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Research subject: Solar cells has gained a great attention as a green, renewable and cheap energy resources. To overcome the challenging technical problems and improve their competitiveness with silicone solar cells, the design, synthesis and development of new materials with engineered band gap energies has found an undeniable importance.
Research approach: Herein, the synthesis of a polymer with donor-acceptor structure based on polyaniline grafted to ZnO nanoparticles at one end and naphthalene moiety at the other end of chains, and investigation of their chemical structure, composition, morphology, optical and electrochemical properties is reported. The chemical structure of the materials were analyzed by FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The organic and inorganic contents of materials were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. The morphology and size of nanoparticles were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical and electrical band gap energy of the samples were measured by ultraviolet visible-diffuse reflectance (UV-Vis-DRS) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) diagrams.
Main results: The chemical structure of designed materials has been successfully confirmed by the results of FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectra. TGA and AAS analysis have indicated that the synthesized final material has contained about 10% of ZnO and 90% of organic parts including toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 2,4-diaminotoluene, polyaniline and naphthalene groups. An almost highly uniform spherical nanoparticles with sizes about 70 nm has been observed by SEM images. UV-Vis-DRS spectroscopy and CV diagrams have revealed that by grafting ZnO nanoparticles and naphthalene moiety to the polyaniline chain ends, the optical and electrical band gap energy of the sample were lowered to 1.19 and 0.95 eV, respectively. It was concluded that the grafted groups to chain ends has increased the length of conjugated system, lowering the energy level of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and increasing the energy level of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Detailed analysis of CV diagrams has indicated that the effect in lowering of LUMO has been a bit more pronounced than the increasing of HOMO energy level.

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Introduction
Local elections in Türkiye are held every five years and involve the election of mayors and city council members in large and small cities in Türkiye. Turkish municipal elections are important because they reflect the general attitude of the people; especially in the field of domestic and local issues - economic, social, political, etc. life against political parties that try to exploit the results of local elections in the campaign for political competitions at the national level. In other words, at first glance, we are faced with an ordinary, relatively apolitical election based more on local affiliations, apparent abilities, candidates' field activity records in the municipal field, urban development projects and so on, rather than on party and political affiliations. Nevertheless, Turkish municipal elections are always lively and accompanied by maximum participation and a lot of political swings.
 
Methodology
This study as a qualitative one attempts to analyze and evaluate the results of Türkiye 2024 local elections and the main reasons affecting them in the political sphere of Türkiye using a descriptive-analytic method and library data collection method.

Results and discussion
2024 local elections in Türkiye highlighted the country's democratic maturity. The outcome of political competition at the ballot box represents another manifestations of democratic consolidation in the country. The Republican People's Party (CHP) ranked first in the elections where received 37.76% of the votes and won 14 metropolitan municipalities and 21 provinces. It is noteworthy that the CHP did not win over additional voters and did not expand its voter base; rather, the turnout rate was significantly lower, and the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) appears to have experienced a loss of support. As a result, the number of CHP voters increased by 3.3 million, while the AK Party saw a decline of 4.2 million. There is no doubt that the opposition's "grassroots alliance" strategy was effective in metropolitan areas, as the majority of the Green Left Party (YSP), informally known as the Peoples' Democratic Party (DEM Party), and Good Party (IP) supported CHP-affiliated candidates. In addition to consolidating its base, the CHP received strong support from similar-minded parties. The election results suggest that social programs, candidates and responses to economic challenges played a more significant role in voter decision-making than investments and projects of AK. Thus, the CHP succeeded in maintaining the opposition alliance established between 2019 and 2023, albeit with a different approach. In this context, the outreach and mobilization efforts surrounding CHP candidates Ekrem Imamoğlu and Mansur Yavaş effectively connected with the respective bases of aligned political parties.

Conclusions
Local governance, as one of the main sources of local participation in representative democracy, is formed through local elections and represents a democratic mechanism for managing the collective needs of human groups living in a geographical area of ​​a country. Public participation is the main foundation of democracy and can directly affect the quality of democracy at the national level through local governance. Mayors and city councils in Türkiye are recognized as the most prominent symbols of local governance and democracy. Mayors have considerable authority in the political-executive system of this country, and the parties that take control of municipalities have numerous tools and facilities to strengthen their political and social base. Also, given the close ties established in local governance between parties and local residents, reaching the position of mayor, especially in Türkiye 's metropolitan cities, is an important exercise for introducing the country's future politicians. According to the results of the research, various factors were influential in this competitive-political campaign, some of which were socio-economic factors (the realities of citizens' daily lives at the local level), and the other part was the organizational problems and party base of the ruling party and new developments in the opposition, which were influential in the results of these elections; including the important changes in the political sphere of influence and local-national power of parties, as well as the pattern of party relations in the Turkish political sphere.

