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Despite all the efforts of professors and students, learning the four language skills of French in academic institutions has always been accompqnied by challenges. One of these skills is written production, in which students make numerous mistakes. We believe that identifying and analyzing areas of error can be effective in improving their writing skills. In the present study, using an analytical-descriptive method, the written productions of a group of students on a B1 level topic were examined. The data collection tool is the DELF B1 evaluation grid with ten criteria for writing correction. The participants in this study show that 42 percent of students had very good and good averages, and 58 percent had average and weak scores. The target population of this study performed acceptably in only three skills-coherence and logical structure, the ability to present events, and adherence to the topic-out of the ten criteria in the evaluation grid. However, they have not yet achieved the necessary skills in the other seven criteria. The areas of errors revealed in this research could serve as topics for further studies to extract and analyze errors in each domain.
 

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A faunistic survey was conducted in Ardabil province (North-western Iran), during spring 2013 to study the ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) associated with grasslands in this area. Samplings were carried out by the sweeping net in natural grasslands, neighboring fields and orchards. A total of twelve ichneumonid species belonging to nine genera and five subfamilies were collected and identified. The species were identified as follow: Collyria coxator (Villers, 1789), Diadromus collaris (Gravenhorst, 1829), Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius, 1781), Diplazon pectoratorius (Gravenhorst, 1829), Homotropus crassicornis (Thomson, 1890), Homotropus elegans (Gravenhorst, 1829), Homotropus signatus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Lysibia nana (Gravenhorst, 1829), Orthocentrus castellanus (Ceballos, 1963), Picrostigeus setiger (Brischke, 1871), Promethes sulcator (Gravenhorst, 1829) and Syrphophilus bizonarius (Gravenhorst, 1829). Homotropus crassicornis is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. An identification key to the known species of the genus Homotropus Foerster, 1869 from Iran is presented.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of chronic infection in the human stomach. The infection has universe prevalence in all age groups. Probably, this bacterium is the cause of most common chronic bacterial infection in human beings and infects approximately half of the world population. H. pylori produces urease, an enzyme that degrades the urea in the stomach’s mucous to ammonia resulting in biochemical reaction that leads to increase in pH of the stomach lumen. This allows pathogenic intestinal protozoa to take the opportunity to cross through stomach’s increased pH and cause disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between H. pylori infection and prevalence of parasitic infection in patients in Ilam. Materials and Methods: Following stool samples collection during 2013 in patients with abdominal pain in Ilam, Iran. H. pylori infection was investigated based on stool antigen analysis (HPSA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in patients who had recurrent abdominal pain. Stool specimens were examined using the direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation method for detecting the trophozoite and cyst of parasites. Results: In this study, we found 65 patients with H. pylori infection. Out of these 65 patients, the percentage of patients with positive results for Giardia lamblia was 30.7% and for Entamoebahistolytica/dispar was 12.3%. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that H. pylori infection may provide favorable conditions for giardiasis infection; however, this presumption needs further studies with larger sample size.

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Soil and Water Assessment Tool model, SWAT, uses different layers of watershed data which out of soil layer is the important one. Soil layer data should be extracted from detailed soil maps. In most developing countries including Iran, these detailed maps are not available except for irrigation districts and rarely for dry land farming areas and also for some strategic places of development purposes. For larger plains, the available soil maps information are reduced to semi-detailed scale which adds uncertainty in data required for catchments and hydrologic modeling. This research studied the relations between land use (LU) maps, land suitability for agricultural activities (LS) and physiographic soil unit (PU) on one hand and detailed soil maps and their embedded data on the other hand. The research has focused on the replacement of data derived from the detailed soil maps (from large scale soil map information) with those of readily available LS, PU and LU maps. Using these two sets of data for modeling of hydrologic system with SWAT on a 5793 Km²-watershed in west of Iran showed no significant difference between the simulated discharges at the watershed outlet. So the available LS map for the whole country may be used for both plains and catchments in SWAT simulation.

