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  Organizations are considered to be Pillars of the community. Senior Management performance is the result of proper and timely mix of human resources. The concept of culture is an important factor that determines management practices. IT influences on management performance. Therefore Human Resource Management (HRM) procedureslead to higher firm performance and act as a source of long-lasting competitive advantage. This study attempted to test the relationship between organizational culture values and effectiveness of HRM procedures. The study population consisted of all employees of “Yazd Pich Chehre” (60 cases), which 38 sample were selected as a random sample. Data were collected using questionnaires ant its validity and reliability tested through factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha respectively and both has been approved. Spearman correlation coefficients applied for analyzing data. Results show that there is a significant and positive correlation between organizational culture values and HRM procedureseffectiveness.      

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​Trichogramma evanescens Westwood is an important biological control agent of lepidopteran pests and is widely distributed throughout Iran and neighboring countries. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the influence of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs age on the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, progeny longevity and fecundity. Understanding this influence is important for developing biological control programs. Mated female parasitoids (24 h age) were provided with 1, 2, 3, and 4-days-old E. kuehniella eggs in no-choice experiments, individually. T. evanescens developed on E. kuehniella eggs of all ages tested, while showing a better adaptation to younger host eggs with significantly faster developmental time, higher survival and more female progeny on 1-day-old eggs. Progeny emerged from 1-day-old eggs had also higher longevity and fecundity than those emerging from other host ages tested. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) values of T. evanescens reared on 1, 2, 3 and 4-days-old E. kuehniella eggs were 0.345, 0.322, 0.281 and 0.233 day^-1 and the mean generation time (T) was 12.19, 12.13, 12.01 and 11.82 days, respectively. The current study provides useful information to use suitable host age of E. kuehniella for mass production of T. evanescens.

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The Butlerian theory of performativity and subversive performative acts has been always helped to consider the situation of female gender construction in the heteronormative cultures. The situation of male gender identity and roles in the bipolar cultures has not yet been studied and the hegemonic functional context of the heterosexuality was not considered to be effective in the construction of male gender identity and roles. In the light of Judith Butler’s theory, different male individuals are coming into consideration and the complimentary parts to the theory of performativity will be revealed.  The present research is the first study of the male gender identities and roles in the light of the Butlerian theory of performativity to understand whether these individuals follow the same constructive elements and react performatively and subversively or not.  The importance of the present research is that the representative of the matrix of power, as depicted by Williams, can be female individuals as well as male identities.  In these cases, female characters attempt to oblige male gender identities to remain under the control of the heterosexism and understand the binaries that differentiates two intelligible gender identities. On the other hand, the variety of male gender identities that Williams illustrates, provide the opportunity to consider how male gender identity and roles react to the parodic acts and construct their identity through performative acts or subversive performativity. Another significant finding in this research is that to the time that homosexual male gender identities keep their lack of continuity among sex, gender, and sexual desire, they are allowed to live in the cultural context without receiving any harms.
 

1. Introduction

Judith Butler's theory of performativity and subversive performative acts has significantly contributed to the understanding of female gender identity construction within heteronormative cultures. Her groundbreaking work has illuminated how gender is not an inherent identity but rather a series of actions and behaviors continuously performed based on societal expectations. However, there has been a noticeable gap in the application of Butler's theories to the analysis of male gender identity and roles, particularly within the bipolar cultural framework that rigidly distinguishes between masculinity and femininity. This study aims to bridge that gap by exploring how male identities are constructed, performed, and potentially subverted in heteronormative contexts. By analyzing male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays, this research will reveal the complementary aspects of Butler's theory and provide insights into the performative nature of male gender identities.

