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Abstract  Trust leads to the development and improvement of group morale, through creation of cooperation and connection among group members. It directly and indirectly affects the group output, and eventually on organizational performance. Knowledge sharing in organizations leads to faster individual and organizational learning; increases creativity, and causes improvement in individual and organizational performance. Therefore, organizations nurture knowledge sharing and encourage their employees to act upon it. Trust building in organization and recognizing its relationship with knowledge sharing is especially important for the creation of competitive advantage. This research is carried out, aiming the “identification of the relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing in the Iranian National Gas Company headquarter”. The data related to trust and knowledge sharing are collected and analyzed by correlation analysis. Research findings confirm the positive and significant relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing and their factors.

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This article seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the definitions of social modernism to address the issue of social innovation in the poetry of the two poets and what are the similarities and differences in each of the topics? The analysis of Baroudi's poetry suggests that he is taking advantage of the sophisticated taste as well as following the critics of the West to the affairs of the people and to correct the defects in society. Like Farrokhi Yazdi, he addresses issues such as central justice, homeland, despondency, attention to poverty, opposition to oppression and oppression, and invitation to studying science as one of the most important subjects of his poetry. The most important aspect of Baroudi's and Farrokhi's poetry's differences is that Farrokhi, as a responsible critic, deals more with the community and related issues, but in Baroudi's poetry, he makes imitation of modernization. However, with the advent of the Arab movement and the issue of exile, it is twisted within it and pursues a sharp eye and a sharp sensitivity to the social problems of its country.

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Blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum is a major post-harvest disease of apples. In this research, the biochemical basis of apple resistance to this pathogen was studied in two relatively resistant and susceptible cultivars, Granny smith and Mashhad, respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and polyphenol content were compared at different time intervals of 0 to 7 days. Based on the results, fruit polyphenol content of Granny smith was higher than that of Mashhad PPO, SOD and CAT activity was higher in Granny smith than Mashhad but CAT activity decreased three days post-treatment. No detectable difference was found in POX activities in the two cultivars. It is concluded that polyphenols contribute in apple resistance to blue mold. Activation of PPO and SOD, lack of POX activity and decrease of CAT activity, all together, could lead to a toxic environment around the blue mold fungus.

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Backgrounds:  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most abundant bacteria in human and animal infections. Many virulence genes in E. coli intensify its infectivity. This study explored the presence of two pathogenic genes, including fimH and bfpA, in E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: From autumn 2016 to spring 2017, a total of 100 E. coli isolates were collected from clinical samples (116) of pregnant women. The strains were identified using biochemical tests (catalase, Simmons citrate, indole, mobility, H₂S, MR, VP, TSI, and urease). The presence of pathogenic genes in these isolates was examined using colony PCR method. Finally, the relationship between the gene and the site of infection was analyzed in SPSS-23 software. 
Findings: PCR results indicated that out of 100 E. coli samples, 15 were bfpA positive (15%), and 64 were fimH positive (64%). A significant relationship was found between the presence of bfpA gene and samples taken from urine (p<.001), blood (p=.049), and stool (p<.001). 
Conclusion: None of the urinary strains harbored the bfpA gene, while the strains isolated from stool had a significant relationship with the presence of bfpA gene (OR = 18.667), which confirms that this gene is of great importance for EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli). There was also a significant relationship between blood-isolated strains and the presence of bfpA gene. A significant relationship was also found between the fimH gene and strains isolated from urine samples (OR=36.733), while no relationship was observed between the presence of fimH gene and blood-isolated strains.
 

