---

With Emphasis on Rural Youth Migration of Qazvine Province Nowadays, rural tourism is considered as a main section in economical activities. There are different approaches to this important economical activity. Some recognize it as a segment of tourism market and some believe it as a rural development policy. The Question is that what is the role of rural tourism in rural development and sustainable rural development. In the last decade of twentieth century, most of the social and economic planners In European countries introduce tourism industry as the most certain pattern with clear landscape for rural development, especially those deprived villages. The performed studies in France, Austria, Switzerland, England, Ireland, Thailand and Japon show fast rural tourism development in rural economy and complemented agricultural activities. The main nature of tourism industry is creating employment, increating income, divesifying economic, social contribution and using local resources. Since what caused poverty and underdevelopment of the rural societies id the lack of tourism industry in these sosieties, which by solving the above mentioned problems com cause rural development.

---

The poorest segments of the world’s population are located in the rural areas of the developing countries, often with little or no agricultural land. While wage labour in the agricultural sector may provide subsistence employment, the majority of the rural poor will have to depend on non – farm employment. Rural industrialization is widely recognize as a dynamic force of development. Employment generation, income distribution, diversify the rural economy and narrow down spatial inequity in socio – economic development have traditionaly been considered as prim objectives of rural industrialization. This article is an attempt to show, can industrialization be best adapted for the development of the rural areas in developing counteries? We discuss how developing countries have faired in two last decade or so in promoting rural industrialization as a means to improve the living conditions of the people in their rural regions. We have analysed different approaches to rural industrialization and its impacts in developing countries. the consequences of research show that the rural indu-strialization as a part of rural integrated development approach could achieve the most important goals of development in rural areas. Rural industrialization has alleviated rural poverty through the employment generation.

---

Ecolodge need policy to guide and determine short-term and long-term decisions among different options.Policymaking in Ecolodge is a collection of rules, regulations, instructions and strategies that provides a framework in which the governmental and local decisions directly affect the sustainable development of Ecolodge. In this research, we aim to identify spatial policy indicators in Ecolodge and figure out their importance in the Hawraman region. Therefore, the question is which of the spatial policy elements of Ecolodge have the most importance in this case study? The research method is practical by purpose and descriptive-analytical by type. At first, it described and interpreted the existing relationships between the research variables (statistical system and information, ruling bureaucracy, ruling values, structure of power, implementation and monitoring of policies). Research statistical society includes the ecotourism managers of the target villages of Hawraman region, General Department of Cultural Heritage experts, Tourism and Handicrafts Department, as well as tourism specialists including faculty members and related experts. This research results shows that according to Tukey's test, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator with an average of 3.673 (combination of opinions) has the highest importance in the spatial policy of Ecolodge in the Hawraman region.Thus, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it can be accepted that there is a significant difference between the spatial policy elements of the Ecolodge in the Hawraman region, and in this regard, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator is the most important among the five.
 

---

---

Studies show that in last decades, some of the efforts on and approaches to rural development were concentrated on rural extensional informational activities. Over time and through surveys and studies, some of the deficiencies of the classic approaches were identified. In an attempt for reconstructing and also providing the optimal pattern of planning in rural extensional informational activities, an important question is: In explanation of factors, elements and also the conditions affecting the rural people’s knowledge and awareness, what indices allied theoretical bases and approaches introduce and present to be noticed when optimal planning is provided and rural extensional and informational strategies are developed? This article with an explanatory approach and through inspection on scientific sources, studies some of the effective factors, elements and conditions on rural people’s knowledge and awareness of their potentials and environment capacities. Our studies show that in providing the optimal rural extensional - informational planning patterns, notice to the following principles is necessary: The principles of bilatral flow of information, Adaptation with the geographical and evironmental conditions, Compatibility with cultural characteristics of rural communities, Using the potential of the local institutes in rural extensional - informational plans, Public coverage (To know is everyone’s right), and Environmental sustainability.

