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In this study, Virtual Reality (VR) was employed in an English course intended to promote oral presentation skills in Iranian academia, and the possible impact of the course on learners’ self-efficacy regarding presenting, Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA), and speaking skills was investigated. Eight participants attended a 6-session course, and practiced academic oral presentation in a virtually simulated environment. Prior to the course, semi-structured interviews were administered; in addition, participants’ weekly reflection notes and self-assessments were gathered throughout the course. Moreover, post-course semi-structured interviews and written follow-up interviews were conducted afterward. The findings revealed that the learners reported higher levels of self-efficacy regarding presenting after the course, due to a perceived improvement in their presenting style, as well as their presentation content and slides. Additionally, the course had contributed to lowering the learners’ FLA due to presence in the Immersive Learning Environment (ILE), ample practice opportunities, and collaborative avatar interactions. Moreover, the learners mentioned that the course had helped them to improve their speaking skills due to academic vocabulary expansion, pronunciation enhancement, fluency upgrade, and grammatical adjustment. The findings can provide insights for language educators with regard to the use of virtual reality for simultaneously fostering language and academic skills, as well as facilitating internationalization in higher education.

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One of the problems for use of rubber in various industries is the surface tension at the surface of rubbers, which results in the crack on the surface, fracture of the rubber and reduces its service life. These tensions are caused by contacting the rubber component with the metal surface and the friction between two surfaces. Roughness of the surface, the composition of the rubber compound, the environmental factors, test conditions and etc. affect the friction between rubbers – metal. Surface roughness plays an important role in sliding between two surfaces and mainly controls friction behavior. On the other hand, roughness effect on the coefficient of friction is controllable using a suitable lubricant. In the present study regarding to the application of JP4 as an aviation fuel, the effect of JP4 fuel as a lubricant was investigated in the reduction of the sliding friction coefficient between the NBR and aluminum surfaces with different roughness. Experimental studies showed, friction coefficient has a good correlation with the mean surface roughness (Ra). By applying JP4 lubricant, the coefficient of friction decreased by about 75%. JP4 fuel as lubricant has changed the trend of varying friction coefficient from decreasing to increasing regard to the surface roughness.

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Abstract Nowadays, due to intense competition, organizations are operating their activities in a dynamic and high uncertainty environment. From a competitive perspective, having continued profit depends on attracting new customers and retaining existing ones. Currently, all the attention has been focused on the relationship with customer and customer is considered as an essential component of the organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate 10 effective factors of Lindgreen Model on Implementation of customer relationship in agencies which belong to Mostazafan Foundation and to rank those effective factors. Lindgreen Model is one of the most comprehentive models for investigating the implementation of CRM. Those effective factors include Information Technology, People, Knowledge Management, Customer Strategy, Culture, Customer Relation Management Processe, Customer Interaction Strategy, Organization, Brand Strategy and Value-Add Strategy. The required data are gathered by distributing questionnaire among 385 customers of Aito and Perspolis agencies, using simple random sampling. The data are analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (k-s Test), Binomial Test and Friedman Test and also TOPSIS and Shanon’s Entropy Model. The results show that the ten factors of Lindgreen model in the implementation of customer relationship management agencies of Mostazafan Foundation are effective but their ranks are different.   Keywords: Customer Relationship Management, Lindgreen Model, Tourism Indusrty

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Given the importance of loyalty, this study seeks to test and investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of relationship between factors that influence the e-loyalty in Saman Bank. In this regard, Relationship Marketing Strategy is the independent variable, e-satisfaction and e-trust are the moderating variables and e-loyalty is the dependent variable in the research model. The research population is a group of customers in Tehran who used the internet services of Saman Bank. Two underlying foundations of Relationship Marketing, mutual obligation and communication, significantly affect e-trust and conflict management foundations and competency are highly effective one-satisfaction. However; no meaningful relationship was found between conflict management and e-trust.      

