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Showing 30 results for Khodadadi
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
The financial sector has seen considerable growth in many post World War II western economies. The consequences of the Great Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 displayed how large the reach of the industry is, and how actions taken by a few important role players, can harm the general public. It is due to the consequences of the Great Financial Crisis that the notion of reforming the banking sector came about. The call for reform occurred in the 1940s as well, after the Great Crash. It was here that Full Reserve Banking (FRB), the broad term for the proposed banking reform and the subject of this dissertation, originated.
The Great Crash ended a period of expansion and growth in the USA in the 1920s where credit was easily available, and the money supply grew. The subsequent Great Depression was an economic event of unprecedented dimensions (Temin, 2000). The years 1929-1933 held a stock market crash, a banking crisis, and a collapse of commodity prices. Friedman and Schwartz (1963) contended that the primary propagation mechanism of the Depression was the contraction in the US money supply, together with banking panics. There were three banking crises in that short period, and it was the failure of two large banks, the Bank of United States and Caldwell and Company, that caused most of the problem. These banks had undergone rapid credit expansion in the 1920s and collapsed under the pressure of the recession (Temin, 2000: 307). A response to the recession was to say that the root cause was bad banking practice and that stricter regulations should be imposed to prevent future crises. Regulation was introduced in The Glass-Steagall Act (1933) however, a more severe suggestion was that bank deposits should be fully backed by bank reserves, Full Reserve Banking, an approach proposed in the Chicago Plan.
The Chicago Plan was proposed by Henry Simons, Irving Fisher and others, to prevent another crisis. It proposed requiring banks to hold 100 per cent reserves. This would simultaneously curb the possibility of reckless lending, and eliminate the risk of bank runs, thereby eliminating the possibility of another banking crisis.
Over the past years, the nominal capacity of the supply of bank facilities has increased significantly, and the main increase in bank assets has come from the increase in granting facilities. On the liabilities side of the banks' balance sheets, non-governmental sector deposits (due to paying high interest rates to depositors) during the year 2013 to 2022 has increased by 33.6% on average.
Statistical evidence shows that the real sector of the economy has not benefited much from the expansion of the banking network's balance sheet and the allocation of bank resources has not led to economic growth. On the other hand, it can be seen that the liquidity created by the banking system has not been absorbed by the real sector of the economy and its effects have been manifested in nominal variables in the form of price increases or turbulences in the currency market and other assets. The average growth of real GDP (without oil) during the years 2013 to 2022 was about 1.6 percent.
In general, it can be seen that due to the endogenous nature of money, the central bank has not had a significant success in controlling the growth of monetary aggregates through controlling the growth of the monetary base and its components (statistical evidence in recent decades confirms this); So that the credibility of the central bank's monetary policies has been challenged and the economy has been exposed to continuous threats of inflation and monetary and financial instabilities.
Methodology
This study will employ several techniques for gathering data, including a library type, a documentary branch, and the use of databases, such as those of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the World Bank. Based on the characteristics of the Iranian economy under fractional & full reserve banking, a random dynamic general equilibrium model was developed for the period 1991-2021. Typical econometric methods are also used to evaluate the hypotheses. This has enabled assessing the effects of the exchange rate shock under two scenarios. It should be noted that the models were estimated in the dynare program space under MATLAB software.
Findings
The exchange rate shock has a negative effect on the consumption of the private sector at real prices, probably due to an increase in import prices. This has led to a decrease in the import of goods. Since imports form a part of the consumption for the private sector, therefore, the consumption by this sector decreases by about 0.5 percent. The Exchange rate shock has had a positive effect on the net foreign exchange reserves of the central bank. The growth rate of the monetary base is also affected by the currency shocks. With the increase in the exchange rate, although the central bank first reacts to the inflationary conditions resulting from the currency shocks through the currency reaction function and reduces the base monetary growth rate, but this situation is not very durable and finally the monetary base growth rate will increase by about 0.4 percent.
If these resources enter the banking system, due to the 100 percent reserve, it has led to the crediting of the banks, and as a result, inflation and final costs have decreased. But in fractional reserve banking, banks create money by attracting deposits, which in turn creates money by them. As a result of this jump, inflation and the final cost will increase.
The exchange rate shock also increases inflation because with the increase in the nominal growth rate of the exchange rate, the marginal cost of each import unit increases and finally the country's inflation increases by 0.7 percent.