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This paper addresses two questions. Does inflation in Iran stem from fiscal policy? Does inflationary impact depend upon the sources of budget deficit financing? Although the above questions have already been studied, there is no consensus on the findings, since the results are sensitive to the methodologies and the time period covered by the data. This paper employs vector autoregressions, impulse response functions, variance decomposition and cointegration techniques to estimate the short and long term relationship between inflation and a number of fiscal indicators in Iran. The annual data are used over the period 1973 to 2006. Particular emphasis is placed on the government budget deficit predominantly financed by government borrowing. The results indicate that inflation is mostly induced by import prices, oil revenue and government budget deficit.

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Fish are among the organisms that have the ability to bioaccumulate these metals. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of aluminum, vanadium, tin and chromium in the muscle tissue of tapeworm and assess its potential risk. For this purpose, 30 pieces of fish were caught in July 2017 from Bushehr port, Persian Gulf. Samples were prepared according to standard laboratory methods and the concentration of heavy metals was measured using ICP-OES. The concentration of elements in the muscle tissue of fish for human consumption was compared with international standards, as well as the estimated daily, weekly absorption in children and adults, their permissible consumption and risk indicators of consumption of this fish against carcinogenic diseases. The results showed that the mean concentrations of aluminum (23.9 ±10.3), vanadium (0.15 ±0.07), tin (5.41 ±2.2) and chromium (0.34 ±0.12), based on micrograms per gram, fresh weight was observed in muscle tissue.  The absorption of the studied metals in the muscle tissue of fish was Al> Sn> Cr> V. The results showed that the permissible consumption of heavy metals with the exception of aluminum was lower than the standard of the World Health Organization. The calculation of the risk index showed that aluminum in both groups of adults and children and chromium in children have values ​​of more than one, in this regard, with continuous monitoring of heavy metal surfaces in fish offered in the market

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 Identifying resistant genotypes is necessary to control wheat take-all disease Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. In this study, 30 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. The genotypes were evaluated with fifteen molecular markers (SSR and specific primers for translocation wheat-rye). The genotypes were divided into four groups based on disease severity (the greenhouse) and agronomic traits (the field). Chi-square results showed the interactions for these groupings. The correlation between disease severity and agronomic traits indicated that plant resistance is strongly dependent on plant yield. Based on cluster analysis for molecular data (based on simple matching similarity coefficient and UPGMA method), genotypes were separated into resistant and susceptible ones. The correlation between disease severity and amplified loci showed that disease resistance is interactive with xbarc232, xbarc124, and gpw95001 markers. Resistance to take-all disease is probably associated with the interaction of several genes. These results add significant information to our knowledge of the chromosomal location of genes for the take-all disease.

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 Take-all is a devastating soil-borne disease of wheat Triticum aestivum L. The disease is caused by the pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces tritici, a pathogen distributed worldwide in major wheat production areas that causes severe damage to wheat production. Identification of genotypes with the high nutritional value of seeds can be considered in controlling this disease and in wheat breeding programs. Variation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci was studied using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis in 15 genotypes of bread wheat. A positive correlation was found between 1000-seed weight and the 5 + 10 allele (r = 0.594), indicating that presence of this allele will increase 1000-seed weight. A simple corresponding analysis was conducted to show the relationship between the take-all index and the genetic diversity of genotypes and the association between the bilateral groupings of individuals based on two criteria (genetic diversity and disease response). The result of stepwise regression showed that glutenin subunit null, 7 + 8, 2*, 7 + 9, 5 + 10 have linkage with resistance to take-all disease. Findings are useful in breeding programs to improve baking quality, develop uniformity and improve heterogeneous genotypes by selecting the best genotypes.

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This article analyses the effects of foreign exchange commitment and exchange rate unification policies on Iran’s non-oil exports during the last three decades. In addition, the effects of these policies on non-oil exports have empirically been estimated. For this purpose, an export supply model was estimated using the econometrics technique of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and reliable Iranian data for the last three decades. The empirical results of this paper shows that during the entire period of 1977-2008, foreign exchange commitment policy has caused non-oil exports to decline, but exchange rate unification policy has had positive effects on Iran’s non-oil exports.