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Lack of a structured anticipation about different aspects of high usage product of the national petrochemical company, has forced this company to buy published anticipated prices from foreign countries. Prevent the outflow of foreign exchange and tolerance of political factors, such as sanctions in this field, require a prediction of prices in Iran. Due to chain-like nature of petrochemical products and the absence of precise knowledge of effects of many factors on price, researchers are forced to solve problems with high complexity and high grade of equations. Selecting number and type of input variables of neural network has a significant impact on the performance of a system. Therefore fundamental analysis relying on theory of supply / demand and macroeconomic perspective alongside of Delphi statistical method were used to select the most influential factor. This factor is the price of petroleum products. At First, the overall topology of the neural network is designed using controlled variables, then, considering the independent variables, the optimal network has selected. After creating the user interface, communication of system with optimal neural network was established. To evaluate the actual price of considered product in reference year, it compared with the prices predicted by the proposed system and purchased prices predicted from CMAI; acquired results proved acceptable effectiveness of the proposed system with less than 3% error in predicting of considered chain. Using this system can result in petrochemical companies’ independency from buying forecasted prices from foreign companies and prevent exiting currency from country.

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The aim of this research, Which lead to the study of those factors that influence the process is to design and clear up the model of automobile industry development technology in Iran, with putting emphasis on the exportation strategy of technology exportation/development of automobile industry and achievement of suitable model. The connoisseurs in the field of exportation development have presented different point of views and every researcher has tried to study the subject of exportation development. The method of performing is descritive research either within the field or the measurement, and the industrial situation of automobile manufacturing in Iran has been study and put into comparative estimate with Korea. Statistical community of the study, consistes of experts and managers and the necessary information for analysis was collected through questionnaire (in 112 questions) and interview. The most importand statistical test in use is Spearman correlation test that beside it, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used as well. Based on Spearman correlation test, there is a significant relation, among human resources development, organizational culture development, organizational structure development and managerial structure development on one hand and technology development on the other hand. (Human Resources Development-0.852), (Organizational Culture-0.879), (Organizational Structure-0.722), (Managerial Structure Development-0.861). One of the outcomes of this research, is making a comparison between Iran and Korea technology development situation with applying SWOT techniques and for so doing, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used which indicate. There is a meaningful difference between Iran and Korea from the viewpoint of technology development. At the end some suggestions for technology development, were allowed too.

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Drying is an important operational step in pistachio processing. There is a decrease in moisture content of pistachio nuts from 56-57% (d.b.) to 5-6% during the drying process. Drying conditions affect the quality of dried pistachio nuts, therefore, this calls for an accurate description of the drying trend in the process. In this study finite element formulation and solution of diffusive moisture transfer equation was presented to improve the drying simulation of nut as an axisymmetric body. The Fick’s diffusive model was solved with effective moisture diffusivity of 5.24×10-10 m2 s-1 for 55C and 7.01×10-10 m2 s-1 for 70C. For experimentation, thin layers of pistachio nut, ‘Ohadi’ variety, were dried at high drying air temperatures (55 and 70°C), three replications for each treatment, along with drying air velocity and relative humidity of 0.5 m s-1 and 20%, respectively. Good agreement was observed when the output of model was compared with the experimental data. Mean Relative Deviation (MRD) calculated for the model and the experimental data for the air temperatures 55 and 70C, were found to be 6.2% and 8.1%, respectively.

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Aims: The present research was conducted to compare the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness on self-care in depressed women with gestational diabetes.
Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental research was conducted on depressed women with gestational diabetes who were referred to the healthcare centers in Ray County, Tehran. Forty-five individuals were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and control. The two intervention groups, cognitive therapy and mindfulness, received eight sessions of 60 minutes each. The research tools included the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software and the mixed analysis of variance.
Findings: Mindfulness was significantly more effective in self-care behavior (p<0.01). However, both cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness methods led to increased diabetes self-care activities (p<0.01). After a one-month follow-up, both methods remained effective (p>0.05), although mindfulness showed a decreasing trend (p<0.01).
Conclusion: While both mindfulness and CBT show promise in enhancing self-care among depressed women with gestational diabetes, mindfulness appears particularly effective in addressing the complex interplay of depression and diabetes management. However, CBT demonstrates the potential for longer-lasting therapeutic effects.
 