Discussion and Conclusion
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of exchange rate impulse on the macroeconomic variables of Iran's economy in the conditions of partial and full reserve banking. To achieve this goal, a new Keynesian stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model was designed considering fractional and full reserve banking system (FRB). The realities of the Iranian economy are considered, and then the effects of exchange rate shocks under two types of banking are investigated. After determining the input values of the model and estimating the parameters using the seasonal data of Iran's economy during the period of 1991-2022 using the Bayesian estimation method, the results obtained from the simulation of the model variables indicate the validity of the model in describing the fluctuations of the Iranian economy. The results of the model indicate that, as a result of the exchange rate shock, the growth rate of the monetary base and consequently the amount of money is affected. Under full reserve banking, due to the full reserve of deposits, this has led to a lower increase in inflation and final cost. However, in partial reserve banking, due to the less control of the banking system, despite having two tools to control the growth of the monetary base and the nominal exchange rate, it will create higher fluctuations in the inflation rate and other macroeconomic variables. In other words, the study model has been slightly different from the basic model in the face of the currency impulse, both in terms of the amplitude and the length of the fluctuation
The financial sector has seen considerable growth in many post World War II western economies. The consequences of the Great Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 displayed how large the reach of the industry is, and how actions taken by a few important role players, can harm the general public. It is due to the consequences of the Great Financial Crisis that the notion of reforming the banking sector came about. The call for reform occurred in the 1940s as well, after the Great Crash. It was here that Full Reserve Banking (FRB), the broad term for the proposed banking reform and the subject of this dissertation, originated.
The Great Crash ended a period of expansion and growth in the USA in the 1920s where credit was easily available, and the money supply grew. The subsequent Great Depression was an economic event of unprecedented dimensions (Temin, 2000). The years 1929-1933 held a stock market crash, a banking crisis, and a collapse of commodity prices. Friedman and Schwartz (1963) contended that the primary propagation mechanism of the Depression was the contraction in the US money supply, together with banking panics. There were three banking crises in that short period, and it was the failure of two large banks, the Bank of United States and Caldwell and Company, that caused most of the problem. These banks had undergone rapid credit expansion in the 1920s and collapsed under the pressure of the recession (Temin, 2000: 307). A response to the recession was to say that the root cause was bad banking practice and that stricter regulations should be imposed to prevent future crises. Regulation was introduced in The Glass-Steagall Act (1933) however, a more severe suggestion was that bank deposits should be fully backed by bank reserves, Full Reserve Banking, an approach proposed in the Chicago Plan.
The Chicago Plan was proposed by Henry Simons, Irving Fisher and others, to prevent another crisis. It proposed requiring banks to hold 100 per cent reserves. This would simultaneously curb the possibility of reckless lending, and eliminate the risk of bank runs, thereby eliminating the possibility of another banking crisis.
Over the past years, the nominal capacity of the supply of bank facilities has increased significantly, and the main increase in bank assets has come from the increase in granting facilities. On the liabilities side of the banks' balance sheets, non-governmental sector deposits (due to paying high interest rates to depositors) during the year 2013 to 2022 has increased by 33.6% on average.
Statistical evidence shows that the real sector of the economy has not benefited much from the expansion of the banking network's balance sheet and the allocation of bank resources has not led to economic growth. On the other hand, it can be seen that the liquidity created by the banking system has not been absorbed by the real sector of the economy and its effects have been manifested in nominal variables in the form of price increases or turbulences in the currency market and other assets. The average growth of real GDP (without oil) during the years 2013 to 2022 was about 1.6 percent.
In general, it can be seen that due to the endogenous nature of money, the central bank has not had a significant success in controlling the growth of monetary aggregates through controlling the growth of the monetary base and its components (statistical evidence in recent decades confirms this); So that the credibility of the central bank's monetary policies has been challenged and the economy has been exposed to continuous threats of inflation and monetary and financial instabilities.
Methodology
This study will employ several techniques for gathering data, including a library type, a documentary branch, and the use of databases, such as those of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the World Bank. Based on the characteristics of the Iranian economy under fractional & full reserve banking, a random dynamic general equilibrium model was developed for the period 1991-2021. Typical econometric methods are also used to evaluate the hypotheses. This has enabled assessing the effects of the exchange rate shock under two scenarios. It should be noted that the models were estimated in the dynare program space under MATLAB software.
Findings
The exchange rate shock has a negative effect on the consumption of the private sector at real prices, probably due to an increase in import prices. This has led to a decrease in the import of goods. Since imports form a part of the consumption for the private sector, therefore, the consumption by this sector decreases by about 0.5 percent. The Exchange rate shock has had a positive effect on the net foreign exchange reserves of the central bank. The growth rate of the monetary base is also affected by the currency shocks. With the increase in the exchange rate, although the central bank first reacts to the inflationary conditions resulting from the currency shocks through the currency reaction function and reduces the base monetary growth rate, but this situation is not very durable and finally the monetary base growth rate will increase by about 0.4 percent.
