---

Background: The kiss peptins and its receptor G protein coupled receptor (GPR54) or KISS1 receptor system are being described as key signaling molecules for reproductive function in animal models and humans. They play essential roles in regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis and the onset of puberty and fertility. Objective: This study was performed to delineate the association of T305C (Leu 102 Pro) KISS1 receptor gene mutation with idiopathic female infertility in Iranian women. Methods: In this study, 140 healthy women with at least one child and no history of infertility and abortion and 130 idiopathic infertile women were recruited for this study.  By using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) method, the allele and genotype frequencies among infertile and healthy women were determined. Results: The gene frequencies of the 305 T and C allele of the KISS1 receptor were 45% and 54% among infertile women and 50% and 50% among healthy controls, respectively. The distribution of genotype frequencies in the patients and controls was as follows: TT (Leu/Leu) was 15% and 0%, TC (Leu/Proline) was 60% and 100% and CC (Pro/Pro) was 24% and 0% respectively. Structural analysis was performed using the MedCalc program (version 12). Our results suggests that significant association were not observed in genotype (P=0.8) and allelic (P=0.6) distribution between cases and controls. Conclusions: The data presented show that mutant allele C  is not a risk factor for infertility, suggesting that the presence of KISS1 receptor T305C mutation is probably not associated with idiopathic female infertility in this population (P>0.05).

---

Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
 

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strategic uncertainty on the business strategy through price, product, promotion, and location compatibility In Selected companies producing sports equipment. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and collecting data, a descriptive survey based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was selected productive sport facilities companies' staff. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, divergent validity tests and convergent validity was used in Smart Pls software. Also, Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire; The research findings indicate that strategic uncertainty has a significant effect on the business strategy through price, product, promotion, and location adjustment (P-value = 0.05). Therefore, companies producing sports equipment can develop their business by using strategic uncertainty of techniques such as price adjustment, product adjustment, promotion adjustment, and location adjustment.

---

China has launched the Silk Road Rehabilitation Project, a "one-way belt project," as a comprehensive regional project. The main goal of this project is to enhance the level of development of the countries between the eastern and western borders of Eurasia by facilitating regional cooperation and developing the infrastructure of the transit countries. The project has two routes: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21^st Century Maritime Silk Road. The one-way belt project has various geopolitical, economic, political and commercial dimensions. Areas of non-economic cooperation within the framework of this project include: ensuring the security of trade routes, strengthening counterterrorism cooperation at the regional level, designing mechanisms for resolving disputes over land and sea disputes, developing marine resources, and cooperating in the field of environmental protection and increasing in cultural exchanges. This study using the descriptive- analytic method explains the geopolitical position of Chabahar port in China’s Maritime Silk Road in the 21^st Century.

---

Tetranychus turkestani is one of the most important pests of greenhouse plants in the southern provinces of Iran. Several benefits of using essential oils over chemical pesticides make them appropriate for IPM programs. Contact and fumigant toxicity of the essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare and Citrus limon against the spider mite and its predator, Orius albidipennis were investigated under laboratory conditions. Contact toxicity experiments were conducted at six concentrations, (0, 50, 100, 300, 800 and 2000 ppm) of each essential oil on the mature and immature life stages of the pest, and mortalities were recorded 72 h after exposure. In fumigant toxicity trials, LC₅₀ values of the essential oils were determined on different developmental stages of T. turkestani and O. albidipennis. At 800 and 2000 ppm, both essential oils had high contact toxicity on the eggs, 2^nd instar nymphs and adults of T. turkestani, while the same concentrations caused less mortality on O. albidipennis. No significant phytotoxicity of the essential oils was observed. The mortality rates of T. turkestani and O. albidipennis increased as concentration was increased. Also, the 2^nd instar nymph of T. turkestani was more sensitive to contact application of the essential oils than other developmental stages. In the fumigant toxicity bioassay, LC₅₀ values of the essential oil derived from F. vulgare on the egg, 2^nd instar nymph and adult of T. turkestani were 16.08, 7.98 and 14.06, and the values for C. limon essential oil were 11.6, 9.86 and 11.52 µl × l^-1air, respectively. The highest fumigant toxicity was observed against the 2^nd instar nymphs of the mite. Fumigant toxicity of the essential oils was lower against O. albidipennis than against T. turkestani. This data suggests that the essential oils of these plants have the potential of being employed in the IPM programs of T. turkestani in greenhouse crops, especially cucumber.

