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The positive role of reflective teaching and well-being as means of fostering teaching quality has mainly remained at the level of speculation and there is little empirical evidence to illustrate their impact on enhancing professional development. To fill this existing gap, this study examines the contribution of reflection and psychological well-being as predictors of professional development. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, 350 English language teachers were selected randomly and participated in a survey. Following that, six teachers through purposeful sampling participated in a focus group interview to investigate the relationship among the aforementioned variables. The correlational analysis confirmed the positive relationship among these three constructs and a structural equation modeling indicated that both reflection and well-being significantly predicted professional development; however, well-being was a stronger predictor compared to reflection. The qualitative analysis of data revealed four main themes contributing to professional development among teachers. The pedagogical implications are also elaborated and discussed.

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Asiatic citrus canker is a devastating disease resulting in drastic economic losses in citriculture worldwide. Amongst three different types of the disease, i.e. A, A* and A^w, the A* type is genetically less known. In order to comprehend the behavior of the Asiatic citrus canker A*-type strain (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) in the vicinity of the host cells, a targeted semi-quantitative transcript analysis approach via RT-PCR was carried out. A subset of sixteen genes, as representative of different steps involved in phytopathogencity, was analyzed on the culture medium (as uninduced) and compared with the subset isolated from the infected Mexican lime (Citrus auarntifolia L.) plants (as induced). The results showed that certain genes were up-regulated in induced condition, suggesting a putative role in bacteria-host interaction. Furthermore, the transcripts in induced condition could be classified into constitutive, early- and late-responsive genes, demonstrating their functional relevance during the host-pathogen interaction.    

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In this paper, behavior of teleoperation systems with modeling error and delay time error in Smith predictor is discussed. In teleoperation systems, modeling error is inevitable. This paper discusses stability of teleoperation systems with modeling error. First, error of delay time in teleoperation systems by using of Internet as communication channel is considered and the performance of Smith predictor in teleoperation systems with delay time error is discussed. Next, a new structure for teleoperation system is proposed. An adaptive filter is integrated into the new structure for determination of delay time in communication channel. The new structure augments wave variables and Smith predictor to provide an effective method for teleoperation systems. Along with the adaptive filter, this new structure is shown to overcome instability due to the variability of the delay times. Simulations results show significant improvements in the system performance.

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Beauveria spp. as entomopathogenic fungi have extremely diverse insect host ranges.Here, a comparative transcript analysis of a Bassiasin I (BSNI), a Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP), a Cytochrom P450 monooxygenase (CYP52), a Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and a Neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS) in two isolates of Beauveria bassiana., with low and high virulence, were carried out. For this, induction media, containing isolated cuticles from four insects, and a check medium lacking any cuticular extract were prepared and isolates were allowed to grow on them. Interestingly, up-regulation of BSNI and DPP in induction media was noted in comparison to the check, following normalization with γ-ACTIN. CYP52 was up-regulated in synthetic medium in comparison to cuticular extract. MAPK expression was greater in most virulent isolate once compared with the low virulent isolate. The expression of MAPK was greater in the presence of Caliptamus italicus cuticles and synthetic medium as opposed to others. NCS expression remained on changed in all media tested and can be suggested as a reference gene in transcriptomics of Beauveria spp. genes in future.  

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The study of Persian storyteller's scrolls (Tumārs) as written documents of Iranian epic tradition, is sometimes difficult due to their massive volumes and intricate stories. However, dividing these texts into their elements facilitates inter-textual analyses. With the use of the global motif-index of folk literature, a framework will be shaped to index motifs for Tumārs. This motif-index enables easier access to each motif in different narratives, rooting the motifs and analysis of development, evolution, influences and survival of each motif in different eras as well as comparative studies of narratives. This index also will facilitate a basis for analytical and stylistic study of Tumārs according to their motifs. The purpose of this article is to show the consistency of global motif-index with Persian folk tales especially epic tales and a kind of text analysis with this pattern. By indexing motifs of Rostam's seven labors in Haft lashkar, this paper aims to show that the framework of motif-index is consistent with Persian folk narratives and by analyzing the motifs of this tale, some little characteristics of Persian Tumārs are shown. Hence, it highlights the richness of Iranian folk literature and tradition by adding new motifs to the global index. This kind of indexing can be used as a framework for all Persian folktales to manage all those massive stories and for easier access to their contents.