If these resources enter the banking system, due to the 100 percent reserve, it has led to the crediting of the banks, and as a result, inflation and final costs have decreased. But in fractional reserve banking, banks create money by attracting deposits, which in turn creates money by them. As a result of this jump, inflation and the final cost will increase.
The exchange rate shock also increases inflation because with the increase in the nominal growth rate of the exchange rate, the marginal cost of each import unit increases and finally the country's inflation increases by 0.7 percent.
Discussion and Conclusion
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of exchange rate impulse on the macroeconomic variables of Iran's economy in the conditions of partial and full reserve banking. To achieve this goal, a new Keynesian stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model was designed considering fractional and full reserve banking system (FRB). The realities of the Iranian economy are considered, and then the effects of exchange rate shocks under two types of banking are investigated. After determining the input values of the model and estimating the parameters using the seasonal data of Iran's economy during the period of 1991-2022 using the Bayesian estimation method, the results obtained from the simulation of the model variables indicate the validity of the model in describing the fluctuations of the Iranian economy. The results of the model indicate that, as a result of the exchange rate shock, the growth rate of the monetary base and consequently the amount of money is affected. Under full reserve banking, due to the full reserve of deposits, this has led to a lower increase in inflation and final cost. However, in partial reserve banking, due to the less control of the banking system, despite having two tools to control the growth of the monetary base and the nominal exchange rate, it will create higher fluctuations in the inflation rate and other macroeconomic variables. In other words, the study model has been slightly different from the basic model in the face of the currency impulse, both in terms of the amplitude and the length of the fluctuation
Volume 1, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Gothic terminology (vocabulary) is an adjective, which implies a thing that is related to “Got”. Gothic also is the name of a genre, which has been created from the 1760s to 1820s and correlated with the readers¢ uncommon imagination, dreams, nightmares & inner thaughts. Usually milieu of this genre is closed castle, ruins and dierelict lands. Gothic literature should be numerated as a branch of rheumatism or pre- rheumatism school. Gothic tales usually are dim stories of enigmas, apprehensions and extraordinary matters, which are formed around a hidden & trightfull mystery. Apprehension, frighty & deeth are three important elements of them. Indeed, Gothic was an architectural & sculpture style about Goth tribe that, in addition to the art of architecture, has entered into the story literature. Nowadays, Gothic literature is an important part in the word literature, which we can not understand the modern literature without understanding it. The present research tries to survay the elements, structure and content of Gothic stories through descriptive-analytic way and with the use of library sources.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
Low Intensity Magnetic Separators (LIMS) are widely used in research and industry. The design of this separator is based on drum rotation inside a tank media, so that a permanent magnets placing inside the drum as an angle form, produces a magnetic field. In this study, the behavior of magnetic and none-magnetic particles of a pulp, flowing through a magnetic field in the wet LIMS, was simulated and validated by experimental results. The magnetic field variables were calculated in an FEM based simulator (COMSOL Multiphysics); while particles’ tracking was done applying CFD numerical method, enhanced by discrete phase model (DPM). The difference between the results of the simulation and the magnetic separation experimental test (recovery of magnetic particles in the concentrate product) was 16.4%. In order to quantify the results of the simulation, magnetic separation simulation was performed by changing two variables affecting the magnetic separation process (variables of particle size of the input pulp feed particles and solid percentage of input pulp) and corresponding experiments. Comparison of laboratory and simulation results showed that the trend of simulation results is consistent with laboratory results of the weight recovery (in both variables under study), so that the maximum simulation error is related to the size of 125 microns (16.5 %) and the lowest simulation error was in 180 microns (11.4 %). Also, the lowest simulation error in the weight recovery prediction was related to the pulp feed solid percentage of 15% (equivalent to 14%) and the highest simulation error was in 30% pulp feed solid percentage (16.9 %). This proposes that FEM-DPM-CFD coupling model, can be applied for simulation, optimization, design and construct
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Pollution caused by tailing dam is one of the most important mining industry issues which creates many environmental problems. Among these, heavy metals play a major role in the destruction and degradation of natural habitats and have harmful effects on human health. In first part of this paper, the effective parameters which leach heavy metals from solid waste of bauxite mine have been investigated. The leaching tank test results indicated that among heavy elements vanadium has the highest concentration at pH of 2, temperature of 60°C, residence time of 8 hours, and the ratio of solid phase to liquid phase of approximately 1. The column leaching tests showed that the increase of the input from 0.4 to 0.9 cc at pH of 7, increased vanadium dissolution. Similarly, after increasing column leaching time from 3 to 30 days, the vanadium dissolution will be 2.5 times. When the pH increases from 7 to 13 caused two times dissolution.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (Autumn 2020)
