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In this study, concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 2% of chamomile, echium amoenum and valerian extracts were used in Ice cream formulation and its physicochemical (dry matter, solid non fat, acidity, pH, fat and viscosity), antioxidant properties (IC50), total phenolic content and sensory properties were investigated on the first day of production. The analysis of the results showed with by increasing the concentration of extracts, dry matter, solid non fat, pH and viscosity significantly decreased (p≤0.05) and acidity increased (p≤0.05). The use of extracts did not have a significant effect on fat changes (p> 0.05). analysis of antioxidant and polyphenolic properties showed that with increasing the amount of extract in ice cream, their antioxidant properties increased and the highest antioxidant activity belonged to the sample containing 2% valerian extract that containing higher phenolic compounds. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the highest sensory properties and overall acceptance in the treatments containing echium amoenum extract and the least sensory properties and overall acceptance were observed in the medium-to-high concentrations of valerian extract with along in high-dose chamomile extract treatments. Using 1% valerian extract can produce a functional traditional ice cream with qualitative and nutritional properties desirable and acceptable for consumers.

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The investigations of changes in bed surface of sediment due to the fluid flow and tracing sediment motion are complex and attractive for the researchers. In the recent decade, modeling of fluid flow using the Lagrangian methods, e.g. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), is of interest. In this study, the open-source two dimensional SPHyiscs code is used to model the two phase Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows using the μ(I) visco-plastic model, which is obtained according to particle properties including inertia and friction coefficient. First, and in order to study the visco-plastic model, the one phase code is extended to non-Newtonian and the SPH results are compared with the experimental model of the collapsing granular column, where a harmonic interpolation is used for the viscosity of particles. In this stage, the comparison of the SPH model with the experimental data shows a good agreement. Then, the numerical method is utilized for the simulation of Newtonian dam-break fluid flow over a movable bed. The proposed model treat sediments as a non-Newtonian fluid using μ(I) model, by implementing the harmonic interpolation for the viscosity coupled with the Owen’s relation at the interface. Results show that the proposed model has a capability for simulating two-phase water sediment systems.

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Investigating dense flows containing cohesive sediments (turbidity currents) in water environment has been a main interest for researchers in hydraulic and fluid mechanic science. This kind of flow streams at bed surface because of higher density than water and penetrate to overhead water, which causes turbidness.  In the following research, this kind of flow has been modeled using two-phase simulation with smoothed particle hydrodynamics Lagrangian method. A SPHysics2D code has been developed for modeling, in which pressure value is explicitly calculated using equation of state. Also, Herschel-Bulkley-Papanastasiou single relation non-Newtonian viscoplastic model has been used for modeling cohesive sediment phase. After that for investigating the amount of penetration of cohesive sediment mixture in limpid water, advection-diffusion equation was used for developing code. Finally, one and two phase results obtained from the present model were compared to experimental models. The study shows that the present developed model is able to model these flows desirably and could be utilized for studying concentration amount, dense flow penetration and their propagation in water environment.