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The current research, taking into account three standards of Beaugrande & Dressler’s textual-cognitive model i.e. cohesion, coherence, intertextuality, explains the four-fold stages of textual perception in Sohrab Sepehrie's poetic collection Zendegi-ye Khwabhâ (Dreams’ Life). The aim of the study is to find a new analytical method of the contemporary poetry that is identified through the text hence; it is a collection of identical and mental processes that gradually ring forth the method of understanding and stages of perception to readers. Based on the above model, this study elaborates on a quadric procedure, consisting of parsing, concept recovery, idea recovery and plan recovery for perceiving Sepehrie’s poetry. Here, “parsing” is achieved through collocation; “concept recovery”, through finding the schema; “idea recovery” through taking a sequence of actions and looking for background knowledge and intertextuality; and finally the “plan recovery” through attachment. In other words, a receiver arrives at sequence of actions following collocations that fills the gap in the text and discovers the poet’s schema through sharing his/her background information with instances of intertextuality. Sepehrie succeeded in expressing his metaphysical experiences in a compact way through repeating and describing a chain schema via appealing to surrealism and mysticism as elements of intertextuality.

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In recent decades, obesity has turned into a public health problem worldwide due to its high prevalence, costs, and negative health effects. In 2014, over 1.9 billion adults (over 18 years of age) were overweight; of these, more than 600 million were obese [1, 2]. Adulthood-related health problems come from unhealthy behavioral patterns during childhood. Obese children are more likely to have obesity in adulthood, and even disability and premature death may threat them. In addition, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), insulin resistance, psychological disorders, depression and social isolation [3]. Childhood obesity is caused by excessive food consumption and drinking of high-calorie sweetened beverages, lack ofphysical activity, and genetic factors; other behavioral and environmental factors may also play a main role in this regard [4].
The rapidly rising rates of childhood obesity and subsequent increasing burden of disease and disability have grave social and economic consequences, contributing to the rising cost of health services, limiting economic growth and exacerbating health inequalities and inequities. Hence, control and prevention of childhood obesity is a vital issue, and the related interventions can guarantee these children’s health in future [5]. Obesity is preventable and solvable if people get acquainted with the disease and its consequences and perform the recommended preventive health behaviors. Although health education is the first step to change unhealthy behaviors, but health education programs merely are not sufficient. To combat obesity and its negative effects, comprehensive policies through coordinating and collaborating with other sustainable development sectors are required [6, 7].
The cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 416junior high-school students who
were selected using stratified random sampling in Khoy City, North West of Iran. The aim of the research was to evaluate the causes of obesity among children in the view of students. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods in the SPSS software (ver.22). The results showed that the prevalence of obesity in the studied was 19%, which is a high and alarming risk factor according to the available statistics in the world; also the main predictors of obesity were: 1) Sedentary life style due to watching screens of television and computer for more than two hours per day, 2) Eating high-fat and unhealthy foods, and 3) Drinking sweetened beverages instead of water. There was a statistically significant relationship between the above three factors and obesity in children (P<0.05).
It is required that several effective public health programs and urgent measures be utilized for the control of obesity in children. To prevent and control obesity in students, the following strategies are recommended: a) raising people’s knowledge and attitudes regarding obesity preventive lifestyle; b) limiting the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages (sugary drinks) and choosing healthier foods (such as grains, fruits and vegetables, healthy fat and protein sources) for children; c) adding health-related educational contents in the schools’ curricula; d) be a role model (parents and teachers who eat healthy foods and participate in physical activity are good examples for the children and students to more likely do the same; e) limiting the time of viewing television, computer, and “sit time”; f) encouraging physical activity (children should have 60 minutes of moderate physical activity in most days of the week); g) providing specific places for walking and bicycling in the urban environments to promote physical activity; and h) advertising and promoting healthy lifestyle for people through mass media [8, 9]. In general, obesity should be considered as a health problem with high priority by health decision makers and policymakers, and steps should be taken to control and prevent it at both individual and community levels. In this way, effective strategies should be used with regard to the capabilities of the community and in accordance with the policies of the communities.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors had the major role in the following areas: study concept and design; acquisition of data; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; statistical analysis; and administrative, technical and material support.
Funding/Support
This study was supported by Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia/Iran
 