---

Background: The current narrative review aims to describe microbial agents causing pneumonia briefly. In addition, the ongoing review tries to introduce the diagnostic methods from biochemical to molecular tests used routinely and the promising molecular methods which will be used in near future.
Methods: PubMed was searched for all review and original articles related to the lung infection. Studies providing insights into clinical symptoms, microbiology, risk factors, and diagnosis were included.
Rasult & Conclusion: Untreated respiratory infections are one of the most common health care problems worldwide. We tried to provide a collective view of new aspects of bacteriology and diagnosis methodology of lung infection detection.

---

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an extremely aggressive species infesting some of the main commercial fruit and vegetables, has been subjected to a diverse array of control approaches. In the current study, performance of various Methyl Eugenol (ME) dispensers in combination with an organophosphate insecticide, Malathion, were evaluated against B. zonata in two consecutive years (2006-2007). Treatments efficacy was studied in various months using the criterion of trapped B. zonata flies. ANOVA revealed a significant difference among various application methods in both fruit infestation rate and capture of B. zonata flies. So that impregnation of chipboard block in ME caused the lowest B. zonata infestation and the highest B. zonata capturing values in both years. Population fluctuation study revealed a major peak for B. zonata in September i.e., mango ripening time. According to our results, it could be suggested that chipboard dispenser is the best application method as attractant in bait trap which exhibits more potent and longer lasting activity.  

---

Mohammad Farajiha Assistant Professor Department of Law, Tarbiat Modarres University  This article attempts to explore the impact of criminological researches and findings on the two main areas of criminal policy: penal policy and victim policy. The question arises, however, that whether there is any connection between the policy reforms and research in these two areas and to what extent. In this article is tried to evaluate how far criminological policy in general and penal and victim policy in particular are research driven? What are the factors that influence policy _ making, and what, if any, is the role of research in it. Regarding penal policy, it draws attention to recent developments in penal law and practice that have caused concern to criminologists and discusses some of the reasons of why criminological finding appear to have had less impact on penal policy than many criminologists had hoped for. It suggests that some of may attach to criminologists for failing to establish a scientific legitimacy for their subject and concludes by arguing that criminology needs independent findings to guarantee a scientific agenda free of direct political influence. Researches on victims of crime in many societies have disclosed some real needs on their part, not only in practical terms, but also in terms of the need for greater attention from criminal justice agencies and for enhanced participation in the legal process. The rights of victims have been recognized on the level of declared policies and legislation, but, as in other areas of criminal policy, these policies are not necessarily based upon the findings of research. In victim policy, however, the conclusion that "nothing works" - which was claimed earlier in relation to penal interventions - would be premature. The problem is rather that "nothing is fully implemented.

---

Aims: In recent years, global warming has increased the importance of carbon sequestration. The present study was conducted to survey the effect of banqueting and fire on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in Atbatan rangelands of Bostanabad District.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, using systematic-random strategy, composite soil samples were taken from fire happened 2 years ago (in 2 aspects of east and west), banqueting constructed 25 years ago (in 2 aspects of north and south), and control sites. The SOC was measured and results were analyzed, using two-way ANOVA.
Findings: On the contrary of interaction effect, the main effects of aspect and fire were significant on SOC. The SOC of the control site with 28.9 t/ha was higher than the fire site with 21.76 t/ha. The average SOC in the eastern aspect was higher than the western aspect as such the average amount of SOC in western and eastern aspects were 28.94 t/ha and 21.72 t/ha, respectively. Banqueting had an increasing significant effect on SOC, as such SOC of the treatment site was 34.47 t/ha compared to the control site with 22.21 t/ha. The SOC in the northern and southern aspects was not significantly different, and the SOC of southern and northern aspects equaled 28.45 t/ha and 28.23 t/ha, respectively.
Conclusion: In conclusion, according to the results of the study, the occurrence of fire in rangelands can reduce the amount of SOC. The rangeland banqueting increases the amount of SOC in both aspects.
 