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Analyzing mythical content analysis of myths is one of the most important issues in the field of folk tales research. Birds are so important to humans in the distant past that they have been present even in the myths of different nations. In this research and by adopting the content –analysis research methodology, the authors have tried to investigate mythical content of birds among Luri’s myths gathered around Chahārmahal and Bakhtiāri, Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad and Lorestan provinces. The objective of the current study is to analyze the functions of birds on the one hand and the manner the mythical beliefs can influence the birds’ place on the other hand.  In this research and in comparison with mythological beliefs, the authors have studied the reasons for the transformation of the roles of certain birds in Luri’s myths. The results showed that out of a total of 140 Luri’s myths in 48 myths, birds such as eagle, Simorgh, crow, owl, swan, pigeon and asparagus are present with positive functions among Luri’s myths which may indicate their popularity among the people. It is worthwhile to mention that mythological and religious beliefs alongside the eco system exert the great influence on the place and function of the birds.
 

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In Iranian mythology and since the beginning of creation war has been a current theme. Some Iranian gods, such as Bahrām, Mitrā, Bād, Hoom and Soroush, are fighting for peace, security and purity on behalf of Ahuramazdā against Angra Mainyu (Ahriman). Myths play an important role in the collective and subconscious memory. As such, they have a profound impact on religions, arts, literature and general culture of all times. Therefore, this article examines the gods of war in the legends of Chahārmahāl and Bakhtiāri, Lorestān and Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province. The research context consists of legends written in Persian in Chaharmahāl and Bakhtiāri, Lorestān and Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province. The purpose of this research is to explain and analyze the presence of mythological war gods in the legends of the above-mentioned provinces. Through a careful reading of this article, the reader will understand that the gods of war such as Bahrām, Soroush, Wind and Mehr are present in the legends of these provinces, sometimes superhuman and sometimes terrestrial with metamorphoses in their appearance and function.
 

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In general, the scarce resources are efficiently allocated to achieve the economic and social goals of an economy. This means the factors of production including labour force and capital stock must be allocated using rational and scientific approaches. This means investors need to be able to evaluate the cost-benefit of investment in order to make informed and efficient decisions. In this article, we analyze the cost-benefit of technical and professional trainings in Iran. Three courses which comprise skilled labor force, first-class and second-class labor forces are considered in this study and then the cost-benefit methodology is employed. This methodology can be used in future cost-benefit studies of technical and professional trainings. The result obtained from the analysis shows that the educational rate of return in all three courses is higher than the rate of return in the participation papers market in Iran. This result obtained after adjusting the effects of individual ability on their income and correcting the adjustment effects of employment.

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The word " Qaswara " ((قَسْوَرَه  in the verse "Farrat men Qaswara "(فَرَّتْ مِنْ قَسْوَرَهٍ ) is one of the words that the translators, especially the Persian translators, have not translated in the same way. Unlike the Persian translations, the Latin translators have translated the word in almost the same way, but it is often accompanied by a question mark and sometimes an exclamation, which indicates the translator's doubt about the meaning of the word. In addition to the translators, commentators have also expressed different views on the meaning of this word, so that more than seven meanings for this word have been mentioned in the interpretations. There are many narrations in Shia and Sunni commentary sources regarding the meaning of Qaswara. Therefore, the commentators have chosen a separate interpretation for themselves based on the hadiths. This research has been done with a historical and linguistic approach and with a descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of finding the causes and origins of the difference in the meanings of this word in the process of time and presenting a meaning that is close to correct. Examining the sources of the word and the historical course of the interpretations and the analysis of the traditions carrying the meanings of this word show that both the lexicographers and the commentators do not have a definite opinion on the meaning of the word and over time some meanings prevailed over others and were gradually established and later it crystallized in the translations. The study of the genealogy of the word in the Semitic and Syriac languages shows that this word in this language means a weak donkey, which can be used in the semantics of "Qaswara".
 

