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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder necessitating a low-protein and phenylalanine diet. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of producing a low-protein pasta using potato and tapioca starches. The pasta formulation substituted semolina flour with a blend of potato and tapioca starches. Date kernel fiber and xanthan gum were incorporated as prebiotic compounds and texture enhancers, respectively. Physicochemical (moisture, fat, total ash, protein, phenylalanine, cooking loss, cooking time, color indexes, and hardness) and sensory properties (texture, flavor, color, and overall acceptability) were evaluated and compared against the control sample (based on semolina flour). The results demonstrated no significant alteration in moisture and fat content upon substitution, but a significant decrease in ash and protein content (p<0.05). Consequently, phenylalanine levels decreased from 530.58 mg/100 g in the control sample to 24.49-26.60 mg/100 g in the pasta. Replacing flour with starches increased cooking loss, reduced cooking time, and diminished pasta hardness compared to the control (p<0.05). The pasta exhibited higher L* and lower a* and b* values than the control. Sensory evaluation revealed that the pasta containing 35% potato starch and 40% tapioca starch attained the highest scores, indicating its favorable acceptability. Overall, this study suggests that the combination of potato and tapioca starches, along with date kernel fiber and xanthan gum, enables the production of and low-protein pasta suitable for PKU patients.

 

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Background: Studies indicate that Muscularskeletal Disorders (MSD) are among the first ranks in terms of economic and healthcare cost of which back pain is in the first place.
Methods and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional study. The study participants were 100 students who were studying at the Tarbiat Modares University in the year of 2016. Data on back pain was collected via the standardized Quebec questionnaire. Quebec questionnaire contains 20 questions with 6 options by which pain intensity is ranked between 0 and 100. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software version 16. In order to determine the status of musculoskeletal disorders and associated factors, descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used.
Results: Totally 100 students who living in Tarbiat Modares University with mean age of 26.1 ± 3.1 were participated in the study. According to the results, 84% of the students (N = 84) were single, 15% (N = 15) were married, and 1% of the students (N = 1) was divorced. Eighty seven percent of the students (N = 87) were studying in Master degree and 10% of the students (N = 10) were studying in PhD degree. The majority of the students (60%, N = 60) did not report any musculoskeletal pain. However, forty students (40%) suffering from MSD.
Conclusion: This study was designed to investigate the musculoskeletal disorders among the students. As this study revealed a high percentage of the students were suffering from a kind of MSD, designing more researches to confirm these findings and also to design proper preventive intervention are strongly recommended.

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Aims: This article intends to identify and define the typology of lost urban spaces in Shahid Beheshti Street in Karaj, and also to determine the priority of planning and design for lost spaces by examining the amount of its catalyst.
Methods: In order to study a case study an expert-centered approach based on criteria of conceptual framework is used for examining and finding the lost spaces. In this section, the field survey method including observation, survey and photography were used and by completing the checklist, the catalyst of each space was evaluated with an expert-centered view.
Results: Based on the evaluation in functional, social, economic, environmental and implemtational dimenstions, 23 lost spaces in the case study can be divided into five types, which are: undeveloped space, open parking space, dysfunctional space, residual development space and space abandoned on the side of the street.
Conclusion: According to the research approach, in order to revitalize the street, 8 principles should be considered (enclouser and continuity of facade / coordination of form and function / diversity and varaiety / context / compatibility / people-centered / static and dynamic / dialectic of exterior and interior space).

