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In this study, 13 different biotypes of Praon exsoletum were investigated based on selected morphological characteristics. This species is specialized parasitoid of Therioaphistrifolii on alfalfa and clover. Traditional morphometric analysis was used to obtain three meristic and 15 continuous characters. The analysis of variance showed that P. exsoletumbiotypes differ in many morphometric traits. Moreover, all biotypes displayed their maximum differences in six morphological characters as follows:(1) number of antennal segments;(2) inter-tentorial/tentorio-ocular distance;(3) length/width of ovipositor sheath;(4) length/width of second flagellar segment; (5)length/width of third flagellar segment and (6) number of longitudinal placodes on second flagellar segment. The discriminant function analysis indicated45.23% of correct assignment of specimens to the a priori designated groups of specimens. The results indicated an overlapping of analyzed biotypes according to selected morphological characters. On the other hand, geometric morphometrics analysis applied on forewings, the size and the shape revealed statistically significant differences. Eleven homologous landmarks were selected. The ANOVA (p < 0.000) and MANOVA (P= 0.000) showed that there were significant differences in size and shape of forewings. Visualization of the distribution of individuals was presented using Principal component analysis and Canonical variate analysis. On whole, the result of this investigation showed that R1 and the radial veins (end of Rs and M) tend to be short. Furthermore, the USAbiotype introduced is positioned near all other analyzed biotypes of P. exsoletum. Among the selected morphological characters, four characters namely (1) length of wing/length of R1; (2) length of wing/length of stigma; (3) length of first/third flagellar segment and (4) width of first/third flagellar segment were first considered for morphometric study in Praon and P. exsoletum species. Our results showed lack of subspecies for P. exsoletum.

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One of the most effective approaches for critical studies of literary works is Critical Discourse Analysis. This article studies Madār-e sefr darajehwithin this framework by analyzing some of the most important aspects of the novel such as semiology of its title, images, characters (actor, affected, and narrator), narratology, structure and the theme of the story. Furthermore, the status of this novel in the field of political fiction is studied. Based on Fairclough’s approach, the findings of the article suggest that Madār-e sefr darajeh,as a literary text, is in direct relation with the dominant social discursive practices and social hegemony.

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Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of human hydatidosis in Kurdestan province by ELISA technique. Materials and Methods: In this study the sera of 1979 individuals were collected from different area (cities and villages) of Kordestan province. The serum dilution of 1/400 was selected for ELISA test. Results:The results indicated that 1.12% of the individuals from Kordestan province showed positive sera. The results also showed that in Kordestan 0.9 % and 1.42% of the people who live in the cities and villages had positive sera respectively. In this study 1.65% of female and 0.45 % of male were positive. From the obtained result we found maximum number of infected people were in the range of 30-40 years (1.59%). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this study the highest percent of infection was found in the city of Ivandarre, the reasone for this defference (1.69%) is due to the fact that most of the people who are involved in animal husbendary in the province live in this city.

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Objective: Occult hepatitis B infection is a form of hepatitis in which despite of absence of detectable HBsAg, HBV-DNA is present in peripheral blood of patients. This clinical form of B hepatitis creates some problems for the Iranian blood transfusion services. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation of status of occult hepatitis B infection in the Rafsanjanese blood donors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, total of 3700 blood donor samples were collected and tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs using ELISA. The HBsAg negative and anti-HBc positive samples were selected and screened for HBV-DNA using PCR. Results: Results of current study indicated that 352 (9.5%) of 3700 blood samples were HBsAg– and anti-HBc+. HBV-DNA was detected in 57 (16.1% of HBsAg– and anti-HBc+ and 1.54% of total samples) samples. Conclusion: Results of this study are in agreement with our previous studies in the prevalence of OBI. Therefore, it seems that occult hepatitis B infection rate is high in the Iranian blood donors and probably is one of the main causes of post-transfusion hepatitis.

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Grapes are among the world most planted horticultural crops. Since the last century, attempts have been made to improve the quality of grapes in the world. Meanwhile, the necessity of having knowledge about the history of progenies families led to the link between genealogy and breeding. Considering some previous mislabeling, in order to find out the accuracy of the controlled crosses as well as determining the possible parents and genealogy of the hybrid progenies, 23 grapevine genotypes were studied by using 14 SSRs loci. These progenies included 12 promising lines selected from 22 crosses as well as their parents that included four seedless and seven seeded cultivars from Iranian Grape Breeding Program, The highest similarity between a female parent and its progenies, which was obtained from dice similarity coefficient and cluster analysis, was about 0.65, belonging to 'Alibaba' and its three progenies (S54, S55, S40). Results rejected any cross-selfing in female parents and also discriminated progenies from parents. Due to possible common genetic backgrounds in the parents, assigning progenies to their parents by cluster analysis or allele counting was impossible. Therefore, parentage analyses were done within likelihood based assignment approach using CERVUS 3.0 software. By this approach, true parents could be identified from candidate parents based on calculated positive and negative LOD scores. Also, by using this approach, genotyping errors, which were previously derived from low number of SSR loci or similarity in the parents' backgrounds, decreased in the final results. In addition, full sib and half sib relationships between S55 and S54 with S40 were obvious. Furthermore, wherever prevention of inbreeding depression is required, the results could be used to select convenient parents for backcrossing.