---

Aims: Awareness about the effects of banqueting and fire on the vegetation in rangeland ecosystems is necessary for appropriate management. Regarding the importance of sustainable rangelands management and the lack of studies about fire and banqueting, the aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of rangeland restoration practices (banqueting with seeding) and also fire on plant functional groups in semi-arid region of Atbatan Rangelands, Bostanabad.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, after choosing the treatments and control sites, via random-systematic method in each site, thirty 1-m² plots were established along three 30-meter transects (there were 30 plots for each area and 240 plots in total). The canopy cover of plant species was recorded within the plots and categorized based on plant functional groups.
Findings: The results of statistical data analysis showed that the percentage of total cover in the north and south aspects of banqueting with 69.17% and 62.03% was significantly higher than the control sites with 52.53% and 48.03%, respectively. Fire in west aspect has reduced the percentage of vegetation (53.6%) compared to the control site (72.93%) whereas it did not have a significant effect in east aspect.
Conclusion: Generally, it can be stated that banqueting in the north aspect has more and increasing effect on plant functional groups but fire has a more complicated behavior in different topographic conditions (aspect) in relation to the banqueting and in west control site in term of the most studied parameters it has significantly more values than the other sites.

---

Reviewing literature of the international market attractiveness evaluation and operational practice in Iran demonstrates that two approaches for international market selection are proposed: expansion approack and systematic approach. In expansion approach, firms gradually enter low geographical and cuftural distance markets. But, in systematic approach, by considering some factors and models, firms systematically evaluate and select foreign market(s). The importance and need for systematically evaluating and selecting potential foreign markets has been stressed by many researchers and several models for selecting international markets had been propos. But, current models do not pass the test of reality, because they are not adapted with exporter decision making process and they are not considered important aspect of reality. So, in this paper, we introduce a comprehensive international market attractiveness model that include demand attractiveness, attainment attractiveness, adaptation attractiveness and competition attractiveness. At last, according to the tested model, a fuzzy decision support system is developed.

---

The exclusionary mechanism has been approved by different criminal justice systems in various forms. While basic principle of approval of this rule in English legal system is restitution and compensation to victims of police abuse of power, American legal system mainly emphasises on the impact of this rule in deterring police violation of defendant's rights. Iranian penal code has recognized this rule in particular criminal case. It seems that translation of this rule into national criminal laws has been under the impact of international instruments and comparative studies without considering its theoretical basis and other necessary legal and administrative mechanisms. That is why this rule has remained at the rhetoric level and it is hardly come to reality, even in the case of gross violation of defendant's rights such as physical torture.

---

Objective: With consideration of lethal effects of aflatoxins specially B1 on human health. Estimation of aflatoxin-albumin adduct, as an important marker of aflatoxin exposure, seems essential. The aim of this study is optimization of HPLC-fluorescence method for measurement of this important marker in blood serum. Materials and Methods: In this study, blood serum of three groups of rats as A) positive controls (treated with AFB1), B) negative controls (without treatment) and standard rats (treated with radiolabeled AFB1) were used. After albumin isolation using ammunium sulphate and acetic acid, purity of albumin was tested by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and albumin concentration was quantified by bradford method. Then albumin was hydrolysed by pronase and aflatoxin bound to albumin was released as aflatoxin-lysine. Pronase was precipitated and albumin was digested by aceton in cold, the volume of supernatant was reduced by freeze-drier and injected into HPLC system. Aflatoxin was quantified in comparison to standard rats samples. Results: The purity of this isolated albumin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Albumin concentration in positive, negative and standard samples were 10, 13 and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. Detection limit (20 pg/mg Alb) for measurement of aflatoxin was determined by HPLC method, specificity and sensitivity of method were 92% and 100% respectively. The mean concentration of AF-Alb adducts in serum of positive control rats was 10 ng/mg Alb and the reproducibility of the method after several repeat was very good. Conclusion: In this study, for AF-Alb adduct quantification by HPLC method, mobile phase, percentage of solvents and run time were changed and the affinity chromatography before HPLC, was deleted. Therefor HPLC- fluorescence which is a precise and specific method, and since it is fast, highly reproducible and cost effective, also with improvement made, could easily be used for the quantification of this important marker in serum.