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In this research, 514 soil samples and dead larvae were collected from Khorassan, Lorestan, Tehran, Ghazvin, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Mazandaran and Hamedan Provinces. B. thuringiensis was isolated from the samples using a heat-acetate method and the isolates were identified and classified using biochemical tests. The frequency of B. thuringiensis in soils with different plant communities was studied. According to results, 127 isolates were collected from the samples collected. Most isolates produced atypical and heterogenic and some bipyramidal crystals. Nearly all the isolates were able to hydrolyze starch and gelatin and ferment glucose and fructose, but could not produce indole and H2S or ferment galactose and lactose. The isolates were divided into 8 biochemical types, among which B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was the most frequent type. Total Bt frequency, corresponding to the whole sampling areas, was calculated as being 3.1%; the highest frequency was recorded for Khorassan Province (5.1%) and the lowest for Lorestan Province (0%). No realtionship was found between B. thuringiensis frequency and vegetation status of the soils examined.

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In the present study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2000) model was tested on both a monthly and yearly basis and applied to the Kordan Watershed, located in Iran. The main objective of the research was to assess the accuracy of the model in sediment-yield and surface water bicarbonate concentration estimation. The attributes of sub-watersheds, tributary channels and the main channel in each sub-watershed were generated using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Geographical Information System (GIS) Arc View SWAT 2000 interface. The model was calibrated and validated for the period from 1990 until 2004. Calibration results revealed that the model predicted monthly and yearly sediment-yield, but not such good results were obtained for the bicarbonate concentration. Therefore, some efforts were made in order to find a solution for SWAT bicarbonate temporal modeling. Around 70 samples of the Kordan River water quality data were used and, upon doing statistical calculations, the best correlation between the average pH–EC of water and the bicarbonate concentration was obtained. The formula shall be tested at several watersheds, and it can also be defined to SWAT in order that the model is able to calculate bicarbonate concentration according to pH and EC of the river water, which are introduced to SWAT by the user as a stream water quality file (SWQ) .

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Cry genes encoding Cry proteins toxic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera species were studied in thirty seven B. thuringiensis strains isolated from twelve naturally infested Heliothis armigera larvae. To further confirm the isolates, two groups of species-indicative biochemical tests were applied while discriminative biochemical tests being employed to figure out the repetitive strains. A PCR experiment was performed using five sets of universal primers for cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry7/8 genes. All strains reacted appropriately, for B. thuringiensis, to the biochemical tests and while the reactions to the discriminative tests being varied. Based upon the results of the discriminative tests, twenty four non-repetitive strains were selected and employed in the PCR assay. Each of the selected strains presented one cry gene, at least; cry1 being the most frequently detected one (91.7%), followed by cry2 (87.6%), cry3 (50%) and cry4 (42%) but no isolate harbored a coleopteran-active cry7/8 gene. All the strains presented combinations of two or more cry genes: 20% presenting cry1+cry2, 12.5% cry1+cry3, 4% cry2+cry4, 20% cry1+cry2+cry3, 20% cry1+cry2+cry4, 4% cry1+cry3+cry4 and 12.5% carrying all the four cry genes studied and only one strain bearing a single cry gene. The cry1-cry2 combination was common in many strains (72.5%). Genetic characterization of this collection provides an opportunity for selection of strains with improved and multiple insecticidal toxicity.

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Relative resistance of 43 Iranian as well as introduced apple cultivars to blue mold (Penicillium expansum) was studied within years 2010-2011. The fruit physicochemical traits were also evaluated as measures of potential resistance to decay. Local P. expansum strains were isolated from decayed apple fruits and the most aggressive isolate (5,000 spores ml^-1) used as inoculum. Fruits were wound-inoculated, and after four months stored in cold storage, decay lesion diameter was recorded. Force to break epidermis, cortex firmness, Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and Titratable Acidity (TA) were determined and their correlation with decay severity detected. Based on the obtained, results significant differences were observed in decay diameters in cultivars and for both years of the study priod. Mashhad was rated as the most susceptible cultivar while Granny Smith as the most resistant one. Relatively, 11.3% of cultivars were rated as susceptible, 54.5% as moderately susceptible, 31.8% as moderately resistant, and finally 2.2% resistant. The cultivars were significantly different in all the physicochemical traits studied. Correlation studies indicated weak negative correlations between decay diameter and TSS, TA, cortex firmness as well as epidermal toughness. Cortex firmness was directly correlated with epidermal toughness and is probable to influence blue mold severity.