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The development, survival, and reproduction of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), were studied in laboratory at 25±1°C, 65±5% RH and a 14L: 10D hours photoperiodism on five host plants of: cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), two varieties of cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata) namely ‘Globe Master’ and ‘Scarlet Ohara’, kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. var. gongylodes), and canola (B. napus L.). DBM larvae successfully survived on all host plants, although survival rate was lowest on canola (70.56%). The developmental time of immature stages ranged from 13.76±0.15 d on kohlrabi to 15.06±0.22 d on canola. The reproduction period and adult longevity were longest on cauliflower and common cabbage cultivar ‘Globe Master’ without any supplemental food while the highest fecundity of P. xylostella being also observed on these two host plants. The highest and lowest net reproductive rates were detected on cabbage cultivars, ‘Globe Master’ and 'Scarlet Ohara', respectively. Mean generation time was the longest on cabbage cultivar ‘Globe Master’. The respective descending order of intrinsic rates of population increase was on cauliflower, cabbage cultivar ‘Globe Master’, kohlrabi, cabbage cultivar ‘Scarlet Ohara’ and canola. Cauliflower and cabbage cultivar ‘Globe Master’ were recognized as the most suitable host plants for DBM.

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In this paper, a new method for determining position and orientation of a coordinate system using its image is presented. This coordinate system is a three dimensional non-orthogonal system in respect to the two dimensional and orthogonal camera coordinate system.  In real world, it’s exactly easy to select three directions on an object so that they don’t be orthogonal and on a plane. The image of this non-orthogonal coordinate system on the camera image plane is a two dimensional coordinate system. This image is obtained by a nonlinear mapping between three dimensional worlds coordinate and two dimensional image coordinate. In this paper, we review geometric relationships between a direction of a vector on the object and its image that was presented in paper [18] months ago. Then, using these relationships for three arbitrary non-orthogonal directions which are not on a plane, a system of 15 nonlinear equations is established, and by solving it, nine unknowns are extracted. Because of the importance of the sign of these unknowns to determine true lengths and angels, it’s essential to run this system of nonlinear equations in eight cases and then best answer with right signs can be extracted. The results of this theory have been examined using simulation and programs.  In paper [18] we have to select three orthogonal vectors on an object. Since world is 3D, in some cases it is exactly difficult to choose all three directions with proper length and maybe we have to choose third vector (which is in depth) with a short length and it increase errors in finding position and orientation. But in this paper we don’t limit directions to be orthogonal, so all three directions can be in proper length and it decreases the errors.

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The Amber Cow is a legendary creature with special characteristics, whose story has a wide reflection in Persian poetry and prose texts. So that we can recover a sign of it from the oldest sources available to this day. Of course, despite the age of this legend and the frequent references to it in various texts and also the wrong understanding of quiddity of this creature, it is surprising that no befitting research has been done about this creature. With the aim of investigating the origin, age and various narratives of its story, as well as determining the characteristics of this legendary creature based on various sources and documents, this research has dealt with how the story of this cow is reflected. The authors have collected the materials related to the subject by examining various sources, including the books of strange creatures and narrative, mythology, legends, history, and etc. texts and they have categorized and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method and using library study and notes taking. Among the findings of this research is the presentation of the historical process of the story and its related changes in the texts of different periods, as well as determining the identity of this cow and distinguishing it from similar animals and real sea cows.
 

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Even though the matter of population usually is discussed in domain of human geography, population geography, and sociology but its political effect in political geography should be considered. In fact human being as one of the major principle in geopolitics (human and geography) is its active essence and dialectic. Basically matter of human always is considered in politic and power discussion .Population as an effective factor in national development, power and country national defense, has its different characteristics from quantitative and qualitative point of view that every case can have negative or positive influence in creation and stabilizing geopolitical Weight of a country. Nowadays IRAN population regarding to past decades changes and in spite of its proper quantitative situation has unsatisfactory qualitative condition .Among all this matter is very noticeable that major changes in quality of IRAN population depends on racial, lingual cultural and religious factors in IRAN society. Entirely this article besides its theoretical discussion, surveys the quality and quantity of IRAN population based on statistics of 1385 enumeration and compares it with past statistics and tries to answer this question that; what is the role of IRAN population in forming its geopolitical Weight.