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In this paper the natural element method is employed for study conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer for laminar flow in a triangular enclosure. The natural element method referred to as natural neighbor Galerkin method is a new technique in the field of computational mechanics and considered as a meshless numerical method. The shape functions used in natural element method, which are based on the Voronoi diagram of a set of nodes, are attentively interpolant and the essential boundary conditions can be imposed by directly substituting the corresponding terms in the system of equations. In this paper for solving radiative transfer equation used P_1 approximation. Effects of different parameters such as Rayleigh number for non-radiation and Planck number and mean temperature for radiation are considered. revealed that increasing the Rayleigh number, increases the strength of free convection regime and consequently increases the value of convective heat transfer rate. It is also revealed that decreasing the Planck number and mean temperature, increases the strength of Radiation regime and consequently increases the value of radiative heat transfer rate. Results for natural element method are compared with the another studys reported in the literatures. By comparison, it is shown that natural element method is efficient, accurate and stable, and can be used for heat transfer and fluid flow.

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Objective: Mycoplasma salivarium (M. salivarium) isone of the most common contaminants present in cell culture laboratories that cause undesirable effects on cell cultures. Thus, the identification and rapid diagnosis in controlling and prevention of this contaminant are important. The aim of this study is the detection of Mycoplasma salivarium contamination in cell culture using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Methods: A 16S rRNA-based Mycoplasma genus and specific primer PCR method for M. salivarium was developed. The sensitivity and specificity of this method were determined. The PCR test was used after we extracted DNA from the cultured isolates. Results: A total of 62 cell culture samples were sent to the Mycoplasma Reference Laboratory at Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran for detection of Mycoplasma contamination. A total of 42 (67.75%) out of 62 samples scored positive according to the Mycoplasma genus. From these 42 samples, 15 (35.72%) reacted positively with a clear band of 434 bp in the M. Salivarium-specific PCR method. Conclusion: Due to the high percentage of M. salivarium contamination in cell cultures, we recommend aseptic conditions be used in the laboratory when working with cell cultures. The PCR method is a suitable and valuable tool for the detection of M. salivarium contamination in cell cultures with appropriate and specific primers. This PCR method can be processed in less than one day.

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An Aerial Robot or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aerial vehicle that provides its flight condition using aerodynamic forces. Also, this vehicle can be named as an autonomous robot. This robot is an under-actuated system and it is inherently unstable. Thus, the control of this nonlinear system is a problem for both practical and theoretical interest. So, the goal of this research is to contrast with highly nonlinear dynamic system of Octorotor that its control is difficult in many cases and it causes existence of instability in this Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). At the first, the structure of Octorotor is studied in this paper in order to increasing power, more carrying and increment of resistance into changing and distribution. Also, the electronic and mechanic of this robot is studied in some sections. Then, in the following, in order to attitude control of robot with introduction of dynamic system, one of the most common implemented controllers is applied on this robot. Initially, this process is done on the dynamic model of robot by Matlab/Simulink software and finally, implementation of this controller is applied on a fabricated Octorotor during a real flight in autonomous trajectory tracking in outdoor environment. At last, the study of sensors results is also shown.

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History and background of blackberry cultivars and wild species is unclear in the south coast of the Caspian Sea as an origin of diversity center in Iran. In the present study, genetic diversity of 45 genotypes of blackberries (thorny and thornless) from the collection of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) located in south of the Caspian Sea were studied by using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Jaccard's similarity coefficient was used to plot the cluster diagram according to the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) algorithm. Results showed that 10 ISSR primers amplified 345 fragments, of which 344 were polymorphic. The average numbers of bands were 34.5 per primers. Based on the Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) results, blackberry genotypes were classified in three groups. Some wild genotypes were located closed to commercial thorny cultivars. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes to six groups. Introduced genotypes that were in the same group were separated in sub-groups according to maturity time (early, mid, and late ripening cultivars). These genetic traits separated them and confirmed the morphological results, identifying them as thorny cultivars Silvan, Marion, and Tupi. The results indicated that gene pool of thornless blackberry is not limited to chimera type (as first generation of thornlessness) and it probably includes the two further steps in evolution, and even include some new and evolved types of native thornlessness.

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The concept of salvation is presented in different religions according to special principles. In Christianity, it is presented on the basis of Christian faith, and in Islam, it is presented within several concepts, but the most prominent of which is “najat” which is based on the faith that Islam calls for. From this view, the opinions of contemporary Arab thinkers differed toward varied religions and salvation. From this standpoint, the views of the most prominent contemporary Arab Christian and Muslim thinkers on the issue of salvation range between Inclusivism and exclusivism. Some of them adopt an Inclusivism vision and do not reject religious pluralism and believe in the possibility of salvation for followers of other religions, while others adopt an exclusive vision on the basis of which they reject the possibility of salvation for followers of other religions. Some of them do not believe in the possibility of salvation for followers of other sects that branch off from their religion. This article was conducted according to a descriptive analytical research method relying on library sources with the aim of exploring the opinions of the contemporary Iraqi thinker Dr. Abdul-Jabbar Al-Refae with a review of the opinions of some contemporary Arab thinkers regarding what was mentioned. The results indicated that he adopts an Inclusive vision in light of his belief in the breadth and universality of God’s mercy, and based on significant rational and religious evidence that proves the possibility of salvation for followers of other religions away from religious and sectarian fanaticism. He believes in the principle of pluralism of religions, so he calls for the necessity of respecting all religions and not underestimating their credos, and rejects “takfir” and doctrinal disputes that provoke hostility and hatred. However, there are others who hold an exclusive view based on their religious and sectarian fanaticism, relying only on religious evidence, some of which is shrouded in doubt in terms of historical support or whose significance does not amount to generalizing punishment to all human beings. Its implications can also be interpreted in another way such that its exclusivity at the level of salvation for followers of other religions is denied.