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A survey was carried out on the hyperparasitoids of the poplar spiral gall aphid, Pemphigus spyrothecae Passerini, 1860 in Ardabil province from 2012 to 2013. Two pteromalid species, including Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig, 1838) and Asaphes suspensus (Nees, 1834) were reared from the mummified aphids. Both species are hyperparasitoid of P. spyrothecae via Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay, 1991 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Pachyneuron solitarium is newly recorded from Iran.  

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The subfamily Microgastrinae Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) is a challenging and the most diverse groups of braconids that has significant importance in biological control programs. They are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae and generally attack and develop in early instars and exit from the host larvae to pupate. In current paper, the findings of primary taxonomic investigations on these valuable biocontrol agents is presented and for each genus, the general habitus of a represented species is illustrated. Also, the proportion of known hosts for some genera was provided. The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary information of the Microgastrinae in Iran to serve as a starting point for future studies on the group and to encourage further study of more species in other regions of Iran, on various aspects of taxonomic, ecological, host associations, conservation, DNA barcoding and bio-control.

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For a long period, the Iranian entomologists followed a rather narrow spectrum of methods to collect arthropods that are described in taxomomic papers. Recently, this knowledge gap was filled with the publication of a book entitled “Methods for Collecting Insects and other Terrestrial Arthropods”. The book efficiently describes 110 collecting methods in 18 chapters and 468 papges and it contains as well a huge collection of more than 300 illustrations and a considerable set of references. It is highly recommended for both students, professional entomologists and academic personnel.

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The performance of the SWAT2012 model for estimation of hydrological budget in Gharasou watershed, west of Iran, during 1995 to 2005 was assessed. Digital Elevation Model, hydro-climatological data, soil and land use maps with their properties relevant to the watershed were considered to fulfill the model. A branch program in SWAT-CUP software (SUFI2) program implemented to simulate and validate the model. Both coefficients of determination (R2) and Nash- Sutcliffe coefficient exploited reliable analysis for simulation of the model from 0.37 to 0.87 and 0.39 to 0.73, respectively. Results showed that evapotranspiration was the main source of waste water (49.3%) in the study area. Surface runoff, subsurface flow, groundwater flow, and variation of soil moisture are 14.8, 0.8, 29.9 and 5.2 percent during the study period, respectively. The monthly proportions of different water pathways of input to the river flow take place from intense storms and snow melt during April to the end of May. This study has produced a technique with reliable data base for water budget in Gharasou catchment, which could be successfully developed to manage water resources by many government agencies.

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Lady beetles are the most important predatory species among arthropods, so studying their population parameters gives a clear picture about their life span. The life histories of variegated lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), fed on the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius, on different host plants were studied under laboratory conditions, at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% Relative Humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (Light: Dark) h. Developmental, survival and fecundity data were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. According to the age-stage, two-sex life table, the net reproductive rates (R₀) of ladybird fed on S. avenae reared on Triticum aestivum var. tajan, Hordeum vulgare var. Dasht, Zea mays var. single cross 704 and Sorghum durra var. Speed feed were estimated to be 235.38 ± 36.15, 190.74 ± 33.37, 293.54 ± 46.66 and 137.46 ± 23.66 female offspring / female, respectively. Based on the results, the intrinsic rate of increase as an index of population increase of H. variegata, was 0.181 ± 0.006, 0.179 ± 0.006, 0.163 ± 0.006 and 0.162 ± 0.006 h^-1 preyed on host reared on T. aestivum var. tajan Z. mays var. single cross 704 S. durra var. Speed feed and H. vulgare var. Dasht, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that by using the age-stage, two-sex life table we can accurately describe the growth, survival and development of the predator. Our finding may provide basic information for developing aphid biological control programs.  