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This inquiry is a case study of ‘writing in a third language’. It highlights three elements of identity, abstraction and oblivion as its main features. Among plurilingual writers, there are some ‘migrant writers’ that move to a third country and write in a third language in order to free themselves from the hybrid state that limits their identity and writing. They deny their dualistic cultural and social identity and write in an abstract language that gets them close to the state of becoming nomads. An illustrative example of this group is the Indian-American writer, Jhumpa Lahiri, who, after gaining success as a writer of migration literature in the United States, moved to Italy and wrote in Italian. Writing in a third language, Lahiri concerns herself no more with cultural and social matters, instead focuses on language as its main theme. Therefore, this essay by referring to the multilingual and multicultural experiences of Jhumpa Lahiri, demonstrates how writing in a third language can free the migrant writer from his/her memories and dualistic identity and gets him/her close to a nomadic identity. 

1. Introduction
Immigration literature, often written in the language of the host country of its author, is concerned with themes such as cultural conflicts, exile, homelessness and nostalgia. It permits its author to create a hybrid and dualistic cultural, linguistic and social identity. However, several writers find it restrictive and in order to free themselves from the socio-cultural conflicts that define their identity and writing, move to a third country and write in a third language. They try to forget the past and deny their former dual identity and opt for a plural and dynamic one. Oblivion of the past and adoption of a post-hybrid identity gets them close to the state of becoming nomads.
An illustrative example is Jhumpa Lahiri, an Indo-American writer who, after years of writing in English and winning literary awards for her immigration literature on the Indian diaspora in the United States, sought to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer by moving to Italy and writing in Italian. The results of her writing in Italian are the books, In other words (2015) and Whereabouts (2018). By writing in a third language, that she had not yet mastered, Lahiri turned her attention to ‘language’ as the main theme of her writings and created an abstract style that did not carry traces of any socio-cultural backgrouond or conflict.
Thus, in this article, adopting a comparative approach, the three elements of ‘post-hybrid identity’, ‘abstract writing’ and ‘oblivion’ are considered as the main features that define nomadic literature and differentiate it from immigration literature. It demonstrates how these features can free the author from a hybrid identity and the conflict between two languages and cultures.
Research Questions
1. What are the major differences between immigration and nomadic literature?
2. How the features of nomadic writing can free its author from the hybrid identity of the immigrant writer?
 
 
2. Literature Review
2.1. Multilingual Writers
Multilingual writers such as Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Makine, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Amelia Rosselli and Toni Maraini, by expressing themselves in several languages, free their writings from the cultural limitations of a single language (Kellman, 2003: ix).
Steven Kellman, in his books, The Translingual Imagination (2000) and Switching Languages ​​(2003), provides a comprehensive study of multilingual authors. For Kellman, their writings, like Esperanto, liberate the author from socio-cultural conflicts (Kellman, 2003: ix).
 
2.2. Immigrant Writers
Immigrant writers, who belong to the category of multilingual writers, always combine the linguistic, cultural and social characteristics of their homeland and those of the host country in their writings and thus create a new dual identity. Immigration literature creates an intercultural space that allows the author to express his/her cultural, linguistic and geographical memories in contact with another language, culture and geography (Seyhan, 2000: 15-15). In fact, immigration literature is a change of identity, an experience between oneself and the other to create a new and ambiguous identity (Blair, 2004: 480).
Although immigration literature is a crossroad of cultures and languages ​​and allows the author to form a new and dual identity, many writers find it restrictive.
 
2.3. Nomad Writers
The concept of nomadic thought and style was firstly introduced by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari in the late twentieth century, and then the Italian philosopher Rosi Braidotti expanded it. Braidotti argues that the nomadic lifestyle is associated with displacement, but this movement does not regard any homeland or any predetermined destination. In fact, physical movement does not define the nomad, but rather it is the mental and behavioral transformation that defines it (Braidotti, 2011, p. 60). The nomad undergoes a constant change and evolution in order to escape any fixed and defined identity (Braidotti, 2011, pp. 45, 57-58). The nomad has a post-hybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints.
 
