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The current study evaluated the interactive impacts of water temperature and feeding rate on digestive enzymes, intestine histology, growth and stress-related genes, and cultivable intestinal microbiota of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). For this purpose, 180 fish (85.0±3.0 g) were reared at three different temperatures (20, 27, and 33 °C) and two feeding rates (apparent satiation and 2.5% of biomass) with three replications for 6 weeks. The results revealed no significant differences among different treatments regarding the activity of digestive enzymes (P˃0.05) of fish reared under different temperatures and feeding rates. The length, width, and thickness of intestinal villi were unaffected by different temperatures and feeding rates (P˃0.05). In addition, no variations were found in the total aerobic bacterial count of fish gut from different experimental groups (P˃0.05). At the molecular level, IGF-I and HSP70 coding genes were found to be highly expressed in experimental treatments (P<0.05). To conclude, present results showed that temperatures between 27 to 33 °C are more optimal for Asian seabass, and the different temperatures and feeding rates do not affect digestive enzymes, intestine histology, and gut microbiota after 6 weeks. Further molecular research is needed to unravel the complex impact and mechanisms of feeding rate and different rearing temperature on fish physiology.

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This research investigates the vegetation of 4600 ha of Polour semi-steppe rangelands in relation to edaphic and physiographical parameters in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, 23 land units were selected from overlaying slope, aspect and elevation maps using geographic information system (GIS). Within each unit, 3 parallel transects with 100 m length, each containing 10 quadrates (according to vegetation variation) were established. Sampling method was Random systematic. Measured soil properties included texture, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphor, and litter. Soil and plant data were analyzed with redundancy analysis and SHAZAM 10 package. RDA analysis suggesting that there is a relatively high correspondence between vegetation and environmental factors that explain 93% of the total variance in data set. RDA results showed that soil slope, aspect, soil texture, acidity, phosphor, and litter were the major environmental factors responsible for variations in vegetation patterns. Furthermore, results also showed that for F .ovina and P .bulbosa, acidity and nitrogen, for A .gossypinus, organic matter and salinity and for D .glomerata, nitrogen have the most important role in plant presence and absence probability.

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Fifteen species belonging to ten genera of the encyrtid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) were collected in southern Iran and are presented here with the host records. Four species are newly recorded for the Iranian fauna: Blastothrix aprica Sugonjaev, 1964; Psyllaephagus belanensis (Hoffer, 1963); Psyllaephagus pulchellus (Mercet, 1921) and Anagyrus archangelskayae Trjapitzin, 1972. Some new host associations were found for 10 encyrtid species. Two misidentifications were corrected. Available biological data as well as geographical distribution for each species are also included.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the brand's special value and the audience's loyalty to the brand in Iranian sports clubs. The descriptive research method was correlational and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population included sports club spectators, whose sample size was determined based on Morgan's table for a population of 1,800 people, and 317 people were selected through available and targeted sampling. Aker's brand value questionnaire and Mahoney's audience loyalty questionnaire were used to collecting data. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used simultaneously with SPSS version 25 software to analyse the data. Based on the results of the research, it was observed that the special value of the brand has a significant direct positive effect on audience loyalty with the path coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.891); Therefore, it can be said that the special value of the brand has a significant positive effect on the loyalty of the audience. It is suggested according to the results.

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Description: Integrity of urban facades greatly influences the order of urban view and landscape. Facades themselves have various components and aspects. The structural quality and layout of said aspects and components requires integrity, whether in a single façade, in conjunction with neighboring facades or in the total urban scale. This integrity requires regulations and principles the effectiveness of which is the focus of this study.
Objective: Evaluating the effectiveness of façade construction regulations enforced by municipalities and other competent authorities in the 1968-2021 period, concerning the integrity of urban facades and their components.
Method: This is a qualitative study with an exploratory-descriptive approach and a critical attitude. Initially the most effective urban façade integrity parameters were determined. Next, the façade construction regulations of the research period were analyzed. After that, every provision of the regulations was analyzed in comparison versus each integrity parameter.
Findings: The most effective and comprehensive set of regulations was the spring 2014 Façade Design regulations in Tehran. Among the integrity parameters, visual appeal and after that, content communications, materials and meaning were most affected by regulations. On the other hand, the least affected parameters were the harmony between façade and context, body silhouettes, and the transverse proportions of pieces.
Conclusion: The façade construction regulations are increasingly inclusive and expressive toward the integrity of urban facades; however, they still require further additions and improvements.

