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Abstract Various methods have been proposed to produce metallic and bulk form materials.Severe plastic deformation, the ways in which you can set quite a lot of mechanical work applied to the metal. Various methods have been proposed to produce metallic and bulk form materials. However, despite the widespread need for tubes with high strength to weight ratio, few studies and attempts have been done to produce ultra-fine and nano structures.Ultra-fine grain metal created by the process have a high resistance by itself. therefore, these can be as high strength steels are used in harmony with the environment. In this study, optimal design of a cast is done in order to increase the homogeneity of the material microstructure and reduce applied force of the pipe production process.Finite element software is used to design the desired format. Since the framework has been designed based on the pressure in angular channels with parallel tube, the channels angles, corners and curved angles, reshaping and the channel radius ratio, the coefficient of friction between the pipe and the channel and the number of passes are the parameters affecting the process.The effect of the above parameters in a homogeneous effective strain rate and force of the process has been studied.

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   Provision of new evidence at appellate stage, despite a new  claim, does not   contradict with the two-phased proceeding. Although the standard of nobility of evidence in the Civil Procedure Code of Iran has not been mentioned clearly; however, by drawing attention to the process of enactment of some articles of the Civil Procedure Code, two different criteria can be inferred. By relying on section ‘’C’’ of article 348, and articles 96, 220 and 219 of Civil Procedure Code, we can deliver a strict definition of new evidence, and it will be evidence that has not been provided in the first instance’’. Accordingly, those pieces of evidence that, in spite of being provided, for whatever reason have not been examined by the first instance court, will not be considered new ones at the appellate phase. Based on the second approach, as our case law inclines to, all pieces of evidence that have not been verified at the court of first instance, are providable at the appellate stage. In the UK, a conception similar to the first standard, but narrower, has been accepted; accordingly, new evidence must  not be provided at the first instance stage, and the applicant proves that it was out of reach, even though reasonable and normal efforts were made. Additionally, evidence must be of credibility and has impact on the result of action.    
* Corresponding author’s E-mail: shahbazinia@modares.ac.ir

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Most legal commentaries consider the rule of 'prompt application of new law' as an exception to the traditional doctrine of 'law is prospective and not retroactive' with regards to the procedural rules and conclude that any new procedural law has the retroactive effect. The Iranian Supreme Court opted the same view in its unifying judgment No. 743. However, the prompt application of new law is a part of the rule of 'law is prospective and not retroactive' (as formulated in article 4 of Iranian Civil Code) and cannot be considered as an exception to the latter accordingly. The distinction between the two parts of the rule is to be taken into account: i) law is prospective which refers to the prompt application of new law on all situations of the same nature and ii) law is not retroactive which means the new law would not govern the past legal relations. These topics are mainly discussed in a branch of law called 'transitional law' (Droit Transitoire). In this article the unifying judgment No. 743   of Supreme Court is commented from the view point of transitional law having a view on French legal system for the purpose of comparison.
 

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An introduction of general principles of procedural law; "a comparative attitude towards methodology of conceptualizing a general theory"
The procedural law has been recently developed and conceptualized as an autonomous branch of law beside other branches. Given this autonomy, the procedural law shifted the classical narrow perception of procedure as techniques and formalities of proceeding to a deep analytical argumentation elaborating the substantive principles to govern the proceeding and make distinction between mere formalities therefrom. The core theoretical concept here is how to find the basic principles susceptible to apply on all kind of procedures i.e. civil procedure, criminal procedure, administrative procedure, etc. The question immediately may arise after reading this article will be if there are a procedural law Jus Cogens.