3. Methodology
Lahiri's works in English and Italian are not only thematically different, but their main difference is markedly linguistic. Thus, this research highlights the main features of nomadic writing in Lahiri's works in order to provide a clearer definition of nomadic literature.
It, firstly, examines the issue of identity and shows how Lahiri seeks refuge in oblivion in order to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer. For this, she moves to a third country and writes in a third language. In this manner, she gets closer to a nomadic identity.
Then, it examines the linguistic poetics of Lahiri's writings in Italian and demonstrates how the use of an abstract language, or in Lahiri's own words, a “linguistic autobiography” frees her from cultural conflicts and gives her the necessary freedom to express her true self.
 
4. Results
Writing in a third language is associated with the negation of the language, culture and memories of the past. It is a post-hybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints. It gives the writer the necessary freedom to write regardless of boundaries surrounding him/her.
Lahiri's writings in English symbolize her dual identity between two cultures and languages. From this dual space, she takes refuge into a third language. By moving to Italy and writing in Italian, Lahiri creates a new ideological or nomadic space that allows her to overcome the existing and stable principles and create a new identity in constant change (Bostrom, 2009: 201).

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Raisin is a principal traditional export product of Iran and has occupied a special position in the foreign trade of the country. During storage period, the product turns sticky and hard due to exudates syrup and moisture loss. To overcome this problem the application of edible coating suggests being of proper assistance. Edible coating may enhance the boundary layer resistance resulting enhanced shelf life of product. In this research the method of Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) used for evaluation of storage and sensory properties (texture, colorو taste and overall acceptability) of raisin .Raisin was treated with coating materials based on lipid (glyceryl monoestearate and carnauba wax) with 150 ppm essential oil of thyme (thymus vulgaris) and stored at 20, 35 and 50^oC for 12 weeks. During this period of storage sensory properties were evaluated and estimate the modeling shelf life of raisin. Results showed that coating, affect on texture and color significantly and caused increasing shelf life of raisin. Temperature and storage time also showed significant effects on total sensory attributes. Maximum shelf life (394 days) determined at 20 ^oC for carnauba wax coating with essential oil of thyme based on overall acceptability   and linear regression and second order function had best fit with R²≥0.94 for all of treatments.  

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The aim of present study was to compare antioxidant properties and investigate the possibility of synergism or antagonism interaction between green tea and oak extracts. Green tea extract in all concentrations had a significant (p<0.05) higher effect than BHT in  DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity, and in two concentration in reducing power, and in all of the assays was better than oak extract; While only in DPPH free radical scavenging assay the oak extract was better than BHT. Among different combinations of these two extracts, synergism was found in three combination according to DPPH free radical scavenging assay, four combination in total antioxidant capacity assay and all combination in reducing power assay. In the peroxide value assay, the chosen combination showed antagonism, although it was significantly (p<0.05) more effective than BHT in soy bean oil stability. The result shows that it is possible to use these natural antioxidant as substitute of synthetic antioxidant BHT.

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The Juice clarification is an important operation in the fruit processing industry. Sour Orange is a source of vitamin C that is cultivated in the north of Iran. Since turbidity of this fruit after juice extraction affects on quality, shelf-life and concentration of juice; clarification and removing of turbidity-causing factors is important. In this study, the effect of membrane parameters including pressure (1.2-2.2 bar) and temperature (25-35 ºC) on the quality characteristics of sour orange during membrane clarification was investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) by Design-Expert Software was used to optimize the clarification conditions. Results of the experiments showed that the Browning index was raised by increasing of temperature, but vitamin C content, Total antioxidant activity value and clarity was decreased in this condition. The Browning index was decreased by increasing of pressure; however, no significant effect was observed on the other quality characteristics. Results of process optimization indicated that the best condition to maximize of vitamin C content, total antioxidant and clarity and to minimize of Browning index achieved at 25 ºC and 1.7 bar. In this condition the vitamin C content, Browning index, Total antioxidant activity and clarity was 24.9 (mg/100 cc juice), 0.106, 87.97% and 97.1%, respectively.

