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Waspaloy is a type of nickel-based superalloy that is mainly used in aircraft turbine parts, compressor disks, shafts, and turbine parts. Waspaloy, like many nickel-base superalloys, is difficult to a machine at room temperature (conventional machining). In this paperwork, the cutting force and temperature created in the cutting area of the workpiece by changing different cutting parameters: cutting speed, feed rate, and constant depth of cut, in the dry oblique turning process of Waspaloy investigated. The hardness of the tested workpiece was 382±3 Vickers. In order to investigate the cutting force and the temperature of the cutting area, a full factorial experiment design without repetition was used, and a regression model of the influencing factors was presented to estimate the cutting force. Specifically, by an increase in the feed rate from 14 to 42 (mm/min), the most cutting force change occurred when the cutting speed was 1200 (rpm) and the depth of cut was 0.3 (mm). Moreover, except in test 6, the machining temperature increased with the rise of cutting speed and feed rate in all experiments.

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Waspaloy is a type of nickel-based superalloy that is mainly used in aircraft turbine parts, compressor disks, shafts, and turbine parts. Waspaloy, like many nickel base superalloys, is difficult to machine at room temperature (conventional turning). In this paper, the cutting and feeding forces and cutting temperature have been evaluated by changing rotational speed, feed rate and constant depth of cut, in the dry oblique turning process of Waspaloy. The workpiece's diameter and hardness were 25 mm and 385±10 Vickers, respectively. In order to investigate of the cutting force, temperature and the surface roughness, a full factorial design experiment was used, and a regression model of the influencing factors was presented. Moreover, the surfaces roughness and micro hardness of the machined parts were evaluated. The results showed that the hardness on the surface of the workpiece increases with the increase of the cutting depth and the feed rate.

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 The conventional material removal processes have always run into difficulties in machining hard materials, and nickel-based superalloys are no exception. The inherent properties of these materials usually lead to high tool wear rates and low surface integrity. These concerns justify the need for combining conventional material removal processes with advanced technologies. Laser Assisted Machining is one such process by which, through localized softening of work material prior to the cutting operation, a more efficient material removal process can be realized compared with what can be done by conventional machining. This work studies the effect of machining parameters such as constant Rotational speed at 400 RPM, feed rates of 0.035, 0.07, 0.105 mm/rev, and cutting depths of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mm on variation of cutting force, chip temperature, surface roughness, and microhardness in variation of the workpiece surface. The process is a Laser Assisted Turning (LAT) process compared to conventional Turning (CT) by analyzing the parameters for a Waspaloy. A fiber laser with constant power output of 500 W was used to irradiate the tool material. The angle of contact of the beam with the tip of the tool was fixed at 60°. The workpiece's hardness was 385 ± 10 Vickers initially and had a diameter of 25 mm. It has been revealed that the application of LAT decreases the cutting force up to 16% compared to CT. The workpiece surfaces produced by LAT had higher chip temperatures than CT and were of 42% better quality in terms of surface roughness. In the LAT process, the difference in microhardness values at different points on the workpiece surface was within a much smaller range than in the CT process. The results showed that as the scanning speed of the laser increased on the surface of the workpiece, the thickness of the laser heat-affected zone below the surface of the workpiece decreased.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating mental health condition that can arise following exposure to traumatic events. This study aims to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the sense of coherence, social support, and spiritual well-being among students diagnosed with PTSD. The research employed a semi-experimental, pre-, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included students diagnosed with PTSD at the University of Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year. A total of 36 students with PTSD were selected using purposive sampling and were divided into experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The experimental group attended eight 90-minute CBT sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data collection involved administering the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Keane et al., 1998), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1993), the Social Support Questionnaire (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991), and the Spiritual WellBeing Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 2012). The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis in SPSS-24. The results indicated that CBT significantly increased the sense of coherence (F=40.69, p=0.001, η²=0.58), social support (F=60.50, p=0.001, η²=0.67), religious well-being (F=52.16, p=0.001, η²=0.64), and existential well-being (F=54.50, p=0.001, η²=0.65) in students with PTSD. These results support the incorporation of CBT into therapeutic programs for students with PTSD to foster resilience and holistic well-being. Future research could explore the long-term effects of CBT and its impact on other psychological and behavioral outcomes in diverse student populations.