil in Iran. The research approach is based on the Structuration theory. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of structure-agency within the framework of the increased participation of government and interrupter factors with the economic-political background, are among the major challenges in Iran’s political economy of oil. Therefore, systematic management and integration of structure-agency can handle the challenges of Iran's income from oil prices.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2009)
Abstract
The use of neural networks methodology is not as common in the investigation and pre-diction noise as statistical analysis. The application of artificial neural networks for pre-diction of power tiller noise is set out in the present paper. The sound pressure signals for noise analysis were obtained in a field experiment using a 13-hp power tiller. During measurement and recording of the sound pressure signals of the power tiller, the engine speeds and gear ratios were varied to cover the most normal range of the power tiller op-eration in transportation conditions for the asphalt, dirt rural roads, and grassland. Sig-nals recorded in the time domain were converted to the frequency domain with the help of a specially developed Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) program. The narrow band signals were further processed to obtain overall sound pressure levels in A-weighting. Altogether, 48 patterns were generated for training and evaluation of artificial neural networks. Arti-ficial neural networks were designed based on three neurons in the input layer and one neuron in the output layer. The results showed that multi layer perceptron networks with a training algorithm of back propagation were best for accurate prediction of power tiller overall noise. The minimum RMSE and R2 for the four-layer perceptron network with a sigmoid activation function, Extended Delta-Bar-Delta (Ext. DBD) learning rule with three neurons in the first hidden layer and two neurons in the second hidden layer, were 0.0198 and 0.992, respectively.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (March & April 2022 2022)
Abstract
The authors in the present study attempt to investigate the speech act of compliments and its semantic boundary engagement with other speech acts of positive assessment of the speaker from the listener such as "approval", "praise", and "flattery ". The hypothesis of the present study is that the semantic boundary of speech acts containing positive assessment of the speaker depending on the verbal culture of the speakers of Russian and Iranian verbal environment is different, and it is open to change in such a way that if a face expression in the Iranian cultural verbal environment is complimented, that expression may find the color and smell of flattery in the Russian verbal environment; in other words, an action with a positive assessment to an action with a negative assessment of the listener towards the speaker is interpreted as flattery. Furthermore, the compliment structures in each verbal culture have gender differences and characteristics (male and female). That is, the group of formulas used for men is inapplicable for women and vice versa.
Iranian literature and compliments are interpreted as politeness in international research. Goffman (1955, 1976), Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987), and Leech (1983) were the founders of these studies (Faika, 2016, p. 109). In other linguistic works written about Taarof, it has been interpreted as ‘compliment’ (Alavi & Zeinali, 2014, p. 139). Evidently, the lack of linguistic equality in other linguistic cultures indicates the absence of linguistic phenomena or their difference in the target linguistic culture. In such cases, ‘Taarof’ is an unequal Iranian cultural phenomenon in other cultures. It can be interpreted neither as compliment nor ceremony nor politeness. Taarof in other cultures should be considered as an untranslatable national cultural phenomenon and presented as the term ‘Taarof’ (Izadi, 2018).
In the verbal environment of Iranians, inappropriate compliments are considered a reprehensible practice. Hence, the Iranian proverb ‘reduce the compliments and increase the money’ referring to a situation where one is expected to pay a wage or do something, but instead, the audience witnesses ‘compliment’ and eloquence of the speaker in the concept of ‘Taarof’ and ‘praise’ of his action and performance.
Compliment in Russian verbal culture does not have an emotional and expressive tone and rhythm. Such an action is interpreted more as flattery by the Russian listener. However, the predominant feature of Iranian verbal culture as an Eastern culture is an exaggeration in the act of ‘compliment’ and the boundary of the compliment formation from flattery is clear, and the listener has no difficulty in distinguishing the two. However, in most cases, ‘praise’ is used as a tool to form ‘compliment’ in this linguistic culture, and therefore in Iranian verbal culture, the actions of ‘compliment’ are combined with ‘praise’. However, this does not mean an overlap between the two boundaries.
The following semantic and situational classifications can be considered in a compliment: 1) Gender: male and female; 2) personal and administrative; 3) Description of the external and internal qualities of the audience; 4) appropriate and inappropriate compliment; 5) compliment with an emotional tone.