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Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola has a great negative impact on yield and quality of sugar beet. In the present study, pathogenic and genotypic variation of 24 C. beticola isolates collected from different regions of Iran were studied using RFLP of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS-RFLP), and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). Pathogenic variability and genotype × isolate interaction were evaluated in greenhouse experiments on five sugar beet cultivars (FD0018, HM1836, Puma, Eudora and Monatuna). All of the 24 isolates tested were found to be pathogenic on the cultivars with significant variation in disease severity. Results of RAPD analysis showed wide DNA polymorphism among the Iranian C. beticola isolates. Restriction pattern of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS1-5.8-ITS4) was studied using three restriction endonucleases: EcoR1, Taq1, and Busr1. The length of undigested DNA fragment of all isolates was estimated to be 500bp without rDNA polymorphism after digestion with EcoR1 (280, 270 bp), Taq1 (330 bp) and Busr1 (240, 220, 90 bp). RAPD and ITS-RFLP markers showed the highest level of genetic diversity which confirms the variation in C. beticola detection.

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The Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) is causal agent of bacterial citrus canker which is major disease of citrus throughout the world. The pthA bacterial effector protein is presented within the infected plants and indispensable of canker. The scFv antibodies are valuable tools for diagnosis and suppression of pathogens within plants. The present article describes developing and characterization of specific recombinant monoclonal scFv antibodies against pthA effector protein. For this aim, the gene encoding pthA protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and used for screening of Tomlinson phage display antibody library to pinpoint specific single chain variable fragment (scFv). In each round of panning, the affinity of phage towards pthA was checked by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data was indicative of about 50% of the monoclonal phages to be reactive strongly against pthA protein. Among the positive clones, 5 samples (A12, B8, C1, H8 and G8) were capable of detecting Xcc-infected plant samples and recombinant pthA protein. Restriction fragment length polymorphism showed similar banding pattern for all 5 scFvs as renamed to pthA-scFG8. HB2151 E. coli cells were infected by the phage bearing pthA-scFG8, and the expression of the peptide was induced by IPTG to produce a 30 kDa recombinant molecule. I-TASSER was used for homology modeling of both scFv and pthA and docking was carried out by Hex program. The latter demonstrated binding energy of −784 kcal/mol in scFv-pthA. 