---

Indigenous knowledge is essential for rural development. Until recently, this knowledge has been under attack for being “backward, static and a hindrance” to modernization. Because of using the inopportune transfer of technologies from western cultures to developing countries, many economical and social and environmental problems have been arisen in these countries. So “Inward Oriented Development” approaches for sustainable rural development have been propounded. In the shadow of the new approaches, local capacities and IK come to a priority and were considered by the scholars of development. In this paper we tried to respond to the following questions according to the literature of the subject and documentary describing analytic method: 1. What are the differences between IK and Formal Knowledge? 2. What is the position and role of IK in sustainable rural development? The findings of research show that although there have been differences between IK & FK, they do not oppose, because they are complementary. In new paradigms of rural development, first the indigenous solutions should be used as the solution for problems. If they were adjustive, they must be strengthened and improved. Otherwise, exogenous solutions must be used.

---

Evaluation is one of the important stages in the process of planning, which helps to optimise plans and make proper decisions and increases the possibilitis and realizability of the plans. Lack of attention to this fact in the past decades, has caused heavy socio- economic and environmental costs for the body of our Islamic society, in such a way that it has confronted the country’s managment with non-optimal decesion-making. Paying more attention to evaluation and then it’s institutionali Sation can greatly help to decrease these costs. Evaluation of governmental organizations performance can play a significant role in optimising of decisions and increasing people’s satisfaction. In order to provide a scientific explanation to the imposed costs coming from missing links in the country’s planning management, an attempt was made in the present research to evaluate the performance of rural well-being complexes as governmental organisations, which have a long history in providing services for villagers. Also an attempt was made to examine the factors affecting these complexes from different aspects such as the viewpoint of villagers and personnel of the complexes. For this purpose, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used. The villages of Kavardeh, Imam taghi and Deheshk in Mashad township were chosen for the field study. The findings indicated that socio-economical, physical and organisational factors are significantly effeclive on the function of the studied well-being complexes.

---

---

The role of research in the process of economic development has been proved to be very effective and investment on research has varying effects on economic variables including value added and productivity. These impacts are of importance in industry & mine. In this paper several hypotheses are tested with the aid of various models such as Johnson & Striner, Zakazit, cobb doglas- transendental and linear models. Among them cobb doglas model has proved to be best model implying that: 1- One percent increase in per capita research expenditures in industry sectors increases per capita value added around 0/041 percent after one year. 2- The effect of physical investment of industry & mine sectors on per capita production (average per capita value added ) in these sectors is higher than research expenditure. This paper contains several parts: The first part refers to literature of the subject and examines the relevant indexes of Iran.Then it examines the trend of industrial research expenditures in Iran and some other countries and it tests relation between research expenditures and value added in industries and mines sectors. Finally it explains the problems in these sectors and provides needed proposals.

---

Abstract In recent years, tourism and economic tourism is changing to main parameters of world trade economic. The policy makers and planners of development one taking into consideration the tourism industry as main parameters of sustainable development. In this direction, the rural tourism is accounting as part of tourism industry, could make effective rule in development of regions, and national development and could make national economic diversity. Since the question is that what’s the potentials and limitation in rural tourism development? And what are the strategies and solutions that cause tourism development which answer rural development and national development? Therefore this article gives up the strategies and solutions in rural development by means at survey method, field work and specification of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in rural areas of Lvasan-E-Koochak. in fact recognition of potentials and limitation in rural tourism and giving new methods in solution of the problems in this area by means of the main goals of this study the SWOT strategic model experience shows critical threshold in the rural region is high when thy be touristy and this shows importance of research and showing suitable policy in the way of solving limitation and use of exist comparative advantage.

---

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the economically important plant viruses which causes disease in various crops throughout the world. It has been reported that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be used as potential biocontrol agents against plant viruses. Herein, greenhouse experiments were conducted to undertake the trilateral interactions among PGPR, bell pepper, and TMV. To this end, four-leaf-stage bell pepper seedlings were pre-treated by the PGPR, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and Bacillus subtilis in single and multiple application methods. The plants were then mechanically inoculated with TMV and visually inspected for symptom development till 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). The TMV accumulation in inoculated plants was quantitatively measured by Indirect-ELISA 28 dpi. Analysis of the extinction values showed that application of the PGPR was associated with the least significant (p < 0.05) value (0.08) compared to the positive control (0.77). Inoculation of PGPR triggered the biosynthesis of the defense-related enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, mediating the biochemical protection against TMV in bell pepper plants. In addition to the disease control, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth parameters was observed in PGPR-treated plants compared to the control plants. In conclusion, these results indicated that multiple applications of PGPR strains enhanced the plant vigor and provided an increased level of TMV suppression in bell pepper plants.