In the Iranian verbal culture, using expressive speech acts represents politeness and even Taarof with the help of complimenting the audience. Using these speech acts, the speaker shows his attention to the audience, expresses his sincerity in ‘compliment’ and ‘praise’, while in ‘flattery’ there is no element of intimacy, and it is the result of hypocrisy. Depending on how ‘approval’ is used, it can indicate the role of a communication channel, i.e., using approval as a sign of listening carefully to the speaker; or answering his question from the point of view of correct logic. ‘Compliment’ and ‘approval’ can be on the horizontal or vertical axis of socialization, while ‘praise’ and ‘flattery’ can be seen only in the vertical axis of the age hierarchy or social administration. For ‘compliment’ speech act, we can somehow determine expressive and verbal tools in some verbal situations, namely, complementing the appearance, referring to the freshness and youth stability of the audience, meeting after a long time etc., while such a classification is impossible for flattery and praise.
Volume 14, Issue 3 (Fall 2024)
Abstract
Aims: The main objective of this research is to examine the factors influencing the improvement of the design quality of pedestrian tourism routes in selected routes in Tehran city and identify the challenges and issues associated with these routes, as well as the expectations of tourists from these routes.
Methods: The analytical and descriptive methodology is employed in this study. The required information and data are gathered from library sources. In the next stage, through field surveys, a questionnaire is developed and administered. The study population consists of 384 experts in the fields of tourism, management, and urban design, as well as street vendors and tourists in the targeted area. They were selected using a simple random sampling method. The research questionnaire was developed by the researcher and its content and face validity were confirmed by the guidance of professors, advisors, and experts in the field of management and urban design. SPSS23 software was used for data analysis.
Findings: the findings include two quantitative and qualitative divisions; to answer the research questions in the quantitative analysis findings of the SPSS software and the qualitative findings based on the main purpose of the research, by examining the domestic and foreign scientific research articles, the five main factors influencing the quality improvement of walking tourism routes have been achieved.
Conclusion: In this study, five questions including the role of diversity of use, vitality, cultural flexibility, importance to the environment and accessibility in the design quality of walking tourism routes have been examined.
Mohammad Mohammadi Aghdam, Mehdi EynBeygi,
Volume 14, Issue 6 (9-2014)
Abstract
A two dimensional generalized plane strain micromechanical model is developed to study electro-elastic behavior of piezoelectric fiber reinforced composites (PFRC) with transverse polarization. A small repeating area of the composite, representing a quarter of fiber surrounded by matrix is considered as representative volume element (RVE). The composite system consists of long parallel piezoelectric fibers with transversely isotropic properties and perfectly bounded to the isotropic matrix in a square array arrangement. In addition, the constituents are assumed to have both linear elastic and electrical behavior, whereas, the matrix is piezoelectrically passive. The element free Galerkin method is employed to obtain solution for the governing system of partial differential of equations. In this method, the Moving Least Square shape functions are used to approximate the field variable at arbitrary point. Comparison of the presented results with other techniques available in the literature reveals good agreement. It is demonstrated that the piezoelectric coefficient “e31” in the transverse polarization is considerably improved in comparison with corresponding coefficient of pure piezoelectric material. Furthermore, as a result, it is found that fibers with elliptical cross section may enhance the amount of electrical sensitivity of PFRC several times than circular fibers in a specific direction.
Saleh Jomezade KhazarBeygi, Amir Jalali,
Volume 16, Issue 8 (10-2016)
Abstract
In this study the steady-state dynamic of a linear, homogeneous, un-damped string, coupled with a locally connected spring-dashpot system is analytically investigated. Both ends of the string are assumed to be excited with identical and synchronous harmonic motion. It is shown that the damper introduces mode complexity and leads to frequency shift between the peak amplitudes in different locations of the string. Also it causes phase variations which indicates mode complexity domain. In this study, it is shown that there are different combinations of spring and damper constants in which the mode complexity attains its maximum level. Surprisingly, the combination is unique in each given excitation frequency ratio. In this situation, the damping constant is bounded in a specified range but, the spring constant is increased as the excitation frequency ratio is increased. In such case, all vibration normal modes of the string are completely destroyed and, in turn, traveling waves are formed. Also it is shown that the damping constant which leads to the maximum frequency shift, is not necessarily equal to the one that introduces the maximum mode complexity.
Volume 17, Issue 2 (5-2013)
Abstract
Abstract . This research intends to identify the relationship between Individual and Organizational Values with Organizational Commitment in Al-Mahdi Aluminum Company in Hormzgan Proneinc. The research universe included 1000 employee and by using sampling method in a limited universe (Cochran's formula) a sample of 165 people was selected, Schwartz questionnaire was used to measure individual values , a researcher made questionnaire used to assess organizational values, and Balfour and Wechsler questionnaire was used to measure organizational commitment . Reliability coefficients of these questionnaires were 90%, 81% and 73% respectively. Based on correlation, research data were analyzed with SPSS software and research hypotheses were tested using techniques of inferential statistics. The results confirmed all hypothesis and showed that there is a relatively strong correlation between "individual values" with "continuous commitment". Also a significant and positive correlation between organizational values such as identification commitment and exchange commitment was observed. Key words: values, individual values, organizational values, organizational commitment
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Winter 2013)
Abstract
One of the new innovations in Commercial Bill is codification of relatively comprehensive regulations regarding the merger of corporations. The anti-assignment clauses found in many contracts are crucial provisions for the parties looking to transfer their rights and obligations through merger.