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The purpose of this research, which is conducted in a descriptive analytical and statistical manner, is to examine the criterion of cohesion and one of its components, the Normal Ordering Strategies in the poem entitled  “Manzoome be Shahriar", and its effect on the extent of poem textuality. The principle of Grice's cooperation consists of four maxims entitled quantity, quality, manner and relevance. However, the producer may violate these rules to create implicatures. According to Beaugrande & Dressler,   Principles of Grice's cooperation in text linguistics determinine the various aspects of cohesion and the level of informativity and textuality. The present study seeks to determine Which Grice’s maxim is the case of violation in the poem “Manzoome be Shahriar".What are the functions of this type of violation and how much does it affect the textuality of Nima poetry? . The result is that the violation of the Manner Maxim in the poem “Manzoome be Shahriar" is more obvious than the other three maxims and the poem has violated all three conditions. In the above-mentioned poetry, Nima violates the "shift from the first condition,  "rearrangement the constituents" in the phrases and the sentences, " parenthesis”" and " apposition", the second condition is "excerpts" which goes with it and the third condition is away from the ambiguity that is denied by the use of grammatical ambiguity. Each case was analyzed according to the manner maxim violation frequency, and its contextual and textual factors. Rearrangement of the constituents has been due to Nima's nativism, the emphasis on the part of the word and other purpose-oriented goals. A rejection of "excerpts" is due to the novelty of the poem and its need for detailed explanations". Group and structural Ambiguity" have been due to the tendency of Nima to obscure the poetry. Thus, the functions of the violation of the rule of reasoning are the creation of a new poetic language, attracting the attention of the audience to a specific section of the sentence and stylistic and political considerations. At the end, the impact of the violation was measured on the informativity, intentionality and textuality. Nima has changed the rules of language in order to achieve newer language features, but by doing so, it reduces the cohesion and consequently, the informativity and intentionality of poetry. Since the use of ambiguous sentences, prolonging sentences and numerous center embedding, get the mind occupied by margins and reduces the " informativity ,the " intentionality " and "acceptability" of the word and, consequently, "textuality". Thus, in the present study, the principles of cohesion indicate the use or deviation of the Grice’s semantic rules by referring to Beaugrande and Dressler cognitive-textual approach in order to make their theory practical in better understanding of intentionality. While Beaugrande and Dressler have practically used problem-solving methods, global patterns and interactive planning to achieve Intentionality and textuality.
 

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Here we report the presence of Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, 1971 from Iran, which has been collected on mulberry in Gilan province, as well as on bitter orange and Japanese spindle in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The specimens were collected while feeding on scale insects, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock, 1881) and Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard, 1869) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Photos of habitus and genitalia with some taxonomic comments are presented.

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Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the determinants of COVID-19 preventive behaviors among women of reproductive age in Urmia using a behavioral change model.
Instrument & Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study examined 400 women selected by the snowball and convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a valid and reliable electronic researcher-made questionnaire consisting of four sections (demographic characteristics, knowledge, model constructs, and preventive behaviors) and analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistical methods by SPSS 16.
Findings: There was a positive correlation between COVID-19 preventive behaviors with self-efficacy (p<0.001, r=0.68), knowledge (r<0.26, p<0.001), cues to action (p<0.001, r=0.29), perceived benefits (p<0.001, r=0.43), perceived susceptibility (p=0.002, r=0.15), and  perceived severity (p<0.001, r=0.20), and a negative and significant correlation with perceived barriers (p<0.001, r=-0.32). The constructs of the health belief model predicted 50% of the variance of preventive behaviors, and the self-efficacy construct (p<0.001, β=0.5388) was the strongest predictor.
Conclusion: Given the effective role of the research model in explaining the determinants of the COVID-19 preventive behaviors, the health belief model (HBM) and effective constructs can be used in educational planning and interventions.

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Abstract This paper presents a multiobjective power control algorithm that updates the transmitted power based on local information. The proposed algorithm is expanded by using multiobjective optimization schemes. The objectives to be optimized in this paper are determined so as to reduce the SINR fluctuations as well as maintaining the SINR to an acceptable level with minimizing an average transmitted power. The convergence properties of the proposed algorithm are studied theoretically and with numerical simulations. The results indicate that the algorithm converges more rapidly and has lower average transmitted power than other existing algorithms. The current study also suggests a practical version of the proposed algorithm and compares it to the existing totally distributed bang-bang power control (B-BPC) or fixed step power control (FSPC) and multiobjective totally distributed power control (MOTDPC) algorithms. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm is potentially much more efficient in terms of convergence speed and average consumption power than the other two algorithms.  

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Marriage is a demographic, social and economic phenomenon and age of marriage is a good instrument for its analysis. Age pattern of marriage among women in Iran has recently changed. Mean age at first marriage increased from 19.9 years in 1986 to 22.4 years in 1996 and to 23.3 years in 2006. In this article various factors affecting age of marriage are identified. An economic approach to define and identify parameters and variables of the model and the mechanisms that affect marriage and its timing are also used. Under this approach an econometric model to identify socioeconomic factors affecting women’s marriage pattern in Iran is developed. Data is from the 2001 Socioeconomic Survey of Iranian Households and the 1996 census of Iran. Proportional Hazard Cox Regression model is used to analyze data. The application of Proportional Hazard Cox Regression technique indicates that education has a statistically significant and strong positive effect on woman’s age at the first marriage. Other significant factors include rural–urban residence, ethnic group, age group, and socioeconomic status of the household.