Abstract
Different types of leisure surround today's world. Playing video games is the most popular type of digital leisure in Iran and the world. This research's main goal is to analyze gamers' constraints and motivations based on the PCM model. The statistical population of this research is gamers under the age of 30 who play video games for at least 1 to 6 hours per week in their free time. Descriptive statistics methods are used to analyze the data. (statistical indices of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The results showed a significant relationship between the understanding of constraints and the position of people in the PCM model in such a way that each of the dimensions of Constraints are understood differently in the stages of the model and show different deterrent power in different classes.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
Epic is the oldest type of literary that its form is similar to story, because epic, like a story, has three parts: beginning part, middle part & ending part. Epic is descended from myth. It also encompasses story and novel inside. This paper tries to achieve better understanding about a part of epical literature, which reflects on epical tents and enjoys narrative features and symbol language. Description and specification of narrative structure of pictorial and basically language epic through Mick Ball’s theory is the purpose of this writing. Rostam and Esfandiyar story is chosen because this paper tries to show features of narrative tents in literary form. Then these features are studied based on Mick Ball’s, theory to show Ferdosy’s, s tendency toward story waiting elements & structure of narrative tents. This paper shows that epical story (both pictorial and basically language) like other types of basically language stories, has story line (beginning, story progression toward Elman, problem solving and final result).
Volume 4, Issue 3 (No.3 (Tome 15), (Articles in Persian) 2013)
Abstract
Since the old times, Persian literature has had a wide scope and a deep content; therefore, there are more rooms for ample investigations. One of the literary forms of old Persian texts is the structure of minimal and long story. Here, Attar’s two works (Mosibatname & Manteghotteire) are studied based on the Lobav Valtsky’s and Grimas‘s patterns. The authors start the investigation based on the hypothesis that structure of Mosibatname’s stories, because of their similarities of plot and ethical points to tales and narrations, are conformed with the Lobav Valtsky’s pattern; but the overall structure of Manteghotteire ‘s story, because of its similarities to long story, is corresponded with the Grimas’s criteria. There are many short narrations in Manteghotteir based on the Lobav’s pattern; however, here we investigate the overall structure of the book as a long story. This paper using descriptive-analytic method and library resources, investigates the structure of minimal story in Mosibatname and its conformity with the Lobav’s pattern, and then investigates the structure of long story in Manteghotteire and its conformity with the Grimas’s pattern. Finally, it concludes that conformity of the two aforesaid patterns on one writer’s works does not make linguistic and structural differences in these works, rather it shows the structural differences of these two patterns.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (fall 2021)
Abstract
Attar has shown everyone the experience of love, self-discovery, self-knowledge and divine knowledge in his books. He knows the path to perfection by passing through asking stage, love, knowledge, independence, monotheism, astonishment, poverty, and mortality. He guarantees perfection and reaching the source of love for human beings by self-knowledge and showing the different dimensions of human. Maslow is trying to introduce self-actual human by defining levels for human needs. Attar tries to fill the cup of existence with pure wine and doesn't neglect his own society. According to the expression of human's demands for the language of birds in Manteq ul-tayr and princes in Elahinameh, the comparative-analytical investigation of Maslow's the need theory and two books of Elahinameh and Manteq ul-tayr will tell us more about Attar's science and personality. Attar, after his experiences and Achieving perfection, lead his community to grow in all dimensions, consciously. By studying successful people, Maslow is also looking for a quantitative concept for the perfect human. Attar's poems are his practical and theoretical diagram of growing needs.
Volume 9, Issue 6 (No. 6 (Tome 48), (Articles in Persian) 2018)
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the structural elements of narrative based on theoretical model of actional –manipulative regime of discourse in Persian classical and contemporary Literature. Investigating the narrative structures of Persian fiction literature, both classical and contemporary, indicates specific narrative rules in the plot structures of these works and have led to their categorization in actional regime of narratives with different approaches. The hypothesis of the present research is that each story begins with a kind of imperfection and actor’s efforts to liquidate this imperfection and to achieve the object of value in the chain of narrative and discourse. Now, the question of the current research is as follows: what are the underlying mechanisms of actional – manipulative and narratives in Persian fictional literature, based on examples drawn from classical and contemporary stories? The results indicated that in this narrative structure the actor is in the quest of achieving something worthy by referring to convincing and persuasive approaches with various features such as encouragement, threats, flattery, bribe, provocation and rebellion.