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The reasons for the appearance of death and the reaction to it are different for the various characters of the story. This question becomes obvious when his hero or his beloved is dead in the middle of the story. The end being favorable to the requirements of folk tales, the narrator finds a way to tackle this problem and it is the return of the dead to the death. In this paper, the author has tried to look at the story of the return of death and its relationship with folklore in stories. The statistical population of this research includes a variety of stories whose content is the return of death. First, by studying Ulrich Marzolf's book entitled “typology of Persian folk tales”, 12 stories have been identified. Various stories of these stories have also been found in popular sampling books and analyzed through content analysis. While studying these stories, the author of the present study discovered that the narrator has used the idea of a return to death either to make the story more suspicious and beautiful, or to convey a particular message to the public in its history. The passage of time, new discoveries of humanity and historical events have undoubtedly contributed to the development of these stories. Finally, through content analysis of the stories, it is possible to conclude that although the problem of the return of death has taken many forms over the years and that its evolution goes from myth to magic and from magic to religion, the major theme which is return from death has been the fix element in different narratives.

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This paper presents new information on black fungus gnats (Sciaridae) based on field studies at seven localities in Iran. Five sciarid species from the genera Bradysia Winnertz, Corynoptera Winnertz and Lycoriella Frey were collected with Malaise traps, yellow sticky traps, sweep net and an aspirator between 2015 and 2021: Bradysia cellarum Frey, 1948; B. ocellaris (Comstock, 1882); B. tilicola (Loew, 1850); Corynoptera fatigans (Johannsen, 1912); Lycoriella sativae (Johannsen, 1912). All species are first records for the Sistan and Baluchestan province. Bradysia tilicola (Loew) is new to Iran and was recorded for the first time in the Middle East. This brings the number of known sciarid species from Iran to seven. For five species are given a short morphological diagnosis and the global distribution. A map illustrates the distribution of all identified sciarid species in Iran.

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Iranian species of the superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera) belonging to two families Platygastridae, (12 genera, 35 species) and Scelionidae (13 genera, 46 species), are reviewed. The recorded platygastroid species from Iran represent a very small assemblage of the world fauna, and certainly not the complete list from Iran. Except for a few recently described species, the others are found in many other countries as well. The known distribution for 27 species (77.1%) of Platygastridae of Iran is restricted to the Palaearctic region, while a smaller percentage was found in the Afrotropical (14.3%) and Nearctic (8.6%) regions. The distributions of 77.8% of Iranian scelionids are strictly Palaearctic, while the remaining scelionids were found also in the Nearctic (11.1%), Oriental (11.1%), Afrotropical (8.9%), Australasian (2.2%) and Neotropic regions (2.2%). Considering the sporadic treatment of platygastroids in Iran, it is evident that major parts of the country, including the eastern third, remain unexplored.

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The book "Lepidoptera Iranica" is a comprehensive and meticulously researched publication that explores the butterfly and moth fauna of Iran. Edited by Hossein Rajaei and Ole Karsholt, the book includes contributions from seventy-three Iranian and international researchers over 13 years. The book provides a historical review of lepidopterology in Iran and discusses the general patterns of Lepidoptera fauna in the country. It also estimates the number of Lepidoptera species waiting to be discovered in Iran and includes a gazetteer of elusive localities of Iranian Lepidoptera records. The final chapter is a comprehensive catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Iran, including a checklist of all 4,812 known species, as well as information and notes on their taxonomy, distribution, and biology. The book serves as an important tool for scholars, preservationists, and enthusiasts, and highlights the importance of continued research and conservation efforts in the country.

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Aim: During the uncontrolled development of cells in the body, a subset of neoplasms or tumors is formed, the abnormal proliferation of these cells leads to the formation of a mass and eventually cancer. This mass can spread throughout the body. Thus, inhibiting the abnormal growth of cancer cells will have a significant effect on preventing the spread of cancerous tumors and improving the disease. Therefore, in the present study, a new sulfonamide derivative was designed and synthesized (HB20) and its anti-cancer effects on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were investigated.
Materials and Methods: For the synthesis of a sulfonamide derivative (HB20), dcriptiazonium salt was first made using a sulfamethoxazole base compound and then combined with a pyrimidine coupling agent. Concentrations of a new synthetic compound (HB20) against Cells (MCF-7) were used. MTT assay was also performed to measure survival and cell proliferation.
Results: The synthesized compound structure was confirmed by spectral analysis, such as FT- IR, and NMR. Also, Survival in MCF-7 cells treated with a synthetic compound (HB20) was significantly reduced compared to the control group (untreated). HB20 inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC₅₀ value of 75/23 μg/ml.
Conclusion: The new sulfonamide derivative (HB20) has the potential to inhibit proliferation and anti-cancer properties in the cell line (MCF-7).