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Prediction of stress-strain behavior of geotechnical material is one of the major efforts of engineers and researchers in the field of geomechanics. Experimental tests like tri-axial shear strength tests are the most effective apparatus to prepare the mechanical characteristics of gravelly material; but due to difficulties in preparing test samples and costs of the tests, only several tests will be done in a new project. Artificial neural network is a kind of method, in which engineer could judge the results based on numerous data from other similar projects, which enable the engineer to have a good judgment on the material properties. In this research, the behavior of gravelly material was simulated by use of multi-layer perceptron neural network, which is the most useful kind of artificial neural networks in the field of geotechnical engineering. For instance, first exact information was provided from laboratory tests of various barrow areas of embankment dams in the country and effective parameters on shear strength of coarse-grained material were studied. After omitting incorrect or weak data, 95, 20 and 23 sets of data were used for learning, testing and evaluating data, respectively. Input parameters for the model were as follows: particle-size distribution curve, dry density, relative density, Los-angles abrasion percent, confining pressure, axial strain; and outputs were selected as deviator stress. In order to reach a steady state in the model and force the model to behave homogenous to the all inputs, data was normalized to the value between .05 and 0.95. In the simulation, back-propagation algorithm was used for learning or error reduction. The aim of the simulations was defined to reduce error between real data and predicted values; for instance root mean square error (RMS) was used to be minimized through simulation and predicted versus real graphs were used to observe the global error of the model. After modeling the data based on some criteria, it was shown that curves of stress-strain from simulation tests were in good agreement with those from laboratory. These close coherencies were observed in all training, testing and evaluation data, in which the RMS errors were 0.038, 0.037 and 0.026, respectively. To reach this ultimate step, a 10*19*1 multilayer perceptron was used via trial and error. In order to determine quality and quantity of the effect of inputs on outputs, and prove that the results were in good agreement with soil mechanic principles, sensitivity analyses were done on the average data of the inputs. Results show that confine pressure, uniformity coefficient and relative density of the material were the most effective parameters on the stress-strain curves; thus the model has enough capability to predict the stress-strain behavior of gravelly soils.

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Objective: Tissue engineering is an (interdisciplinary field that applies polymeric scaffolds to control tissue formation in three-dinemtion (3D). The scaffold provides the microenvironment (synthetic temporary extracellular matrix) for regenerative cells, supporting cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and neo tissue genesis due to their suitable chemical, physical and biological structures. In this study, chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (CS/PVA) was exploited as scaffold for nerve regeneration. Materials and Methods: Electrospinning was used to fabricate CS/PVA nanocomposites for U373 cells seeding and proliferation. Electrospinning is a versatile and simple method to fabricate non-woven thin layer fibers from polymeric solutions. Consequently, the biocompatibility of CS/PVA nanocomposite was evaluated using biological assays and cell attachment study. Results: Results indicated that CS/PVA nanocomposites with 15/85 proportion shown an almost homogenous network of the electrospun fibers and confirmed that they can be knitted in meshes and improve U373 cells proliferation and cell attachment. Conclusion: The nano-sized CS/PVA scaffolds are nontoxic and biocompatible which can promote proliferation of U373 cells and their appropriate adhesion to nanocomposite for improved peripheral nerve regeneration.