In the U.S.A., the courts and statutes in different states are split on the effects of merger on non-assignment clauses. Under most state corporate merger statutes, a merger serves to vest all assets and liabilities to merging and surviving corporations by operation of law, and not by (voluntary) assignment; this does not cause violation of non-assignment clauses in any cases; however, some other courts take the opposite view, holding that all assets and liabilities vested to these corporations are done so by assignment.
A third group of courts takes a more moderate view. They are of the opinion that if a merger is accompanied by a demonstrated increase in risk or hazard to the third parties, assignment by merger is prohibited.
Current Iranian laws and regulations, specifically the Commercial Bill, are silent in this regard. What is understood from these laws and regulations is that merger constitutes assignment of all assets and liabilities, and as a result, merger is a violation of non-assignment clauses.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (11-2019)
Abstract
It is important in Hydraulic and river engineering to estimate the mean velocity and turbulence intensity to identify the presence of secondary currents, its shape and position. The flow of channels consists of three components of velocity: one in the direction of flow ,one in the transverse and the orther in the vertical directions of the channel. Due to the heterogeneity of the velocity fluctuations, a series of vortex vortices in the channel section to be formed which is called secondary currents cells. The secondary currents are dependent on factors such as bed roughness, channel slope and bed shear stress. The present study investigates the effect of bed roughness form on the pattern of secondary currents with numerical modeling in Flow-3D software by using RNG turbulent model. In order to successfully model and reduce the cost of simulating the near wall region, mesh sensitivity analysis has been done and numerical domain has been divided into some subdomains. This research has been carried out according to the data of the Negara laboratory model (for triangular roughness) carried out at the Hydraulic Laboratory of Singapore National University. In the results obtained from the mean velocity profile, the mean error for the roughness trough was 9.94% and for roughness crest was 3.71%. in the case of shear velocity, the error was obtained at three cross sections x=4m, x=5m and x=6m respectively 6.58%, 6.86% and 5.67% which demonstrated the good fit of the numerical model results with the reference laboratory model. The flow conditions in the channel were designed and studied for three geometries of roughness (with same height) ,i.e., rectangular roughness, trapezoidal roughness with an internal angle of 80 degrees and trapezoidal roughness with an internal angle of 55 degrees that are most used in hydraulic structures. The results of the study on the turbulence intensity, secondary currents and turbulence kinetic energy showed the effect of trapezoidal roughness with an internal angle of 55 degrees relative to the other two forms of roughness. The difference in the turbulence intensity in trapezoidal roughness with an internal angle of 55 degrees relative to a triangular roughness was obtained about 4.54%. The location of the center of the secondary current cell was in the depth of about 0.2 meters. The tendency of cells to the side walls of the channel is also affected by roughness geometry. In trapezoidal roughness with an internal angle of 55 degrees, there is a tendency to both walls. The turbulence kinetic energy contour with the center of the nucleus begins at the roughness crest with an approximate value of 0.0002 for all roughness, but its location was different in relation to the roughness geometry. In fact, the turbulence kinetic energy is the effect of fluctuating components of the velocity that the existence of external rotations is the effect of the redistribution of energy by velocity tensor, which is responsible for the formation of secondary current cells. As has been pointed out in the literature, results showed the role of roughness shape in the appearance of the secondary currents.
F. Adel, S. Shokrollahi, E. Beygi,
Volume 19, Issue 8 (August 2019)
Abstract
In this paper, a new method for determining the Young's modulus of structural elements, using the finite element model updating approach, is presented. The model updating is the correction of the numerical model of a structure based on measured data from the real structure. Therefore, after introducing a case study of an aluminum alloy (7075-T651) beam, the frequency of bending vibrations of the case study was measured, using frequency response functions derived from the modal test. Then, Young's modulus for the case study was calculated, using the relationships in the ASTM E 1876-01standard and also the analytical relations governing Euler–Bernoulli beam behavior. The results of the model updating method indicate that there is a very good adaptation with the results of the two recent approaches, the Standard and Euler–Bernoulli beam relations. As a result, this method can be developed with good precision to identify the Young’s modulus in structural elements with more complex shapes, where the relations derived from the aforementioned standard and analytical relations are not efficient due to geometric constraints.