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Political language is a complex language filled with various strategies to persuade public opinion. One of the major strategies of linguistics to be analyzed in political discourse is the political rhetoric. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to analyze the rhetorical notion in the context of political discourse of two different speech communities from the perspective of Beard’s (2000). The main issue in this research is to explain the similarities and differences of the rhetorical strategies of politics used by the two Presidents of Iran and the USA in an attempt to gain power, persuasion and to reach their audience's consent. To this end, we have collected the data in a library process and analyzed them analytically to answer these questions that how do both presidents use language trying to get their listeners' consent and persuading them? What are the rhetorical similarities and differences between the two presidents? The results show that both presidents use contrastive pairs, repetition and three-part lists, utilizing pronouns, verb voices, and sound-bites strategies. Rouhani’s main strategy is the utilizing pronouns in different ways and Trump's most common strategy is the use of repetition. The use and avoidance of analogy is another aspect of difference between speeches of mentioned speakers. Overall, the present study illustrates the fact that through the study of Beard's strategies (2000) one can easily discern politicians' different linguistic strategies, in particular top executives to persuade audiences, make speech more and present more positive and popular face.
1. Introduction
Utilizing appropriate linguistic strategies is critical for politicians. Gaining the support of the masses, legitimizing political approaches, or succeeding in public debates and negotiations, largly depends on the kind of language a politician uses. Linguistic strategies in political language are one of the most important tools to achieve these goals. One of the major linguistic strategies that is analyzed in political discourse is the rhetoric. Beard (2000) believes that the rhetoric is the art of persuasion, and the rhetorical strategies in the political language can work in a variety of ways, both for persuasion or cunning. Although the rhetoric is a common feature of politicians’ communication and speech, it can have similarities and differences depending on the cultural and political characteristics of each country. The importance of political rhetoric led us to select two of the highest political officials in Iran and the United States (President Rouhani and President Trump) to examine the rhetoric of each of them that can be a symbol of the political discourse of the two countries. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to reveal some of the strategies of rhetoric in the political language of the two presidents from Beard’s perspective.
Beard (2000) considers tools such as analogy, contrastive pairs, repetition and Three-part lists, pronouns, voice and sound-bites as criteria for examining rhetorics in political discourse. His view of political discourse is one of the most comprehensive and specialized views in the field of politics, which has been the basis of data analysis in this research to answer these questions: how did both presidents, as the best example of political leaders, use language to try to reach their audience’s consent? What are the similarities and differences between the two presidents’ rhetoric?
 
 
 
2. Methodology
The data of this study include the speeches of Mr. Hassan Rouhani, the winner of the 2017 presidential election in Iran, and Mr. Donald Trump, US presidential election’s winner in 2016. A total of 6 speeches for each president are collected (3 campaign speeches and 3 post-victory speeches), about 6 hours and 30 minuts for each of them. This data has been collected in a library manner with the help of Internet sites such as the official website of President, Aparat, Youtube and Fact Base. Then the linguistic strategies of political rhetoric are identified and analyzed analytically.
 