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This paper considers control of a laboratory Quadruple Tank System (QTS) in its non-minimum phase mode. This system is a well-known laboratory process suitable to illustrate the concepts of multivariable control methods. The objective of this paper was to design a controller based on combination of the sliding-mode and the state-feedback control methods using fuzzy logic. The proposed method takes advantage of the fast transient response of the sliding-mode controller and the zero steady-state error of the state-feedback controller. In other words, the fuzzy system uses the SMC when the QTS is in the transient mode and utilizes the SFC when it is near the steady-state mode. Hence, the advantages of both controllers have been used simultaneously. The switching between these two controllers is continuous and smooth based on a few simple fuzzy rules. Stability analysis of the proposed method is presented based on the Lyapunov stability direct method. Experimental results confirmed effectiveness of the proposed method as compared with the stand-alone controllers, especially when there are uncertainties in the system parameters.

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Abstract
This study aims at extracting, classifying and analyzing the functions of describing the buildings in the novel “The Year of Turmoil” by Abbas Maroufi. Then it explores these functions in the formation of structure, as a result of its subsequent effects on the text and its relation with the reader. The findings of the study indicate that the architecture and the presence of buildings play the role as active elements in various dimensions of this novel. These functions can be categorized as follows: the realistic function of buildings in the story; the effect of buildings on the plot of the story; the role of buildings in space and scenery; the sympathetic and nostalgic effect of describing the buildings; the effect on developing characters and characterization; architecture; the regulative element of events and event; the identity-creator element of architecture. This case study not only examines the narrative style of such famous authors like Maroufi and the role of architecture in his works, but also it can unfold the relation between architecture and literature which is extensively represented in a Persian fiction.

Extended Abstract
This study aims at extracting, classifying and analyzing the functions of describing the buildings in the novel “The Year of Turmoil” by Abbas Maroufi. Then it explores these functions in the formation of structure, as a result of its subsequent effects on the text and its relation with the reader.
One of the materials utilized by storytellers is the architectural elements in the complex structure of the story. This usage has been manifested in various forms in narrative texts, including the creation of atmosphere, as an effective element in identifying or developing characters, and sometimes even as a component of the narrative plot and as an element of verification.
Architecture is widely used in Abbas Maroufi's novel “The Year of Turmoil”; therefore, it was chosen as a case to probe into the capacities and functions of describing buildings in Persian fiction. As exposing the codes and the elements of the intertwined structure of this novel with architecture is being discussed, the aim is to achieve a model to conduct a comprehensive research on the relationship between architecture and literature, a relationship which is overlooked by the researchers despite its significance.
This article is an interdisciplinary comparative study that analyzes atmosphere and architectural elements and their effect on the elements of the story using a qualitative and inductive method. To understand the function of describing the buildings in this work and consequently in fiction, first the types of buildings in various sorts of stories based on the relationship between the text and the real world were discussed: 1. using a real building in a real story; 2. using a real building in a fictional story; 3. using an imaginary building in a real story; and 4. using an imaginary building in a fictional story. According to this classification, the events, characters, and the buildings in “The Year of Turmoil” are all imaginary. Therefore, “Maroufi” is the omnipotent creator of the world of his narration, and thus, the architect of the buildings in this novel.
Based on the analysis, the functions of the description of the building and interior spaces in the novel “The Year of Turmoil” are as follows:
1. Using the building for verification by describing the exterior and interior spaces of the building to reflect the historical and cultural background of the assumed society and to imagine the events of the story as real by relying on the reader’s experience of the elements of the traditional atmosphere;
2. The effect of buildings on the plot of the story due to the effect of place and buildings on the causal relationship with other elements;
3. The role of buildings in creating atmosphere and crafting scenes; as the author in this novel, relying on his own spatial experience and also his reader’s, has made the sequence of the events understandable and accessible by depending on atmosphere creating and scene crafting and using buildings and architectural space;
4. Studying the influence on character development and characterization as in the relationship between the individual and the atmosphere in which they live or to which they react;
5. Influencing the reader by creating a sympathetic and nostalgic sense for a better understanding of the atmosphere and empathy with the characters of the novel;
6. Using descriptions, the author creates a relationship between events and atmosphere through a pattern of repetition of events, which is used to embed the critical points of the story, and using atmosphere as a place at which various and sometimes unusual events occur can be justified. Identifying the real place by using the building and imaginary events are also other functions of describing the building in this story.