Volume 20, Issue 2 (Summer 2016)
Abstract
One of the main issues relating the commercial companies is merger. Merger is a contract by which one company or more enter the mentioned company according to a mutual agreement and lose their juristic personality unilateral or simple integration, or several commercial companies, ,while fading their own juristic personality, create a new company without entering the liquidation step bilateral or multilateral or compound integration. Since in the merger, the property of the merged companies is one of the main and determinative factors, how to calculate the property of the merged companies is very important; the affair based on which is specified the value of the shares or its partners portion and quantum of property interest and responsibilities of partners or new company. There are various theories about the criteria for the suitable time of calculating the value of conclusion of the merger contract. Determining the agreed date for assessment, the nominal value of shares or partners portion, and the real value of stock or partner’s portion are the criteria presented in this study.
Ali Sonboli, Reza Beygi, Mohammad Hossein Alirezaie Majdabad Kohneh,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (February 2021)
Abstract
In this study, aluminum-to-copper welding was performed by friction stir welding (FSW) process and then the mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated and compared with the ones rolled to reductions of 30 and 60 percent. Tensile strengths (UTS) of the joints were 99 MPa, 143 MPa, and 132 MPa, for the initial weld, 30% rolling reduction, and 60% rolling reduction, respectively and in the non-rolled weld specimen, fracture occurred from the aluminum base material but in rolled welds, the fracture occurred precisely from the weld interface. Microstructural studies of the weld region and fracture surface of the specimens showed that the Al4Cu9 and Al3Cu intermetallic compounds, which are the most common intermetallic compounds in this type of dissimilar joining, formed in these areas. The presence of these compounds at the weld interface and propagation cracking during rolling has been one of the important factors in the failure of the weld interface in the rolled specimens. Results of the hardness test also confirmed the existence of these intermetallic compounds. By increasing the percentage of rolling reduction from 30% to 60%, the welding strength decreased due to the increase in the number of micro-cracks of the intermetallic compounds. Finally, it can be said that by choosing the optimal percentage reduction in the rolling process (30%), can be significantly increased (about 43%). the ultimate tensile strength of dissimilar Al/Cu joints produced by friction stir welding (FSW).
Mazaher Salamat-Talab, Ali Zeinolabedin Beygi, Morteza Seyyednejad,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (April 2021)
Abstract
Delamination is one of the most common modes of damage in laminated composites that can reduce stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the composite structure, which highlights the importance of studying of this phenomenon. For this purpose, in this study, the effect of the interface fiber angles on the mode II fracture toughness of plain woven laminated composites has been investigated. The end notch flexure specimens (ENF) with 24 layers which have 0//0, 0//30 and 30//-30 interface angles manufactured using hand lay-up method and experimental tests conducted on them in accordance with ASTM standard under load II mode loading. Experimental results show that the interface fiber angle has a significant effect on initiation and propagation of delamination toughness the initial and propagation fracture toughness, so that the load bearing capacity of the specimens with the non-zero interface fiber angle was the highest value. Moreover, the initiation and propagation value of fracture toughness for specimens with 0//0 interface fiber angle was less than the corresponding values for other samples with non-zero interface angles. In addition, the fracture process zone (FPZ) length was approximately the same for all samples. Taken images of fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that in addition to the separation of fibers from the resin at delamination, other damage mechanisms Including fiber breakage and highly deformed matrix play a key role in increasing of the fracture toughness of the sample with 0//30 and 30//-30 interface fiber angle.
Volume 22, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract
The study of soil particles displacement through the passage of a tillage blade can lead to an appropriate geometrical design of soil-engaging tools, which can reduce the energy consumption required for tillage. In this study, soil displacement by a conventional sweep was measured and modelled. The sweep had a cutting width equal to 150 mm, and it was tested in an indoor soil bin containing a loam soil with 5.5% moisture content (dry basis) at a working depth of 50 mm and a travel speed of 0.133 m s-1. Five pins with different colors were placed at the soil surface with a certain order in front of the sweep to model the interaction of soil and the soil-engaging part of the sweep. The pins movements were tracked for 10 seconds from the moment they were in touch with the sweep using a CCTV camera installed above the sweep. Experimental results showed a general trend of the highest displacements around the center of the path of sweep, reducing at further distance away from the center. The measured lateral displacement ranged from -167 to +71 mm due to the displacements of the pins. Furthermore, a polynomial equation was fitted to the path of each pin. The extremum of these equations indicated the highest soil displacement in the paths. The method presented in this study can be used in designing problems where agricultural engineers can study the effects of sweeps with different geometries on the trend of soil translocations during the tillage.