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Silicon (Si) is considered as one of the beneficial elements for plants that play important roles in plant resistance to stresses. In this experiment, the effects of three levels of silicon (0, 0.85 and 1.7 mM) on the growth and physiological processes of pumpkin were studied in plants inoculated with Sphaerotheca fuliginea (250000 conidia ml⁻¹) and non-inoculated plants under hydroponic condition. Applying silicon increased the Si concentration in plant tissues. Application of Si in plants inoculated with S. fuliginea decreased significantly severity of disease symptom (30%) and also the shoot membrane permeability was decreased. Addition of Si significantly increased the reactive sulfhydryl group content whereas disease decreased sulfhydryl group which was significantly lower in Si-free medium. The infected plants that were treatedwith 1.7 mM Si levels grew and yielded similar to non -infected pumpkins. Using Si nutrition decreased Fe and Mn and increased Zn concentration in the roots and shoots of plants. Alleviation of disease severity in the silicon treatments may be due to enhancing of plant tolerance to disease by decreasing of shoot membrane permeability, increasing the reactive sulfhydryl group content, and also due to effect of silicon on the uptake and distribution of some ions. This study revealed that Silicon at 1.7 mM used in hydroponic system effectively reduced powdery mildew and improved pumpkin growth.

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Aim: Caesarean section is dramatically increasing across the world. Pregnant women have an increasing tendency for caesarean section without acceptable medical indications. In general, 50 to 60% of childbirths in Iran are cesarean section. Despite the high complications of cesarean section, they are not caused by medical problems. Therefore, the current survey aims to screen the effect of education on choosing delivery mode based on BASNEF model.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was done on 160 nulliparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were assigned randomly to the intervention (80 subjects) and control (80 samples) groups. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to collect the required data. Education and its content were developed according to the BASNEF model and the pregnant women's educational requirements. Numerous education methods were implemented in all target groups of intervention including pregnant women, their family and the health staffs. To analyze the data, paired and McNemar tests through SPSS version 18 were utilized. Significant level was also considered <0.05.
Findings: The majority of women were in the age range of 24-20 years. Only 1.2% of the women were illiterate in both groups. Knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, subjective norms and intention were significantly different between the two arms before and 2 months after the intervention (p=0.001) except for intention. In addition, in the intervention group, they get information significantly from friends, families, printed materials, educational films, educational sessions in the Health Centers, and the health personnel after the intervention (p=0.001).
Conclusion: Designing educational programs about delivery mode based on BASNEF model appeared to be beneficial due to the model‟s emphasis on subjective norms and enabling factors; therefore, educational programs based on change behavior model can notably decrease the unnecessary cesarean section in the country.

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Aim: Health literacy means having basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between health literacy and knowledge in rural patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 120 patients with type 2 diabetes patients in 2016 in two health homes of Hossein Abad and Kaghazi villages of Aran and Bidgol City in Isfahan Province. Sampling was done by census. Data were gathered by three questionnaires. They were valid and standard questionnaires including demographic, knowledge and HELIA. The data were analyzed by SPSS16 software using descriptive statistics, T-test, correlation coefficient and ANOVA.
Findings: In this study, the participants were 66.7% women, 29/2% worker, 5/8% employee, 4/2% retired, 5% unemployed, and the rest were housewives. The mean score of health literacy and knowledge was 13/82±2/20 and 114±23/21, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 48/88±9/57 years, the mean score of knowledge and health literacy of the participants was 13/82±2/20, 114±23/21, respectively. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and knowledge (p=0.007) and between health literacy and educational level (p<0.05). Also there was a significant difference in health literacy between men and women (p=0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study on the relationship between health literacy and educational level, this study suggests that since the women have an axial role in family health, in order to improve the level of knowledge, the formal education level in rural women diabetic patients must be increased.

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In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.

After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Qur'an as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Qur'an and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Qur'an cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
However the holy Qur'an as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.