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Precise modeling has great importance in systems which are designed to work in transonic regions. The scope of current investigation includes numerical simulation of static aeroelastic phenomena of deformable structures in transonic regimes. Transonic flow brings lots of instabilities for aerodynamic systems. These instabilities bring nonlinearity in flow and structure solvers. Due to improvements in numerical methods and also enhancement in computing technologies, computational costs reduced and high-fidelity simulations are more applicable. Simulations in this paper are done in transonic flow (M = 0.96) on the benchmark wing AGARD 445.6. The procedure includes modal analysis, steady flow simulation and investigation of structure’s elastic behavior. At the first phase, the geometry model is validated by modal analysis with regards to comparison of first four natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Then, a loose or staggered coupling is used to analyze aeroelastic behavior of the wing. In each simulation step, imposed pressure on the surfaces of the wing caused by transonic flow regime, deforms the structure. In the results section, a comparison between imposed pressure coefficients in each step with the existing literature and experimental results are reported. Also, pressure coefficients in each steps are calculated and reported. In this investigation by using multiple steps in one-way fluid-structure analysis, deformations are reduced in each step and as a result, the structure reached its static stability point.

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In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) classes, the control of quadrotor has attracted many researchers from around the world in recent years. In this type of rotary wing, it is attempted to achieve stability in hover and motion flight modes using the forces, produced by propellers. Quadrotor has nonlinear and time-varying behavior and the aerodynamic forces almost always disturb it. In near the ground, the wake of quadrotor interacting with the ground surface causes perturbation to the flow near the blades and frame. These perturbations have significant effect on quality and stability of flight. Most of the related researches were only studied hover and landing operation and the ground effect was considered as constant coefficient in dynamic equations. In this paper, a comprehensive nonlinear model is developed for variety modes of quadrotor flight in near the ground in space state, and the ground effect is as function of state variables in equation. Then, according to the proposed model, the PID controller is designed and the effect of the ground effect on controller performance is investigated. The results of simulation indicate that, the flight stability and trajectory tracking have improved significantly by using of the model and designed controller.

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Today, use of functional food, such as probiotic products, is important due to their health benefits against diseases. In this study, the essential oil of Ducrosia anethifolia and Teucrium polium (DAEO and TPEO, respectively) were added to probiotic yogurt (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum bacteria) to investigate their effects on the survival of probiotic bacteria during 21 days and assess its various properties. The results showed upon increasing the concentration of DAEO and TPEO, the value of acidity and viscosity of yogurt treatments increased, and the pH and syneresis showed a decreasing trend (P<0.05). The survivability of the investigated probiotic bacteria demonstrated a decreased trend during storage in all treatments, but finally, the number of probiotic bacteria in all treatments was significantly higher than that of the control samples. Based on the results of all tests, the addition of 0.03% of DAEO is the best way to realize the goals of the research.

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Hanna Mine's novel "Al-Shams phi Yaum Ghaem" depicts the real images of the author's society and expresses a kind of social critique such as the conflict between existing tradition and modernism.This is a stimulus for rebellion against the current state of the writer's society. The linguistic tools of the context create coherence between the context and the characters of the story on the one hand and the events and the two elements of time and emotion in this novel on the other. Through linguistic styles and rhetorical motives, these tools play an important role in expressing the narrator's wishes and desires, such as opposition to petrification, ignorance, and class differences. To this end, the present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method, explains the role of internal contextual tools in the novel. The results show that the authority of this linguistic method is persuasive, and the author uses them to critique the characters, events, and classes in the society. Its related meanings link the beginning of the story to its dark end and depict the sorrow and ignorance of society. The author uses contradiction, repetition, and inquiry in the form of reprimanding and condensing in order to force people to protest and to draw the dichotomies of their society; it is, as if the whole color of the story is dominated by the color gray, without the story achieving its desired result, which is reform and change.