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Today, the population of cities along with their socio-economic issues has created a new form of city and urbanization. Tehran province has seen the most changes in the city and urbanization due to the establishment of the capital, the metropolis of Tehran. The question is what are the consequences of urban demographic changes in Tehran province? Therefore, this study tries to investigate the consequences of demographic changes in Tehran province on its urban network during the years 1355-1395. The research method is descriptive and analytical and its type is inferential. The data were extracted by library method and analyzed using regional planning models such as city rank-size and prime city index, entropy and prime city coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results show that the increase in urban population in Tehran province is due to the dispersal of the metropolis of Tehran and the concentration of urban population in the western part of the province is higher than other aspects of communication. Although medium-sized cities have partially repaired the spatial rupture in the province's urban network, according to the rank-size model, the distance between the metropolis of Tehran and other cities in the province is still very large and there is no balance in the province's urban network. Meanwhile, the urban population is not uniformly but in a cluster around the metropolis of Tehran and in the next order of medium-sized cities.

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In this research, an apparatus was made and utilized to determine the friction coeffi-cient of chickpea grains on steel surfaces. Experiments were carried out on two black and galvanized surfaces and at four sliding velocities of 5, 20, 100 and 500 mm/min, at three moisture content of 7.5%, 15% and 21% wet basis (w.b.) and at three vertical pressure values of 14.28, 100 and 150 kPa. The following results were obtained. 1) For surface conditioning, the steel plates need to be passed through the grains for at least 7 times. 2) At low sliding velocity, by increasing the velocity from 5 to 20 mm/min, the dynamic friction coefficient of chickpea grains increased, and at a sliding velocity of 500 mm/min it was decreased. 3) For the black steel surface, by increasing the moisture content of chickpea grains from 7.5% to 15% w.b., the value of the friction coefficient in-creased; but at a moisture content of 21% w.b., it decreased. For galvanized steel sur-faces, and sliding velocities of 5 and 20 mm/min, increasing the moisture content, the value of friction coefficient was found to decreased, but for sliding velocities of 100 and 500 mm/min it’s behaviour was similar to the black steel surface. 4) Normal pressure has no significant effect on the friction coefficient (at 0.01 level) and the difference between the mean values of the coefficient of friction associated with the normal pressure of 14.28 kPa and 100 kPa, as well as 100 kPa and 150 kPa was not significant at the 0.05 signifi-cance level.

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Aims: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is part of human oral cavity microbiome and is known to be responsible of dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum extracts on biofilm formation caused by S. mutans.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the biofilm formation was carried out by broth dilution method with glucose -supplemented Tryptic Soy Agar (TSB) in 96-well microtiter plates. Seven serial dilutions from the aqueous extracts of the Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum were prepared. Then, a suspension of S. mutans was added to the wells. The anti-biofilm effects of the extracts and turbidity were measured by an ELISA reader apparatus at OD₄₉₂nm. Experiments were completed in triplicate.
Findings: Ricinus communis was more active on S. mutans than other extracts. In comparison with others, the mean OD obtained in the presence of a concentration of 50mg of the plant extract (OD=0.083) was close to the negative control (OD=0.068). This plant was effective in higher concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml). Allium sativum extract has a moderate effect on S. mutans. The lowest activity belonged to Punica granatum extract.
Conclusion: The extract of Ricinus communis has strong anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans, when compared to other extracts, Allium sativum extract show moderate activity on the biofilm formation. Aqueous extract of Punica granatum peel isn’t very effective on S. mutans.

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Translation is one of the factors of the exchange of various dimensions of civilization, art, culture and literature and the cultural development of societies. It is always seen in terms of the differences in the components of the linguistic translation of texts, in particular literary texts, such as increasing, decreasing, changing the theme and structure. Hence, The critique of translation is one of the essential and important steps in improving the translation of texts and their evaluation. In this speech, the "Myth of the Moon Barry," the Arabic translation of the critique and evaluation of the story of "Samak Ayyar" by descriptive and analytical method has been criticized and evaluated using descriptive and analytical method and based on the theory of Nida. According to Nida's definition of the translation that finds the closest natural equivalent of the source language in the target language, and the division of the translations into a formal and dynamic translation, the "Myth of the Moon Barry" mythology can’t be regarded as a formal translation. The occurrence of mistakes in the equivalence of words, the removal and enhancement of the text, the change of words and the style and the structure of the original text show the translator has not been faithful to the source text in the translation of Samak-e-Ayar's story and has not done so accurately. Therefore, with tolerance, it should be classified as dynamic translations.