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The digger wasps fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Fars province in southern Iran was partly investigated. Members of three families: Pemphredonidae (5 species of 3 genera), Psenidae (3 species of 2 genera) and Philanthidae (2 species of 2 genera) were collected and documented. The following eight species: Diodontus brevilabris de Beaumont, 1967, D. crassicornis Gribodo, 1894, D. insidiosus Spooner, 1938, Passaloecus corniger Shuckard, 1837, Pemphredon inornata Say, 1824, Mimesa punctipleuris (Gussakovskij, 1937), Psenulus laevigatus (Schenck, 1857) and Cerceris spinifera haladai K. Schmidt, 2000, are new to the Iranian wasp fauna. In addition, two species: Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) and Philanthus variegatus Spinola, 1839, are new records for Fars province. For each species, we include available distributional data as well as comments on its taxonomy and geographical distribution.

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Two cuckoo wasp species (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Trichrysis lacerta (Semenov, 1954) from the subfamily Chrysidinae, and Cleptes striatipleuris Rosa, Forshage, Paukkunen & Soon, 2015 from the subfamily Cleptinae, are newly documented for the Iranian fauna. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps in the Fars Province, south of Iran during 2015-2016. Notes about taxonomy, relevant references as well as geographical distribution of both species are given. The total number of Iranian Trichrysis and Cleptes currently increased to four and three species, respectively.

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We provide new findings on the distribution of 13 species of the family Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea) collected at 17 sampling localities in Fars and Hormozgan Provinces, south of Iran. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps during 2013–2019. Two species, Gasteruption sericeipes Kieffer, 1911 and G. syriacum Szépligeti, 1903 are new additions to the Iranian wasp fauna. Furthermore, 10 species are new provincial records. With the present additions, the total number of gasteruptiids recorded from Hormozgan, Fars and Iran is currently raised to 2, 14 and 29 species, respectively. For each species, provincial distribution in Iran and overall distribution, as well as the flight period, are presented and discussed together with the available references.

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Backgrounds:  Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder caused by intolerance to gliadin protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, which is prevalent among 1% of people in different parts of the world. Thus, in the last decades, the demand for gluten-free products has increased. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the degradation of wheat gluten in laboratory.
Materials & Methods: Yeast colonies obtained from cloning were assessed for the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with protease activity and then inoculated onto MSM (mineral salts medium) with 1% (w/v) gliadin. Aspergillus niger-derived prolyl endoprotease (AN- PEP ) production was also qualitatively examined on gliadin agar plates by determining yeast colony growth.  Zones of clarification of gliadin around yeast colonies were regarded as the evidence of glutenase activity of AN- PEP . The qualitative effects of aspergillopepsin expressed in bakery yeast were studied on yeast gliadin and the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The rheological properties of the dough were investigated by a rheometer.
Findings:  In this survey, gluten was efficiently degraded into short fragments by the AN-PEP enzyme. The results of rheometer test showed that the use of AN-PEP could affect the rheological properties. The quality of dough and the ability of AN-PEP to degrade gluten in dough into smaller fragments were confirmed.
Conclusion:  The current study gives evidence that in the future, the development of novel gluten-free products with high quality and taste is possible by degrading gluten protein into non-toxic peptides using a variety of AN-PEP enzymes.
 

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Research subject: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the degree of compatibility of research topics in the field of chemical engineering in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz with Iran and the world. Also, prominent engineering issues in the field of chemistry have been identified.
Research approach: The research is considered a type of scientometric applied studies. The statistical population is made up of researches related to the field of chemical engineering in the Web of Science database. Taking into account the key words of sources that were extracted from the Web of Science database, the information was transferred to the PreMap program and by applying restrictions, the terms were unified for all three files of the world, Iran and Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In order to check the thematic alignment, the clustering method was done with VOSviewer software. The index of structural similarity of subjects has also been used to determine the level of research alignment.
Main results:The researchers have searched for the subject areas of the chemical engineering department in Shahid Chamran University, Iran and the world. With the percentage of structural similarity, it was found that over time, the subjects of chemical engineering in Shahid Chamran University have aligned with Iran and the world, as well as Iran with the world, but the percentage of alignment with the world is low. To increase the alignment of chemical engineering subjects, platforms for sharing information and learning can be created for students, professors, researchers and experts in the field of chemical engineering. Also, a comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating research processes, including their alignment with leading research institutions, can provide research policymakers with valuable insights to improve research policies and foster scientific and technological innovation.
 