2. Literature Review

The cornerstone of this study is Judith Butler's Gender Trouble (1990), where she first introduced the concepts of gender performativity and subversion. Butler's theory posits that gender identity is not a fixed trait but rather an ongoing performance dictated by cultural norms and expectations. Her subsequent works, Bodies That Matter (1993) and Excitable Speech (1997), further elaborate on these ideas, examining how language and societal norms contribute to the construction and regulation of gender identities. These texts are essential for understanding the theoretical framework of this study.
Butler's theories are deeply influenced by earlier critical works from philosophers and theorists such as G.W.F. Hegel, Sigmund Freud, Simone de Beauvoir, Louis Althusser, and Michel Foucault. Hegel's dialectics, Freud's psychoanalysis, de Beauvoir's existential feminism, Althusser's concept of interpellation, and Foucault's discourse on power and sexuality collectively inform Butler's understanding of gender as a performative act.
While previous scholarship on Tennessee Williams's plays has predominantly focused on female characters, analyzing them through the lens of second-wave feminism and the patriarchal social hierarchy, this study shifts the focus to male characters. It investigates how Williams's male characters perform their gender identities and whether they conform to or subvert the heteronormative expectations imposed upon them. This research is pioneering in its systematic application of Butlerian performativity to male characters in Williams's dramatic works, offering a novel perspective on gender construction and performance.

3. Methodology and Argument

The methodology of this study involves a detailed textual analysis of male characters in selected plays by Tennessee Williams. The plays chosen for this analysis include A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and The Glass Menagerie. These works feature a variety of male characters—heterosexual, homosexual, and gigolo—whose gender identities and roles are constructed through their interactions and performative acts within heterosexist cultures.
Using Butler's theory of performativity as the analytical framework, this study examines how these male characters engage in repetitive acts that constitute their gender identities. These acts, dictated by the binarized matrix of power, often conform to the expectations of heteronormativity but also contain potential for subversion. The analysis focuses on how these characters navigate their identities through performative acts, either reinforcing or challenging the hegemonic norms.
For instance, the character of Brick in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof exemplifies the struggle with heteronormative expectations of masculinity. Brick's ambivalence towards his own sexuality and his performative acts of repression and denial highlight the tensions between societal expectations and personal identity. Similarly, the character of Tom in The Glass Menagerie grapples with the constraints of his gender role, performing acts of rebellion that ultimately reveal the fluidity and instability of gender norms.
The study also explores how female characters in these plays occasionally assume the role of enforcing heteronormativity, attempting to define and control the gender identities and roles of male characters. For example, Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire seeks to impose traditional gender roles on her brother-in-law, Stanley, while simultaneously challenging his authority and masculinity. This dynamic illustrates the complex interplay of power, gender, and performativity in Williams's works.

4. Findings and Discussion

The analysis of male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays reveals that the hegemony of a binarized culture exerts significant control over the construction of male gender identity and roles, mirroring the control it exerts over female gender identity. The performative acts of male characters, dictated by societal norms, often aim to uphold the heteronormative order. However, these acts also possess the potential for subversion, as even slight deviations from the norm can disrupt the established binary.
One significant finding is that male characters in Williams's plays frequently engage in performative acts that challenge the coherence of the bipolar gender system. For instance, the character of Stanley in A Streetcar Named Desire performs hypermasculinity to assert his dominance, yet his actions also expose the fragility of such constructed identities. His aggressive behavior, while reinforcing traditional masculine traits, simultaneously reveals the performative nature of gender and its susceptibility to disruption.
Moreover, the study highlights how homosexual male characters in Williams's plays navigate their identities within the heteronormative framework. Characters like Brick and Tom illustrate the discontinuity between sex, gender, and sexual desire, maintaining a space for subversive performativity. This discontinuity allows them to exist within the cultural context without fully conforming to its expectations, thereby challenging the stability of heteronormative identities.
Another important observation is the role of female characters as representatives of the matrix of power, enforcing heteronormative roles onto male characters. This dynamic is particularly evident in the interactions between Blanche and Stanley in A Streetcar Named Desire, where Blanche's attempts to impose traditional gender norms on Stanley ultimately underscore the performative and fluid nature of gender identities.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, the application of Judith Butler's theory of performativity to the analysis of male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays reveals the pervasive influence of heteronormative culture on gender identity construction. The study demonstrates that the binarized cultural framework controls male gender identity and roles similarly to female gender identity, through performative acts that both uphold and potentially subvert the established norms.
The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of gender construction and the interplay of power within theatrical representations. By examining how male characters in Williams's plays perform and subvert their gender identities, this study highlights the fluidity and complexity of gender and the potential for subversive acts to challenge the hegemony of heteronormativity.
Overall, this research underscores the importance of considering male gender identities in the context of Butlerian performativity, providing new insights into the ways in which gender is constructed, performed, and contested within heteronormative cultures. Through the analysis of Williams's diverse male characters, this study offers a valuable contribution to the ongoing discourse on gender, identity, and power.
 