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The word " Qaswara " ((قَسْوَرَه  in the verse "Farrat men Qaswara "(فَرَّتْ مِنْ قَسْوَرَهٍ ) is one of the words that the translators, especially the Persian translators, have not translated in the same way. Unlike the Persian translations, the Latin translators have translated the word in almost the same way, but it is often accompanied by a question mark and sometimes an exclamation, which indicates the translator's doubt about the meaning of the word. In addition to the translators, commentators have also expressed different views on the meaning of this word, so that more than seven meanings for this word have been mentioned in the interpretations. There are many narrations in Shia and Sunni commentary sources regarding the meaning of Qaswara. Therefore, the commentators have chosen a separate interpretation for themselves based on the hadiths. This research has been done with a historical and linguistic approach and with a descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of finding the causes and origins of the difference in the meanings of this word in the process of time and presenting a meaning that is close to correct. Examining the sources of the word and the historical course of the interpretations and the analysis of the traditions carrying the meanings of this word show that both the lexicographers and the commentators do not have a definite opinion on the meaning of the word and over time some meanings prevailed over others and were gradually established and later it crystallized in the translations. The study of the genealogy of the word in the Semitic and Syriac languages shows that this word in this language means a weak donkey, which can be used in the semantics of "Qaswara".
 

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 Aspergillus flavus is one of the important species of molds that can produce toxins during improper storage of wheat grains. In this study, different amounts of calcium oxide (0, 0.5, and 1%) were mixed with wheat samples containing mold spores. After 20 days, the samples were exposed to gamma radiation (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 KGy). The presence of A. flavus, Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), aflatoxin B₂ (AFB₂), aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁), and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂) was assessed in samples. The results indicated that the effects of calcium oxide, gamma irradiation, and their interactions were significant on A. flavus, AFB₁, and AFB₂ contamination. Furthermore, other toxins like AFG₁ and AFG₂ were not found in the samples. An additional reduction in AFB₁ and AFB₂ was observed when irradiation was accompanied by Cao, and the maximum inhibition of aflatoxin production was achieved at 0.5% CaO. Consequently, based on the standard maximum limit of 10 KGy for cereals, the findings of this research suggest that 0.5% of calcium oxide and 10 KGy of irradiation could be applied in the storage of wheat grains to mitigate A. flavus, AFB₁, and AFB₂.

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Leptus (Leptus) molochinus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) was collected as an ectoparasite on Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Cicadella viridis (L. 1758) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae); the ectoparasitic mite, Solistrus mitrae Saboori, Ueckermann & van Harten, 2008 was also found on an undetermined ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Guilan province, Iran. Additional morphometric data for L. (L.) molochinus larvae are provided. Solistrus mitrae is reported for the second time in the world. Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), P. fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), C. viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are recorded as new host taxa for L. (L.) molochinus and unknown ant species is new host for S. mitrae.

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In this paper, free vibration analysis of moderately thick smart FG rectangular plate is presented on the basis of Mindlin plate theory. This structure is composed of a host FG plate and two bonded piezoelectric layers. The plate has two opposite edges simply supported (i.e., Levy-type rectangular plates). The closed circuit piezoelectric layers can be used as an actuator. According to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents, material properties vary continuously through the thickness of host plate. Using Hamilton's principle and Maxwell electrostatic equation, six complex coupled equations are introduced. These equations are exactly solved introducing the new potential and auxiliary functions as well as using separation of variables method. The accuracy of the frequencies is verified by the available literature and the finite element method. The present exact solution can accurately predict not only the out of plane, but also the in-plane modes of FG plate. Finally, the effects of various parameters such as boundary conditions, gradient index and thickness of piezoelectric layers on the natural frequency are investigated.

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This paper discusses the number of scholars and their scientific interests in the reign of Bu-veyhid. Buveyhid the most important Iranian-Shi ‘it dynasties appeared in the early era of Islam. They were so powerful that the Abbasid Caliphs had to obey them. According to their Shi ‘it religion, they practiced the idea of democracy and all sects were free in their reign. According to the survey more than 350 scholars were prominent in this period, during 320/900- 450/1050. If we count their specialty, the number increases to about 714. What is in-teresting is that we can find all fields specialists at that time. They are from all religions and also Islamic sects. The number of Shi ‘it scholars is outstanding among them.