---

Electronic government initiatives are pervasive and have been adapted in different levels of maturity and complexity by almost all countries around the world. Given this fact, this paper was designed to review the wide variety of visions, strategic agendas, and contexts of application. Then a systematic conceptualization of e-government as an ideal point was proposed at the first step. Gauging the gap between the existing position and ideal point of e-government in Tehran was performed in the next step. The findings indicated that there is a high gap between the existing position and the ideal point of e-government in Tehran. Consequently, the existing position of e-government in Tehran has not necessary capabilities in settling a tailored affair in an urban commerce system. Thus an adaptive approach was used for highlighting the role of an integrated e-government to solve this problem.

---

Village, like any other human phenomenon, has undergone various processes of change. As a historical necessity in relation to human needs, villages have appeared, developed and continued to survive. In this process, some of the villages amalgamated with each other or merged into nearby cities or as the result of population increase they transformed into new cities. In the process, some other encountered change or reduction in natural resources; local natural disasters; changes in socio-economic and political condition; and local periods of decline and even total abandonment, as a result of population decrease and mass emigration. These villages were either totally eliminated from geographical maps or began to adopt a new life, much or farms. The villages of Iran followed the same path. During past fifty years they have been under the deep changes and disorders in their social, cultural, economic and physical dimensions. Since identification and assessment of the rural changes is a part of rural geography studies, geographers using different methods, to explain the process of change in village life. This article is an endeavor to address the following two questions: 1.By using “Life Cycle Theory”, to what extent one can provide a new method of study in rural geography? 2Dose the “Life Cycle Theory” have incidental capacity to explain the process of evaluation in village life? This article, by relying on descriptive – analytical method, intends to illustrate the capacity of this theory to generalize this process, from geographic point of view. The assessment carried out indicates, that in spite of few criticism and limitations. The “Life Cycle Theory” has a high capacity to define and analyze the process of village changes. Rural Geography by utilizing this theory can introduce an applicable methodology for studies of changes in village life in Iran.

---

Dynamic compaction (DC) method is an effective method in soil improvement, which is widely used in the world. This method includes repeated drops with high energy on the surface of the soil by the tampers weighing 5 to 40 tons. The dampers fall from 10 to 30 m heights. This method is used to increase the density of soil deposits. The degree of density depends on the weight of the hammer, the height from which the hammer is dropped, and the spacing of the locations at which the hammer is dropped. The initial weight dropping has the most impact, and penetrates into a greater depth. The following drops, if spaced closer to one another, compact the shallower layers and the process is completed by compacting the soil at the surface. Nowadays, D.C. method is one of the common improvement methods in Iran because the required equipments and technology of D.C. are simple and available. Since the design of this method is empirical and there are a large number of parameters (variables), so to achieve an efficient D.C. pattern, trial D.C. with before and after compaction tests must be carried out in some areas. Considring the cost of the trial D.C and control tests, numerical D.C. models will increase the efficiency and accuracy of this method and the costs will drop as well. In this study, numerical D.C. has been modeled for granular soil using finite difference method. According to axis symmetric assumption, just half of the soil mass and tamper has been modeled in 2D. To model the drop effect on soil surface, initial velocity method is used on the tamper nodes. Granular soil D.C. has been analyzed with Mohr Coulomb behavior model using Flac 2D 4.0 software. The results of this study have been compared with those of Pan & Selby (2002) studies. Also final settlement of the tamper has been compared with the results in Assaluyeh D.C. project. In both of the above cases, the results of the numerical models and the real measured values are nearly the same. Numerical method can estimate improvement degree in different depths as well as the required number of drops to achieve the ideal improvement degree. Also horizontal extent of the improvement area can be determined at the end of each compaction stage by using relative density contours, Then spacing of impact points can be estimated with reviewing the horizontal extent of the improvement area