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Recently, tubular flames are considered due to their advantageous in geometry of the flame. The major importance of tubular flame is its uniform temperature distribution. Therefore, it may reduce thermal fluctuations along the combustion chamber. In this paper, a non-premixed tubular flame is simulated numerically under various operational conditions. A solver is developed in openFOAM and numerical results are validated against the experimental measurements. Also, temperature distribution and concentration of major species of the flame in the middle of the burner are investigated and compared using global and DRM22 as chemical kinetics. In addition, stability of the flame in air presence as oxidizer has been studied. Results show that by increasing oxygen mole fraction in oxidizer, the equivalence ratio of the steady tubular flame region decreases and the flame will be established uniformly in equivalence ratio near the extinction limit. If pure oxygen is used as oxidizer, flame temperature will be increase strongly and tubular flame can be stable for equivalence ratio between 0.1 and 0.2. Thereupon carbon dioxide from the flue gases is added to the oxidizer to control the flame temperature changes. Establishment of steady tubular flame in presence of carbon dioxide is simulated too. Results show that by decreasing oxygen mole fraction, the equivalence ratio of the steady tubular flame region increases and the stability zone becomes wider

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This article was carried out to investigate and compare fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler at different conditions (non-uniformity of velocity and non-uniformity of temperature of car inlet air with radiator effects) to optimize intercooler layout in cooling system. A tow-dimensional code for fin-tube heat exchangers (fin-tube intercooler and radiator) and a three-dimensional code for plate-fin intercooler were developed by ε-NTU method. Fin-tube model was validated with experimental tunnel test data and plate fin was validated by available data at literature. Results showed that plate-fin performance at least 6.25% better than fin-tube intercooler. Doubling the aspect ratio caused 1.5% and 5% increase of plate-fin and fin-tube intercooler heat transfer respectively. When non-uniformity of velocity increases to 0.8, heat transfer decreases 13.8% and 19.6% for fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler respectively. This reduction in performance is the maximum value that is produced in planting intercooler along the wheels and above the engine. Applying radiator in system and planting block result in approximately 4.5% and 2.4% impairing performance of fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler respectively while changing position of block dose not effect on intercooler performance. The presence of shields and other obstacles in front of the car will create such an impact on the intercooler. Pressure drop of fin-tube intercooler 37.5% lower than plate-fin intercooler.

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Enhancement of antioxidant capacity of plants by natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plants can be a simple way to produce stress tolerant plants. Zataria multiflora essential Oil (ZO) is one of the useful antioxidants with potent antioxidant activity. ZO is insoluble in water and can be degraded by light, oxygen, and high temperature. Incorporation of ZO into Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) dispersion is a simple way to improve its stability. In this research, the antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion was measured by studying the effect of the Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and Hydroxyl radical (HO^•) scavenging of the dispersion. The efficiency of the PVA/ZO dispersion on the production of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Oxidase (NOX), SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) mRNAs in the wheat seedlings in hydroponic condition was investigated too. PVA/ZO dispersion had a non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquid behavior with the negative zeta-potential (-12 mV) and nanoscale particle size (134 nm). PVA/ZO dispersion had effective H₂O₂ and HO^• scavenging in a dose dependent manner with IC₅₀ value of 220 and 170 µg mL^-1, respectively. PVA/ZO dispersion up-regulated NOX (2 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1), SOD (10 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1) and CAT (8 folds, at 250 µg mL^-1) mRNAs production. Thus, there was a potent cooperation between NOX and SOD activity and low cooperation between SOD and CAT activity. The potent antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion implies that it can effectively be used as a promising natural antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress in the plants under stress.