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Sour orange is a citrus with high antioxidant content (mainly ascorbic acid and phenolic compound). Its juice is consumed as a food seasoning. Thermal pasteurization is a common way to improve safety of sour orange juice. By considering the high thermal sensitivity of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, the aim of this study is the investigation of the effect of thermal processing on ascorbic acid, total phenol and an antioxidant capacity of sour orange juice at 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 °C in 76, 66, 48, 35 and 21 min, respectively. Ascorbic acid and total phenolic content were measured according iodine titration and Folin- Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Ascorbic acid and total phenol degradation during thermal processing were evaluated by Arrhenius and Eyring models. Enthalpy of ascorbic acid degradation changed slightly due to its high thermal resistance (29.15°C) and free energy (101.11-102.64 kJ/mole). With  5°C increase in temperature, the half-life of ascorbic acid and the total phenol content decreased about 1.31 to 1.80 and 1.39 to 2.05 times, respectively. Also there was a good correlation between total phenol content and DPPH of sour orange juice (R²> 0.97).

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  This research carried out in order to corn kernels drying by using a discontinuous rotary drum dryer. This research evaluated the effect of drying air temperature and velocity of the rotating cylinder parameters on the drying time, breakage percentage, cracking, burn kernels and the disruptive energy of corn kernels. For this purpose, a batch dryer rotating cylindrical drum rotation is designed and developed. Intake air temperature parameter Was considered at four levels of 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C and the drum rotation speed at three levels of 2, 6 and 10 rpm. The results indicated significant interaction effect of temperature and speed rotation cylinder on maize grain drying. The lowest time kernels corn drying and the cylinder rotation speed was at 100 °C and 2 rpm, respectively. With increasing temperature of dryer from 40 to 100 °C, grain drying time is reduced to less than a quarter but; with increasing rotation speed of the cylinder drying time was increases. During the drying process, the interaction of temperature and rotation speed of the cylinder has no significant effect on broken kernels-corn. The maximum percentage of broken grains of corn is in 10 rpm rotation speed. Interaction of temperature and rotation speed of the cylinder is significant at the one percent level on cracked and burned grains. The More of the cracks and burn is in 100 °C temperature and 2 rpm of rotation speed.  

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Wild medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica) is rich in sugars and organic acids. In this study, wild medlar concentrates in four concentrations of 14, 28, 42 and 56 %(°Brix), preparation and physicochemical properties including pH, acidity, density and color, and rheological properties (at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ° C) were studied. The pH was in the range from 3.37 to 3.62 and acidity according to citric acid was in the range of 1.05 to 3.90 %. Density of concentrated sample (56 %) was 1277 kg/m³. Color of samples was analyzed using image processing technique and image parameters including L*, a* and b* for the sample with a concentration of 56% was 20.54, 1.69 and 1.36, respectively. With increasing in concentration, the sample was darker and L* index decreased. Concentrate used in all concentrations showed Newtonian behavior and viscosity increases with increasing concentration. With increasing in temperature from 20 to 70 ° C, the viscosity of the concentrate (56 %), decreased from 2517 to 223 mPa.s. The magnitude of activation energy was found in the range of 9.59–43.39 kJ/mol K.

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In this study, the combination of infrared - hot air dryer was used for drying of button mushroom. The effect of infrared lamp power (150, 250 and 375 W), hot air temperature (50, 60 and 70 °C) and hot air rate (1, 2 and 3 m/s) on drying of button mushroom were investigated. The results of infrared-hot air drying of button mushrooms showed that by increasing of lamp power from 150 to 375, the drying rate increased. With the increase in hot air temperature from 50 to 70 °C, and hot air rate from 1and 3 m/s, weight loss increased 10.3% and 13.9%, respectively. Also process modeling were done with the genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA-ANN) method with 4 inputs (lamp power, hot air temperature and rate, drying time) and 1 outputs for prediction of weight loss. Sensitivity analysis results by optimum GA-ANN showed the drying time of mushroom was the most sensitive factor for controlling of weight loss. The results of modeling by GA-ANN showed that a network with 7 neurons in the hidden layer with sigmoid activation function can predicted the weight loss (R=0.99) of button mushrooms dried by infrared system-hot air method.

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