---

In assessment of the success of a plan, the most important parameter is the extent of the coverage of the “target group”. But this is bound to the correct definition of the “target group” and their classification according to the particularities that distinguishes them from each other. The requirement of the Housing Planning to attain a specific and clear definition of the “Target Group” is due to the requirement to arrange the optimum program and implementation programs to respond their needs suitable to their demands, a point in which it seems to be assessed unsuccessful in the planning period (1327-1383) In this article, we consider the change in the demographic structure of the country’s population. This work investigates the extent of agreement of Housing Planning on this change, to give a precise definition of the Target Group. It also attends to the amount of accordance of the Housing Planning with the structural changes in the population and family structure in this six decades The results of our reseach shows, despite increasing number of youth in our population, they are not considered in our planning system's definition about "Target group". Hence in our Housing Market, youth's demand for shelter gould not be included.

---

Natural disaster management is a system of proceedings carried out before, during and post outbreak of disasters to reduce damages as much as possible. A review on study of natural disaster management indicates that nowadays the think of reaction to disasters as a command- control structure, concentrated and technology- based has been changed and a new method known as social- based management has appeared which emphasis on local knowledge, capacities and culture. Regarding so, this article is going to answer how is the process of natural disaster management in local and modern methods in villages of studied region? This article with the help of analytic- descriptive research technique and by utilizing surveying method studies the process of natural disasters management, capacities, abilities and knowledges of villagers of khoresh- rostam region in 2 modern and local manners. method of gathering in formation is librarian and free techniques (observation, interview and questionnaire) and paneling. For analysis Friedman test has been applied. Research’s results indicates studied field has a high degree of abilities and capacities such as efficient local knowledge regarding natural disaster management, participation and collaboration of villagers and finally local NGO’s activities which can be considered useful for process of natural disaster management planning.

---

Reduction of irreparable damages of natural disasters in Iran needs their correct understand of causes and solutions. In this regard, nowadays, vulnerability is offered as the main determinant of disaster that comprises three approaches: Biophysical, Social construction, and synthetic. Different implications of these approaches on perception, analysis and reduction of vulnerability needs full investigation of them. Adopting descriptive-analytical method and comparative study, so, this articles traces answer to this question: which approaches offer full explaining of the perception and analysis of community vulnerability to natural hazards. The study shows that for understand and analysis of Vulnerability at community level, there is no advantage in full substitution of biophysical and social construction approaches by each other. As an agreement of two previous approaches, including benefits of them and containing great theoretical and methodological advances in understand and analysis, the synthetic approach, in contrast, offers full explaining of vulnerability.

---

Today, due attention of the countries, traders and policy makers to free trade zones is among the first priorities of the economic policies of the world. Because these zones play an important role in the economic development of the world. In this paper, evaluation and prioritization of Iranian free trade zones was using the MADM method. The main goal of this research was to optimize the re-allocation of economic recourses. The results indicated that the Kish free zone is of higher priority comparing with the other free zones. The results of this research and prioritization of free trade zones could be highly useful in increasing the F.D.I. and access to world and regional markets.

---

In tube hydroforming, the loading path, that is the relationship between axial feeding and internal fluid pressure, is of important significance. Researchers have employed various optimization approaches to find an optimum loading path. In this research a statistical method based on finite element analysis has been developed. An accurate FEA has been used to simulate the process and to find the response of the process to the loading. The Response Surface Method (RSM) has been used to model the responses from the finite element analysis. The behavior of the process can be predicted using this model. The obtained model then used to optimize the process. Since The RSM model was initially obtained for a predefined domain of variables multilevel optimization was employed to improve the accuracy of the model. The multilevel optimized curve yielded the best thickness uniformity, the result of which are reported.

---

In tube hydroforming process, due to friction condition, uniform wall thickness, as well as sharp corners may not be achieved. Use of ultrasonic vibration can improve the contact conditions at the tube-die interface. The current work studies the effect of applying ultrasonic vibration on wall thickness and corner radius of hydroformed tubes. By comparing the FEM models of tubes in two cases of with vibration and without vibration, it is possible to investigate the effects of vibration on process. In addition, the finite element analysis, as the modal and harmonic analysis, are used to design a set of ultrasonic tube hydroforming. A simple mechanism introduced in this paper is used to form the tube. The results indicate superimposing ultrasonic vibrations to the process will improve formability and spring back of the, and more uniform tube wall thickness will be achieved.