Ali Zeinolabedin Beygi, Mazaher Salamat-Talab, Amin Farrokhabadi, Hassan Moslemi Naeini,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (February 2022)
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of natural microfibers (cork particles) on the mode I fracture toughness of plain-woven laminated composites has been investigated. For this purpose, double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens manufactured using hand lay-up method with stacking sequence of [0]28. To investigate the effect of cork particles on fracture toughness, samples with two different weight percentages (1% by weight and 3% by weight) were manufactured and the experimental results were compared with one obtained from sample with pure epoxy resin. Experimental results show that as the amount of cork particles increases, the onset of crack growth requires more energy. The amount of improvement in initiation fracture toughness for the DCB sample with 1% and 3% cork weigh has been increased by 67.15% and 71.96%, respectively which is due to the role of the cork in the resin rich area near the crack tip that arrested the delamination growth. Unlike the initiation fracture toughness, the propagation value is reduced by adding cork particles to the resin. During delamination growth, due to the agglomeration of micro fiber at delamination interface and role of stress concentration of these particles, hence, micro-cork fibers have not been able to increase the propagation fracture toughness and in some cases have slightly reduced the propagation fracture toughness of the delamination. Also, in order to investigate the mechanisms of damage, the fracture surfaces of the samples were scanned using scanning electron microscopy.
Hamed Deilami Azodi, Saeed Rezaei, Hassan Badparva, Ali Zeinolabedin Beygi,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (February 2022)
Abstract
Incremental sheet forming is a flexible forming technology in which the sheet metal is gradually formed by the movement of tools in specified path. Due to the progressively localized deformation of the sheet and concentration of the forces on contact area of tool and sheet metal, the formability of the sheet increases compared with other common forming methods. In this study, numerical simulation of the incremental forming of AA3105-St12 two-layer sheet has been performed to calculate forming force and final thicknesses of the layers. The validity of the simulation results is evaluated by comparing them with those obtained from experiments. Numerical models for estimating the vertical force applied on the tool and the final thicknesses of the layers in terms of the process variables have been obtained using artificial neural network. Multi-objective optimization has been conducted to achieve the minimum force and the minimum thickness reduction of layers using obtained numerical models based on genetic algorithm method. Optimum thickness of the two-layer sheet and the thickness ratio the layers in different states of contact of the aluminum or the steel layers with the forming tool have been determined.
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2023)
Abstract
There are different ways to design energy dissipators. According to the type of performance of these elements, it is better to adopt the design method according to the consumed energy in order to determine what load should be considered as the design load for the energy-dissipating elements so that these elements have the best seismic performance. One of these methods is the use of energy-based performance index. This method is usually used to design pall friction dampers. In this research, it has been tried to use this method for a 12-story reinforced concrete structure of friction dampers, viscous, and seismic isolators of the lead rubber support type, and their performance is investigated. Based on this, for the earthquake records, the energy-based performance index has been calculated and the optimal design load has been calculated for these three energy wasters. Structures with optimal design load are subjected to dynamic loads and the contribution of elements in energy loss and their fragility curve have been evaluated. The results show that in a constant spectral acceleration (Sa), the probability of exceeding the specified performance level of a structure with a friction damper that is designed on this basis is lower than other structures. Also, in the acceleration of the design, the seismic isolator has wasted more energy than the other two structures.
Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2020)
Abstract
One of the most important theories in corporate law is the organ theory.According to this view, the will and actions of directors are deemed to be will and actions of the corporation. Analytically, the personality of directors and corporations is considered to be integrated and this identification is divided into two types of absolute and relative. According to absolute identification, the personality of the director is merged into that of corporation and his personal existence is ignored.
And according to the second point of view, while accepting the identification of directors and corporation, the personal existence of the directors in the internal relations of the corporation is not ignored. And the will of the director at the time of making decision or taking action for the company is considered to be the successor and manifestation of the will of the corporation and the decision of the director is considered to be decision of the company. The organ theory has a significant impact on the criminal and civil liability of corporations and on the fact that the restriction of directors’ authorities against third parties is not valid. In the past, the board of directors was considered to be the sole organ of a corporation, but currently other managers are also considered to be its organ. .The organic theory of directors in corporations is accepted in Germany and England. Although there is disagreement in Iranian law, some jurists are inclined to the above theory.