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This paper studies the concept of metafiction in Charmshir’s play Dastan-e door vaderaz-e safar-e sultan … be diyar-e farang (1998). Metafiction, as a result of an analytical perspective emerged first in modern novels, attempts to challenge the conventional frame of fictional reference to the reality of the external world as it is suggested in literary Realism. In this type of stories, narrative elements such as plot, character, time, and place are no longer representatives of imagined reality, but they in fact reflect a perpetual conflict between art and reality. However, it can be suggested that reality here is subordinated by the referents of the external world. Linguistically, metalanguage and poetic functions of drama would dominate its object language. The story then will be directed toward its narrative elements as well as its own process of creation. Adaptation and meta-historiographyare some of the other features of this style of writing stories which is associated with parody and irony. Charmshir’s play is not really a narrative of the king’s long journey to Europe;rather it is a challenge for the playwright to realize a metafictional probability in form of a postmodern drama. This play is an artwork about the process of building an alternative story and is a new exploration on narrative facts.The elements such as characters, structure, plot, the authority of the narrator, and the style of narrative are no longer the hidden parts of drama in the representation of the story and meaning;in fact, they are the story in itself. The foregrounding of language here is an ironic reference to literary and dramatic texts while it is a fictional device for fabricating history and manipulating data by which the reader expects to receive narrative information. This studyunravels new aspects of narrative structure in Iraniandrama using an analytic-descriptive approach.

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Cooperation among human beings have existed in different forms from past centuries till now. The modern cooperatices have been formed in response to disorders due to the occurrence of industrial revolution. Inefficiency of market and government for various reasons, justifies the formation of the third sector of economy (including cooperatives). This paper aims to answer the following questions:What are the reasons for the formation of cooperatives? What is the thire sector of economy? What are the roles of cooperatives in macroe conomy?

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­­­The biodiversity of the Noctuidae, an economically important family of Noctuoidea which include major crop pests, is becoming well-identified nowadays in Iran due to the increased number of faunal expeditions. The two large subfamilies of Noctuidae namely Xyleninae Guenée, 1837 and Noctuinae Latreille, 1809 comprise the majority of Iran's noctuid moth fauna. Two species, Leucochlaena hoerhammeri (Wagner, 1931) and Dichagyris (Stenosomides) mansoura (Chrétien, 1911) members of Xyleninae and Noctuinae subfamilies, respectively, are recorded from Iran for the first time. This is also the first record of the subgenus Stenosomides Strand, 1942 from Iran. Both the external and genital characteristics of the newly recorded species are presented together with illustrations of the adults and their genitalia.

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Governments of developing countries typically spend between 15 and 30 percent of GDP. Hence, small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a major impact on GDP and on the attainment of the development's objectives. This paper presents a framework where data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to assess the efficiency of expenditure in education and health sectors. More specifically, this paper assesses efficiency and seeks to establish a link between difference in efficiency level across countries and policy conditions. The data are used for a sample of member states of organization of the Islamic conference (OIC) over the 2000-20005 period. The findings show that under 5 year old mortality rates, malnourishment prevalence and immunization rates are the main determinants of deficiency in health sector of sample countries. Moreover, enrolment ratio, more specifically in secondary school, is the major factor that affects public spending efficiency in the education sector. In addition, results show that because of international aid programs, on average, countries in Africa are more efficient than those in Asia and Middle East.

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Degradation of Fuel Cell (FC) components under dynamic loads is one of the biggest bottlenecks in FC commercialization. A novel experimental based model is presented to predict the Catalyst Layer (CL) performance loss under a given cyclic load. It consists of two sub-models: Model 1 computes CL Electro-Chemical Surface Area (ECSA) under an N-cyclic load with aid of an analogy with fatigue phenomena of carbon steel by using some correction factors. Ostwald ripening of agglomerate particles in the CL is also modeled. Model 1 validation shows good agreements between its outputs and a large number of experiments with maximum 7% error. Model 2 is an already-completed task in an earlier study which uses the agglomerate model to calculate the CL performance for a given ECSA. Combination of Models 1 & 2 predicts the CL performance under a dynamic load. A set of parametric studies was performed to investigate the effects of operating parameters on the Voltage Degradation Rate (VDR). The results show that temperature is the most influential parameter; that an increase from 60oC to 80oC leads to 20.26% VDR increase, and pressure is the least effective one; that an increase from 2atm to 4atm leads to 1.41% VDR rise.

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Accurate modeling of the sub-grid scales (SGS) is crucial in determining the accuracy of the large eddy simulations (LES) in turbulent flow analysis. In recent years, new branches of the sub-grid scales models called gradient-based models were developed in computing the sub-grid scales stresses and heat fluxes and used in large eddy simulations. In this work, the modulated gradient model (MGM) equations were implemented in the OpenFOAM package, and pimpleFoam solver was modified to improve the solution accuracy. The modulated gradient model is based on the Taylor-series expansion of the sub-grid scales stress and employs the local equilibrium hypothesis to evaluate the sub-grid scales kinetic energy. To assess the accuracy of the modulated gradient model as well as the improved pimpleFoam solver, turbulent channel flow at a frictional Reynolds number of 395 was simulated via the OpenFOAM package and results were compared with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data as well as the numerical solution of the Smagorinsky, Dynamic Smagorinsky, Deardorff models. The results show that modulated gradient model evaluates first and second order turbulence parameters with a high-level of accuracy.