---

Iran is one of the most important fig producer countries around the world. Intermediate moisture fig is a processed product. One problem about intermediate moisture fig is that the color will be changed and transmute to brown during storage after processing. The purpose of this research was to study soaking temperature and time effects and to evaluate the effects of calcium chloride, cysteine, sodium metabisulphite and citric acid in various concentrations on prevention of semi-moisture fig browning at room temperature. Chemical compounds (protein, total sugar, fat, fiber and moisture) of fig samples were determined. In order to prepare product five different periods of time(3, 6, 9, 12, 15 min) and five different degrees of temperature (20, 40, 60, 80, 100°C) based on central composite rotational design were used. Samples were kept in room temperature for 2 weeks to evaluate the effects of soaking parameters on color and texture of product. After that moisture, color and texture of samples were determined. First different solution of calcium chloride (0.6, 1, 1.5, 2% w/w), citric acid (0.5, 1, 2, 3%w/w), cysteine (0.05, 0.07, 0.2, 0.5%w/w) and sodium metabisulphite (500, 800, 1000 and 1200 ppm ) were prepared. Dried figs were dipped in prepared solutions and water was used to evaluate control samples to optimize the time and temperature, then color of the samples were measured in specific period of time during four months. Results showed that temperature of 60°C and 3min interval provided 20% moisture in the product which assessed as the best moisture content for preserving color and texture. The most desirable L value was obtained using citric acid (1, 2, 3%w/w) and Calcium chloride (1.5%w/w). However sodium metabisulphite and cysteine in concentration of 0.07%, 0.05%, 0.2% showed significant difference with control, the results were not satisfactory. Results showed that using suitable temperature in rehydration of fig to inactivate poly phenol oxidase and chemical treatments to postpone and reduce the browning reaction rate were effective.    

---

Since the last few years, criminal policy authorities of Iran started to withdraw their previous emphasis on repressive approaches and under the impact of criminological studies and translation of policy initiatives in western countries new concept and vocabulary were entered into official discourse and criminal justice policy of Iran. Consequently, a list of community-based approaches to criminal justice system such as community-based punishment, community-based settlement council, community policing and community crime prevention became integral parts of the third and fourth 5-year Development plan (2000-4 & 2005-9) and the Second Judicial Reform Plan (2004-8) very rapidly. Regardless of how these ideas and policies are introduced to the Iranian criminal policy, the most important questions should be asked in this field are that to what extent thes policies will meet current needs of criminal policy of Iran? To what extent community-based approaches are adapted to socio-economic, cultural and political contexts in Iran? It seems that, successful reforms in the area of public participation in criminal justice needs to some pre-conditions such as; structural changes, cultural capacity building and understanding the principles or rationales which are standing behind each of these reforms. Our effort in this article is to describe and criticize two important aspects of community-based approach to criminal justice in Iran; Community-based punishments and settlement councils.

---

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of bread produced by yeasts and  lactobacillus isolated from native Iranian sourdough. Initially for the preparation sourdough, fresh microbial cells with certain number of colonies, by centrifugation were isolated of initial culturing bacteria and yeasts. Then equivalent 10% weight flour ,microbial cells mixed with equal amounts of water and flour. After processing identical samples to assess the quality characteristics of bread used  of  sensory evaluation test, image processing and Texture analysis. The experiments in a completely randomized design and completely randomized block with three replications were performed. The results showed that the samples significant effect  on the quality characteristics. The results indicate that sourdough can be  increasing the porosity of the sample So that e treat with 42 percent  had the highest degree of porosity also sourdough delaying staling. According to the results from this study, treatment of Lactobacillus reuteri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae had  best Sensory evaluation, porosity and texture.