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Understanding the impact of various factors on language testing is important. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how they affect test scores in order to design and standardize language tests (Bachman, 1990). Based on the same logic and considering the need of fair reviewing for any tests claimed by ETS (2010), it is essential to identify, reduce and eliminate factors unrelated to the structure that hinder the optimal performance of test takers (Messick, 1989).
 According to Vinson (2014), words themselves are a powerful tool for expressing emotions. Does a factor such as vocabularies in a text stimulate emotional reactions? When we read a text, we use our knowledge to understand its vocabularies, but in addition, by reading the vocabularies, emotion may be stimulated, which are deliberately not examined during the test.  This research is intended to investigate if the vocabularies of TOEFL passages are likely to stimulate emotion as the construct-irrelevant factor which could affect the accuracy and legitimacy of the TOEFL test. Also, our hypothesis is that the amount of emotion evoked in the words of TOEFL texts is different from each other, and other factors intervene in this category.
By using the initial pilot sampling and with the help of PASS Software  to determine the size of the final sample, 393 people were randomly selected by Random Number Generator Software. In addition, according to  the method of detecting emotions by forming an  emotional dictionry proposed by Turney (2002), the present study labled parts of speech of each word and then the words were grouped together as meaningful expressions into a five-page list of phrases like a dictionary. Through this method, the present study could determine the intensity and valenance of the selected particpants’ emotions in relation to the phrases selected from TOEFL iBT reading passages. Also, it was significant to measure if emotional intelligence could be influential on the evoked emotions of the words and phrases; thus, Emotional Intelligence Questionare of Schutte (1998) was selected.  The research procedure was that the selected participants read three TOEFL passages without answering their reading questions; instead, they did Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and self-reported their emotions through the five-page list of  words and phrases.
The results of this study confirmed the validity of the research hypotheses, in the sense that not only the words and phrases of the three TOEFL passages in this research caused emotions but also the three passages were different in terms of emotion, and it can be argued that this can be a construct-irrelevant factor when reading and comprehending TOEFL passages.

The results of this study can increase the awareness of TOEFL test designers. In other words, TOEFL test designers must consider the effect of emotional elements in language assessment because these elements may disrupt the mental order of test takers and can affect their performances. This study casts doubt on the validity and reliability of the TOEFL as a standard test. ETS (2010) is interested in a fair review of tests to identify and reduce factors unrelated to the structure so it is useful considering the emotional interactions in the process of assessing the validity and reliability of any tests.

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Aims: The industrial heritage buildings and sites can be a stage for people to meet, which create memorable experiences. Adaptive reuse of such buildings by applying the experience economy can provide more suggestions so that they can be exploited appropriately by designing different experiences.
Methods: In the present research, related documents and theories are studied by the lense of logical argumentation strategy. "personal context", "social context" and "physical context" based on the theoretical framework of the research have been emphasized.
Finding: The design of experience in Rey Cement factory has been done based on these three components using four realms of Pin and Gilmore. Therefore, proposed uses have been defined according to the principles considered in this research, considering the authenticity of the industrial site and the production of new collective experiences, the result of which is the coexistence of different uses in this site.
Conclusion: The industrial heritage of is the basis for the growth and development. Nowadays, conservation and adaptive reuse of such buildings can be in line with their previous goals in economic development. experience design is one of the newest ways in economics. The results of the research show that experience based design can be a useful tool for heritage conservation. And this research tries to deal with heritage tourism from an experience-based perspective based on the criteria obtained from the conceptual framework of the research. And to better explain the approach, suggestions have been made for the experience-based design of Ray Cement Factory.

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This study was performed to determine the identification (barcoding) using cytochrome oxidase gene of common carp, between three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan (respectively in Gomishan, Tajan and Kiashahr) in 2011. The results of sequencing showed that all samples from the three regions had a genetic distance less than 2%, so all samples were from the same species. The results of sequencing 30 tail samples of carp species on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea showed that all samples are of the same species and their genetic distance does not reach at least 2%. Therefore, all carp samples of the three provinces are of the same species and have the same type of barcode. In the study of nucleotide and haplotypic distance, Gomishan region was 10.75000, 1 and Kiashahr region were 3.200 and 0.9333, respectively. In the study of nucleotide diversity between the two regions, 0.01978 and the average nucleotide difference was 12.187. Haplotypic diversity in Gomishan region was 38.095 and in Kiashahr region was 23.809%. Out of 13 haplotypes, Gomishan region with 8 haplotypes (61.53%) and Kiashahr region with 5 haplotypes (38.46%) had the lowest haplotypes.The results of this study show that there is a significant difference between carp samples in Gomishan and Kiashahr regions in terms of nucleotide and haplotypic diversity (P <0.05).