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The present research deals with the impact response of notched aluminum plates repaired by fiber metal laminate (FML) patches under various temperatures using drop weight impact test status. Some aluminum samples repaired by FML patches were prepaired to study their impact behavior and frcture mechanisms under drop weight tests at the temperature range of -20 ℃ to 60 ℃. An Energy Profiling Diagram (EPD) was used to obtain the penetration and perforation thresholds of hybrid composites. Besides, the effect of temperature on some impact characteristics such as endurance load, contact time and permanent deflection were also studied. The results showed that the amount of force for nearly all of the samples increased by increasing of the room temperature. The ability of energy absorption of the samples was also the most at the room temperature, therefore the energy thereshold of samples increases by increasing of the room temperature. Temperature variation also affects on the impact characteristics of composites patches and in some cases results in a 20 percent reduce in impact strength of the samples. It was also shown that the most value of impact parameters reaches at -20 ℃ and 60 ℃.

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In the recent decades, supply of labor force has increased and caused overeducation in Iran. Overeducation is potentially costly for national economy. In this study, using mean realized match (MRM) method and applying International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) based on socioeconomic characteristics survey data (2003), we study the returns on years of schooling, over-education and under-education in Iran by Verdugo-Verdugo model. In this way we use other variables like gender, marital status and ownership (public or private). We find that returns on yearly formal schooling is 9.3% on average. With the same education, the overeducated workers earn less than workers who are not overeducated; and the undereducated workers earn more than workers who are not undereducated. We also fine that experience has positive effect on earning by a decreasing rate; and females and singles earn less than the others.

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The regional labor migration is responsive to regional differences of unemployment rate which is interrelated with fundamentals of housing market. This paper analyzes the relationship between labor and housing markets in 30 provinces of Iran. It uses Vermeulen and Ommeren (2005) model in a panel data for regions and an Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model in the country over the period 1998-2011. The estimation results indicate that most of provinces with high housing prices on average have also low volatility in unemployment rates. The workers in high-unemployment regions are compensated through housing markets, since the prices of land and housing and living expenses are lower in these regions than ones with low unemployment. In addition, the propensity of households to get housing loan decreases and the housing price falls despite high risk of unemployment. The risk of getting unemployed raises the income uncertainty and reduces the housing price. This indicates a negative relationship between housing price and unemployment rate. The test for causality shows that this relationship is bidirectional in provincial level, so that provinces having high unemployment rates are compensated by better conditions of housing market which means low housing prices.  

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Piezo‌electric materials are used as sensor and actuator in order to control the vibrations of structures. Geometry and location of the piezoelectric sensors and actuators have a substantial effect on the consumed electric energy and performance of the control system, therefore, in this study by defining an appropriate cost function, an optimum length and location of the piezoelectric actuator was determined in order to achieve a desirable decrease on vibration amplitude of a cantilever beam by using appropriate control energy. The standard quadratic function of beam displacement and control energy was used as the cost function. Mathematical modeling was based on Euler Bernoulli beam theory and Hamilton's principle was used in order to achieve the equations of motion. In this approach, the control voltage of actuator layer is emerged in the boundary conditions of the problem, which turns it to a time varying boundary condition problem. By defining special displacement functions and homogenizing the boundary conditions, control voltage of the actuator is appeared as external excitement in the equations of motion. In the current study, optimum LQR and LQG controllers were investigated and Kalman filter theory was used in order to estimate the state variables. In numerical simulations, by investigating the performance of optimized limited or unlimited patches in comparison with complete one, the effective role of the objective function and optimization have been shown in decreasing applied control voltage.

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The use of metal hydrides is one of the hydrogen storage methods. In this research, the process of hydrogen desorption from metal hydride storages with high diameter and constant flow rate was investigated using numerical simulation. A two-dimensional model with finite volume method is applied for simulation of hydrogen desorption. Simulation results were compared with available experimental data and a good agreement was observed between them. In this study, a special design of metal hydride storage was investigated. This design allows the application of metal hydride beds with large diameter for a specific hydrogen outlet flow rate by using aluminum fins. The simulation results verified the heat transfer enhancement effect of aluminum fins and showed the storage diameter can even be increased to 60 cm by using this design. The comparison between the result of applying LaNi5 and C5 alloys revealed that the energy efficiency could be increased by using C5 alloys due to need of heating fluid with lower temperature. Moreover, the results showed that by increasing the outlet volumetric flow rate from 230 to 460 (Nlit/min), the storage diameter should be limited and therefore the smaller storage must be selected.