---

Mallow (Malva neglecta) is grown in Middle East countries. In herbal medicines mallow is used as pain decreasing, importing injuries and removing gastrointestinal problems, respiratory system and so on. These specifications are dependent on structural components and plant mucilage respectively. In this study structural components and amount of leaves and stems mucilage was analyzed.In spring, leaves with stems were collected, dried and powdered. Quantity of protein, fat, ash, fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by AOAC and Iranian Standard methods. Mucilage of M.neglecta was extracted by deionized water in 90^OC and extracted mucilage was dried in 50^OC oven. Phenol-sulfuric acid method was used to determination of total carbohydrate. Leaves and petioles of M.neglecta are rich in protein and ash.40% of fatty acids is linolenic acid and more than 50% of total fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids. Extracted mucilage was totally 12% in dry matter of plant. Total carbohydrate of M.neglecta mucilage was % 75.97±2.46 respectively. Having useful ingredients like zinc, copper, iron, protein, unsaturated fatty acid and high amount of mucilage demonstrates worth of M.neglectain food and medicines. Phenol sulfuric acid method was used in different temperatures from environment till boiling temperatures. Also using phenol-sulfuric acid method in boiling temperature was done before but in combination by autoclave instrument for getting total carbohydrates of M.neglecta mucilage is the first action.

---

A part of management of solid waste related to site selection for healthy landfill. some method and technique delivered for site selecting. Among them analytic network process (ANP), a multi-criteria decision-making technique have some priority that can be a proper model for site selection because represents a framework with a bidirectional relationship. the ANP allows for complex interrelationships among decision levels and attributes. The ANP feedback approach replaces hierarchies with networks in which the relationships between levels are not easily represented as higher or lower, dominant or subordinate,direct or indirect. The elements of a cluster may influence some or all the elements of any other cluster.therefor. This paper addresses the problem of solid waste location selection using the analytic network process (ANP), a multi-criteria decision-making technique. The ANP technique enables us to consider both qualitative and quantitative criteria as well as the interdependencies and feedbacks. Selection of the appropriate landfill site is a complex problem and requires an extensive evaluation process considering the requirements of public sector, governmental, environmental objectives, etc. A number of criteria (social, environmental and technical) and their sub-criteria were considered for sitting a landfill on the Qucahn as the case study. The process of site selection was performed through some steps that will be discussed throughout the paper in detail. Finally, the suitable land units for landfill were selected.

---

In this paper a node enrichment-moving error estimate and adaptive refinement procedure in Mixed Discrete Least Squares Meshless (MDLSM) method is suggested to improve the solution of elasticity problems. The suggested method uses of two node enrichment and node moving refinement procedures simultaneity. The voronoi diagram is used to locate the position of new added nodes in enrichment step. The errors of new added nodes, after each enrichment procedure, are calculated via interpolation rather than the error of simulation nodes to reduce the computational effort. So, the additional simulation effort saves and the steps of suggested method and conventional enrichment procedure are same. Completing the enrichment step, a node moving procedure is used to improve the solutions and solving the nodes excessive vicinity problem that is happened in conventional node enrichment procedure, especially with irregular node distribution. The node enrichment-moving method is continued to obtain the desirable accuracy. The proposed method is used to solve several examples and the results are presented and compared with those of conventional node enrichment procedure and analytical exact solutions. The results show superior efficiency, effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method compared to conventional node enrichment method.

---

The objective of this study was to determine the inbreeding depression on growth traits in Moghani sheep. Pedigree information of 8836 animals collected during the years of 1987 to 2006 by Moghani Breed Center in Jafar Abad Moghan, were used for analysis. The base population year was 1988. Analysis of the records was performed by ASReml software. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the regression of performance on the individual inbreeding coefficients via fitting an animal model. The mean inbreeding for all animals, females and males, were 0.500, 0.515 and 0.484 %, respectively. Totally, 24.22 % of all the animals were inbred. The mean of inbreeding for inbreed animals was 2.062 %. The rate of increased inbreeding per year for all animals was 0.05%. The inbreeding depression for body weight traits at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was , respectively, -0.007, - 0.291, - 0.026, -0.018 and -0.041 kg, per 1% increase in individual coefficient.