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During a faunistic survey on mites in Kastamonu and Sinop provinces near Black Sea of Türkiye during the years 2013–2017, some larval specimens of parasitengone mites were collected from soil and light traps and identified as Erythraeus (E.) ankaraicus Saboori, Çobanoğlu and Bayram 2004, Allothrombium clavatum Saboori, Pešić and Hakimitabar, 2010, Abrolophus kazimierae (Haitlinger, 1986), Abrolophus poljankus Haitlinger and Šundić, 2021, Allothrombium meridionale Berlese, 1910, Empitrombium makolae Sevsay and Karakurt, 2013, Leptus (Leptus) slivovi Beron, 1975 and Calyptostoma velutinum (Müller, 1776). In this study, Leptus (Leptus) slivovi Beron, 1975, Abrolophus poljankus Haitlinger and Šundić, 2021 and Abrolophus balkanicus Haitlinger and Šundić, 2015 are new records to the mite fauna of Türkiye. Also, the identification key to known species of Abrolophus of the world without a comb-like seta on the palpal tarsus is updated.

 

 

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In this article, a special duct is introduced in which, inlet water jet initiates to oscillate after a short time and it causes the velocity and pressure to oscillate regularly. Considering that there is a linear relationship between the inlet jet velocity and its oscillations frequency, the flow rate can be calculated by measuring the pressure frequency. In order to study the flow field inside the current geometry of fluidic oscillator and also to find the optimum location for sensor to detect the pressure oscillation, the unsteady turbulent Navier-Stokes equations are solved by ANSYS CFX software. Having studied the grid independency, capability of K-ε and SST turbulence models for numerical simulation of unsteady flow inside the fluidic oscillator is considered. Then, according to the peak to average ratio (PAR) criterion, the qualities of pressure signals are compared at some points, to distinguish an optimum pressure sensor position. Afterwards, a prototype of fluidic oscillator flow meter is manufactured for the first time in Iran. Using this prototype and inserting the pressure and Piezoelectric sensor at the optimum point, the numerical simulation results are validated by the experimental data. Comparison between the numerical and experimental results shows that the SST model is more suitable for this flow simulation. Finally, by performing experiments in different flows, acquiring and processing pressure signals, the flow meter characteristic diagram (inlet jet oscillations frequency- inlet jet velocity) are extracted.

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Aflatoxin B1 is a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fungi during food production and storage. Aflatoxins have many toxic effects on the body that cause mutagens, teratogens and have high carcinogenic properties that cause cancer in the liver and other organs. Although conventional device methods for measuring aflatoxin B1 in food are sensitive and accurate, they have disadvantages such as high diagnostic time, high cost, the need for a trained user, and the creation of false positive results. Therefore, the development of new measuring methods has been prioritized by researchers. Among these measurement methods is the use of biosensors, which are fast, simple and more affordable and are used in the food industry today. In this work, a colorimetric optical aptasensor using gold nanoparticles with appropriate sensitivity and high selectivity was used to detect aflatoxin B1 in serum and buffer. For this purpose, gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing HAuCl₄ by sodium citrate (with a size of 14.40 nm and a zeta potential of -27.5). In this method, the protective effect of DNA sequence on the surface of gold nanoparticles has been used in the presence or absence of aflatoxin with the intervention of salt and the characteristic of visual color change. The detection limit of this method was estimated to be 50 ng/L and its linear range was 200-28000 ng/L. As a result, the designed aptasensor can be used for quick identification and screening of this toxin in contaminated food.