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Objective: E-cadherin is widely down-regulated and tightly associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in multiple human cancer types. Recent studies have shown that aberrant methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter contributes to its silencing. However, information regarding epigenetic inactivation of E-cadherin in colorectal cancer is insufficient. Herein, we correlate association of the methylation of the E-Cadherin promoter with pathological features of colorectal cancer as well as history and demographic data. Methods: We used methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSPCR) to examine methylation status of the 5’ CpG island of E-cadherin along with its expression by using RT-PCR following surgical resection of 66 unrelated patients with colorectal cancer. Results: Results showed that 35 out of 66 tumor DNA samples (53%) showed aberrant methylations. In contrast, all normal tissues were unmethylated. Conclusion: The obtained results show a similarity with the Japanese (54.5%) and Greek (55.7%) populations. The results have confirmed methylation of this gene in sporadic colorectal cancer cases (40.8%) in the Iranian population by researchers in Shiraz. These data suggest that epigenetic silencing via aberrant methylation of the E-cadherin promoter plays a critical role in the inactivation of this tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer.

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In this study, the relative humidity of the gases in the PEM fuel cell was changed and its effect on electro-osmotic flow was investigated. ‎By changing the humidity on both sides of the fuel cell and using the water balance equations, the values of the electro-osmotic flow, ‎electro-osmotic coefficient and net drag in different humidity levels were found. Results showed that variations of the electro-osmotic ‎flow changed linearly by anode and cathode humidity to the special humidity and after that not much variation was seen. In addition, the ‎results revealed that humidity change at anode had more desirable effect than the cathode. For example, at 70% anode humidity and 35% ‎cathode humidity with the current of 5A, the value of electro-osmotic flow was obtained as 2.66639E-06 mol/cm2.s, while in the former ‎‎35% and the latter 70% with the same current, this value was recorded as 2.56418E-06 mol/cm2.s. In addition, results showed that the‎‏ ‏variations of the electro-osmotic coefficient changed linearly by humidity. It was determined the current change of fuel cell has not so ‎effect on the curves of electro-osmotic coefficient. The electro-osmotic coefficients varied between 0.636001 and 1.632476, which were ‎in a good agreement with the values obtained in other related papers. In addition, the variations of the net drag in respect of humidity were ‎investigated, too. It was determined that the net drag changed linearly by the cathode humidity with positive slope, but its variations by ‎the anode humidity were linearly with negative slope.‎

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Weirs have important roles in dam safety in which they should spill floods with high return period. Designers generally enhance width of the weirs to increase their discharge capacity. This procedure involves topography as well as economic limitations. Here, arced weirs can be considered as an alternative. In plan view, arced weir is part of a circle that increases the crest length for a given channel width. This increases the flow capacity at a similar heads. Such structures are also recommended for modification and increasing the capacity of the existing spillways. Discharge capacity of labyrinth weirs is a function of flow height, effective crest length, height of weir and shape of the crest. Discharge coefficient is also a function of height of flow, height of weir, weir thickness and crest shape. In this study, hydraulic characteristics of arced labyrinth spillways are numerically investigated. Here, the effect of crest shape on the discharge coefficient of the labyrinth spillway is included. In the first step, dimensionless parameters affecting the performance of arced weirs are introduced using Buckingham π theorem. To analyze this problem, a commercially available CFD code; Flow 3D by Flow Science; was selected. Flow 3D is known for its ability to accurately tracking free surface using Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. A similar method called Fractional Area to Volume Ratio (FAVOR) is used to define labyrinth within the model. Also, Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are solved using a finite volume method. Besides, The Renormalized Group Theory (RNG) model was implemented for turbulent simulations. The laboratory data of Crookston and Tullis (2012a) is used to validate the numerical model. These researchers conducted experiments on physical modeling of the labyrinth spillways at the Utah Water Research Laboratory at Utah State University. Comparison of numerical simulations with those of experimental results validates the ability of this software to simulate the complex flow over labyrinth spillways with an acceptable accuracy. In this study, result of 16 geometry models was used to develop a hydraulic design and analysis formulation for arced labyrinth weirs. Discharge coefficient data for Half-Round, Quarter-Round, Sharp-crest and Flat-crest arced labyrinth weirs are presented for 6̊ ≤ sidewall angles ≤ 24̊ and various head water ratio (0.1≤ H0/P ≤ 0.9). The study has shown that half round crest shape could increase the discharge coefficient about 22% compared to other crest shapes. Also, the results show that factors such as local submergence and nappe interference near an upstream apex has a negative impact on performance of arced labyrinth weirs. The local submergence area is directly related to the flow head, crest shape and sidewall angle. For high head conditions, the local submergence may decrease the efficiency of a labyrinth spillway. Efficiency parameter is defined as the ratio of discharge of arced weir to that of liner weir with the same width. From efficiency curves indicates that reduce of sidewall angle can improve efficiency. As a result, the highest efficiency related to arced labyrinth spillway with sidewall angle (α = 6̊ ).