3. Results and Conclusion
In the present study, with the help of some of the most important political rhetoric strategies of Beard (2000), we examined the rhetorical tools used in political discourse. Regarding the analogy strategy, we saw that Rouhani, unlike Trump, uses this tool, and the analogies used are often based on citing religious events such as Ashura Uprising. Both presidents have used the tools of contrastive pairs in a similar way for emphasizing and increasing audience’s attention to words. The other strategy under consideration, repetition, has been used more by Trump, so much so that this strategy can be considered his main strategy. By using repetition and three-part lists, both presidents have tried to maintain the coherence of their speeches, to emphasize the key points without tiring the audience and to arouse their feelings.
 Both presidents have used a variety of pronoun roles in a variety of ways. They use pronoun “I” for different purposes. They both use pronoun “we” to talk about what has been done in their government or to introduce themselves as a member of the nation. Rouhani sometimes uses “we” to refer to others and criticize their action. This usage is not seen in Trump’s speeches. Both use pronoun “they” to create us and them division for criticizing their opponents and often their predecessors. Rouhani uses indefinite pronouns to name his opponents, a tool that Trump does not use in his speeches. Both presidents employ the passive voice in their speeches. In terms of sound-bites, we see that both consciously or unconsciously use phrases that have the potential to become the headlines of newspapers and news agencies.
The findings show that both presidents use Beard’s rhetorical tools, and the similarities between the strategies in their speeches outweigh the differences. Numerous similarities show that the languge of politics, regardless of any particular language and culture, is a common tool among all politicians, and this can be a confirmation for the existence of global strategies and the effectiveness of Beard’ rhetorical strategies.

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In recent years, changes in catchments water balance due to land use management have become the main concern of water resources authorities in Iran. Due to rapid population growth and land use changes, especially construction of Taleghan dam, Taleghan catchment has undergone rapid changes such as urban development, declining of rangelands, and deterioration of environment and erosion of soil resources by cultivating the hilly lands along the slopes for wheat or barely production. The extent of rangeland area shrinkage is substantial: from 83% during the early stages of dam construction down to 35% by the end of the study period. The ‘good’ rangeland area decreased to 5.90% from 34.49% while the poor rangeland increased from 19.04 to 23.35% during the period of 1987 to 2007. These changes could potentially have devastating impacts on water balance of the catchment. The main objective of this research was to examine the effects of land use changes on water balance of the Taleghan catchment before and after the dam construction. The Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model was applied for predicting water balance in the middle and outlet of the catchment. The main input data for simulation of SWAT are Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil type, soil properties, and hydro-climatological data. Comparing the water balance for 1987's land use for the middle station (Joestan) and the outlet station (Galinak) showed that surface runoff was 21% of the precipitation for the upper part of the catchment and 33% at the outlet. Total groundwater and lateral flows were 37 and 19%, respectively. The water balance at the outlet was predicted for two other scenarios of 2001 and 2007. The results showed 7.3% increase in surface runoff and 11.3 and 11% decrease in the lateral flow and groundwater flow, respectively. These results indicated progressive increase in surface runoff and decline in interflow and groundwater flow.Therefore, one of the main challenges facing development planners is the control of the accelerated degradation of the natural resources that has been taking place during the last decade.

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With the global spread of English as the lingua franca for academic publishing, non-native researchers and university students are constantly facing linguistic barriers including insufficient vocabulary knowledge in writing for publication. This persistent need motivated the development of a good number of corpus-based word lists for frequently used academic and technical words in research articles across disciplines. Nevertheless, despite its importance in corpus-based study of language for word list development, replication research has received far less attention in this line of inquiry. The current study aimed to address this gap and replicated two published studies that investigated the use of academic vocabulary in applied linguistics research articles. To this end, research articles published from 2010 to 2020 in 20 well-known journals in the field were collected, and a corpus with around 48 million words was compiled and analyzed. The findings indicated that academic vocabulary accounted for 11.46% of the corpus, which is similar and close to the reported coverage of the AWL in replicated studies. However, regarding the frequently occurring academic and non-academic content words, the findings showed considerable variation with respect to the results reported earlier. In light of these findings, the study highlighted the importance of replication research to test the reliability of corpus-based vocabulary studies that developed field-specific academic word lists. Finally, the study developed an updated version for applied linguistics academic word list, that might be regarded as a resource and guide for the vocabulary learning component of the relevant EAP programs in the field.