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In this paper, optimization phase angle of alpha Stirling engine performed step by step method. After studying on the operation of various types of Stirling engines, the effect of the phase angle on the power and efficiency of Alpha Stirling engines was studied. The kinematic modeling of volumetric compression and expansion volumes has been done by ADAMS software. Then, the linearization of the thermodynamic equations was carried out on the basis of analysis of the isothermal and five-volume adiabatic stirling cycles to obtain the initial solution of its effective parameters on the power and efficiency. To optimize the phase angle between compression and expansion pistons, stepwise numerical solution of the stirling cycle was performed. Comparison of numerical solution with experimental data indicates an error rate of less than 5.3%. The simulation results show the optimum phase angle of 103 °. At this optimal angle, the results indicate an increase of 4.8% of the output power rather than the output power at a 90 ° pre-aligned angle. Simulation results indicate an improvement of 1.2% of the Alpha Stirling engine efficiency by adjusting this phase priority angle to the efficiency at 90 °.

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In the present study, an infrared-assisted solar dryer was used to determine the drying kinetics, energy consumption and quality parameters evaluation of Echium amoenum. Experiments were conducted with two levels of drying air flow rate (0.0025 and 0.005 m³s^-1) and three levels of IR lamp power (100, 150 and 213 W). Drying time, energy consumption and evaluation of quality properties in different air flow rates and lamp powers were compared to the conventional method (shade drying). Five empirical models were fitted on the experimental data and the goodness of regression models were evaluated using coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and Chi square (χ²). Results of drying time in the different experiments showed highly significant differences respect to the conventional method (p-value<0.01). Also results showed that increasing the air flow rate and IR power caused a reduction of 37% and 17% in drying time, respectively. Best empirical model to describe the drying behavior was the Page model. The lowest specific energy consumptions (SEC) was 4.63 MJ kg^-1, which was occurred at the air flow rate and IR power of 0.005 m³s^-1 and 150 W and the highest SEC was 5.26 MJ kg^-1 and occurred at 0.0025 m³s^-1 of air flow rate and 213 W of IR lamp, respectively. Finally, the air flow rate of 0.005 m³s^-1 and the IR power of 150 W was recommended for Echium amoenum drying in the IR-ASD because of the fair energy consumption and the suitable product color.
 

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Vibrio cholerae is one of the important human pathogens that is transmitted through contaminated water and food. In Qom province, due to special weather conditions, diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae are endemic. The aim of this study was the prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in water and vegetables of Qom province and the presence of two virulence genes, hlyA and toxR. During two years (2020-2021), 120 samples of agricultural water (70) and vegetables (50) in Qom province were collected. The samples were cultured on specific media. Suspicious colonies were evaluated by Gram staining and biochemical tests and the serotype Vibrio cholerae was identified by serology test. Finally, Then, the presence of virulence genes was investigated by PCR method and also the antibiotic resistance pattern by disk diffusion method was evaluated in the isolates.  Vibrio cholera bacteria were isolated from 17 samples (16.14%), all of which were Non-O1. The rate of contamination of water and vegetables was 28.14% (10 cases) and 14.00% (7 cases), respectively. In molecular evaluation, the abundance of virulence genes including: toxR (88.32%), rtxA (58.82%), hlyA (47.05%), chxA (5.88%), and 100% of isolates did not have ctxA, ace and tcpA genes. The most antibiotic resistance is related to ampicillin and amoxicillin (34.29%), followed by cefuroxime (17.46%), imipenem (11.76%), and cefoxitin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5.88%). The results of this study showed that Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 is present in water and vegetables of Qom province, and as an important source of disease for humans therefore, continuous health monitoring of water and vegetables and proper disinfection of these foods is very important.

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Recently, in many fuel cell applications, foam is being used as a flow distributor to increase efficiency and achieve a more uniform distribution of reactants on the active surface. However, despite the improvement in the efficiency and performance of the fuel cell, this method does not fully achieve the desired uniformity in reactant distribution. Therefore, in this study, non-uniform porosity metal foam has been utilized to improve the homogeneous flow distribution on the cathode side of the PEM fuel cell. At first, the foam is assumed to be uniform with the same porosity. After the numerical solution of the flow in homogeneous foam (first type), Two types of foam with variable porosity coefficient have been designed. These foams are divided into checkerboard shape, where the porosity coefficients in the concave corners (dead areas) with low molar fraction of oxygen are higher. This facilitates easier movement of the flow towards these corners, resulting in a more uniform flow distribution. the simulation results indicate that, for a constant current density, the distribution of the mole fraction of oxygen in both types of foam with a variable porosity coefficient has become more uniform. Additionally, the average molar fraction of oxygen has increased by 9.45% in the second type of foam and by 32.02% in the third type of foam compared to the uniform foam, which indicates an increase in generated power. Also, compared to the uniform foam, the pressure gradient in the foam with variable porosity of the second type increased by 75.80%, while it remained relatively unchanged for the third type foam.

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