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The worldwide development of information and communication technology (ICT), commonly called ICT revolution, has accelerated dramatically since the second half of twenty century. The main characteristic of this revolution is the rapidly increasing computing power of new ICT products. Varying results achieved by different countries and regions fuel the debate over exactly how much influence ICT has on economic growth. We provide an insight of results from past studies carried out to confirm the productive relationship between the two, ICT and economic growth. The focus of this paper is to examine the impact of ICT on economic growth in OPEC countries using panel data over the period 1998-2004. Based on the literature, a Cobb-Douglas production function is specified to include ICT indicators. The results of estimates show that ICT contributed significantly to economic growth of OPEC countries over the period under study

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Recent discussions on macroeconomic policy in developing and developed countries have emphasized the crucial role played by the real exchange rate in the adjustment process. There is a growing agreement that sustained real exchange rate misalignment will usually generate severe macroeconomic disequilibria through affecting macroeconomic variables. This study aims to investigate the sources of macroeconomic variable fluctuations in Iran focusing on real exchange rate. We implement the model with a structural VAR model and variance decomposition technique using annual macroeconomic time series data of the Iranian economy from 1970 to 2005. The findings suggest that real exchange rate fluctuations in Iran are mostly explained by monetary shocks as well as oil price shocks. Moreover, the results show that major part of income fluctuations in Iran are due to the price shocks, oil price shocks, money shocks, and supply shocks. This paper recommends that diversifying the economy, developing infrastructure, stabilizing prices, increasing investment, reducing money fluctuations, and controlling money supply may well then contribute to improve growth performance in the economy. According to our results, money disturbances and oil prices effect significantly real exchange rate fluctuations. So, this paper suggests that conducting monetary policy requires a greater caution to stabilize the economy.

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Exchange rate and inflation rate consistently affect stock price and the return on stocks. Since such effects could impact income distribution, it is important to study such issue carefully. In this paper an attempt is made to study the impact of exchange rate and inflation rate on the real returns as well as the stock price index in Tehran stock market. In this paper, we use a vector autoregreesion (VAR) model as well a vector error correction model (VECM) to examine the relationship among variables. This study uses monthly data from 1983M4 through 2007M3. The results indicate that there exists a stable long–run relationship among the variables included in the model. Exchange rate and inflation rate positively affect the real rate of stock return. However, the impact of inflation rate is stronger than the impact of the exchange rate.

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Casual relationship between financial developments and economic growth is one of the striking empirical macroeconomic relationships. Following the development of financial issues, our attention turns from economic growth to another issue of economic welfare. In this study, we try to examine the relationship between financial developments, economic growth, poverty and inequality in OPEC countries. The simulation of the models and statistical inferences, in this study, are based on the static and dynamic panel data approach. The empirical models are estimated by using GMM estimators, fixed effects and random effects using the data between 1990 and 2004. The results of this study show that financial developments through its effect on economic growth can mainly contribute poverty alleviation and inequality reduction in these countries.

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The English language textbooks for learners with special educational needs play a crucial role in classifying knowledge in the learners’ minds and framing their axiological-epistemological systems. As a result, developing English language textbooks based on discourses of needs analysis can not only empower language skill abilities among these learners but also contribute to them to become active citizens. However, if the materials developed are silent on the learners’ needs in developing their practices may marginalize the learners as at risk educational groups. Very few studies have critically analyzed prevocational English language textbooks written for learners with special needs to see to what extent the content, conversations and image of these English language textbooks could meet daily affair realizations for learners with special needs.  Embedded in Laclau and Moffe’s Critical Discourse Analysis approach, the current study thus focuses secondary school prevocational English language textbook by ministry of education in grades seven, eight and nine. Findings showed that in the dominant discourse of these textbooks, there exists no symbol of body and life style representation of these learners. They have been selected either in ideal or token manners. Contents and images of these textbooks could not go beyond dichotomizing hegemonic discourses of society (normal-abnormal) and have reproduced power relations belonging to ordinary people. Normal affair is a social construct. Discourse representation and power relations dominant on curriculum patterns frame real worlds and life styles for learners with special needs. Thus, dearth of images and challenges of people with special needs are perceived as their absence in public domains and consequently neglecting multiple life styles of these groups. Hence, this study is of significance as it has some theoretical and practical ramifications for the materials developers and raises their awareness to redesign English language textbooks for these learners based on their needs.      
 

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This article analyses the effects of foreign exchange commitment and exchange rate unification policies on Iran’s non-oil exports during the last three decades. In addition, the effects of these policies on non-oil exports have empirically been estimated. For this purpose, an export supply model was estimated using the econometrics technique of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and reliable Iranian data for the last three decades. The empirical results of this paper shows that during the entire period of 1977-2008, foreign exchange commitment policy has caused non-oil exports to decline, but exchange rate unification policy has had positive effects on Iran’s non-oil exports.