Babak. Pourhajat, M. J. Koleini, Ahmad. Khodadadi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2010)
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2010)
Abstract
Column flotation cells in terms of air distribution, feed and wash water systems compare to mechanical cells have better metallurgical performance. In this paper, flotation column cell scale-up has been investigated by using lab experimental results and required data for flotation column design was obtained by employing a lab scale column flotation cell with 150 cm high and 74 mm diameter in final zinc concentration cleaning stage. By using Taguchi experimental design method, four operational cell parameters were evaluated. In optimum conditions, a concentrate was produced with zinc grade, recovery and separation efficiency of 52.84%, 69.86% and 32.61% respectively. Also plant flotation mechanical cells performance in final zinc concentration cleaning stage was investigated. Results were shown that, mechanical cell concentrate could produce a concentrate with zinc grade, recovery and separation efficiency of 52.15%, 75.10% and 30.84% respectively. Mechanical cells performance was compared to column cell performance in final zinc concentration cleaning stage. Results were shown that, column cell performance was increased 0.64% zinc grade and 1.77% zinc separation efficiency. Based in obtained results, a column flotation cell was designed with 8 m high and 1.4 m diameter.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (Winter 2024)
Abstract
Aims: Hospital-acquired infections represent a significant global health challenge, leading to increased patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This study aimed at evaluating the knowledge and practices of healthcare workers at Ghaem Hospital’s special care units concerning the control of hospital-acquired infections.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive-analytical research employed a comprehensive approach, encompassing all nursing and patient-care staff in the special care units of Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad. Conducted from 2022 to 2023, the study utilized a census and sampling method to gather data, which were collected via two questionnaires-one capturing demographic details and the other assessing knowledge and practices related to infection control.
Findings: A total of 96 individuals participated in the study, predominantly nurses (62.5%), followed by paramedics (24%), and doctors (13.5%). Practices of hand hygiene before procedures varied in different groups. 30% of doctors, 34% of nurses, and 30% of paramedics thoroughly washed all parts of their hands; 63% of doctors, 57% of nurses, and 50% of paramedics used soap; complete fingernail washing was done by 43% of doctors, 45% of nurses, and 56% of paramedics, showing a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Post-procedure hygiene responses were positive from 44% of doctors, 33% of nurses, and 50% of paramedics. Knowledge regarding the transmission of urinary and ventilator-associated respiratory infections was generally high among doctors and nurses but lower among paramedics.
Conclusion: Healthcare staff adheres to infection control guidelines to varying degrees, with doctors and nurses generally performing better than paramedics.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (October & November 2021 2021)
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to analyze the two-way interaction of stress and tension in the discourse of the narcissist. Nafteh al-Masdoor, which means "sighs of a painful chest", is a glorious work and a painful complaint written in AH by Mohammad Munshi Nasavi, influenced by the tragic tragedies of the Mongols, which begins with a sharp tone and rhythm. The discourse of this work becomes a discourse with two aspects of tension due to the interaction of external tension (multiple wounds caused by the Mongol invasion) and internal loneliness (burning and regret of the author) and their relationship with each other. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that although at the beginning of the discourse of this work, we see a gradual increase in content tension and linguistic excitement, but gradually the initial energy and excitement calms down and the book structure follows a downward pattern towards discontinuity. The creation of a distributed counter-discourse has observed as well.
Volume 13, Issue 6 (Number 6 - 2011)
Abstract
Storage of potatoes is very important because fresh potatoes are available only for a few months in a year. Thus, any treatment such as irradiation that controls sprout growth and extends shelf life of potatoes could be beneficial. In this study, potato sprout inhibition and tuber quality after treatment with various levels of Gamma Irradiation (0, 50, 100 and 150 Gy) on different dates (10, 30 and 50 days after harvest) were studied during prolonged storage at 8 and 16°C using tubers of Agria variety. A factorial experiment based on a randomized split plot design with three replications was carried out. There was minimum sprout development (4.83±0.01 g/3kg tuber) in tubers from early irradiation date (10 days after harvest). This study indicated that early irradiation and higher irradiation levels significantly decreased sprouting, percent weight loss and specific gravity of tubers. The loss of ascorbic acid and the contents of reducing and non-reducing sugars significantly increased by delay in irradiation whereas the content of sugars and ascorbic acid level decreased by irradiation. The loss of firmness became clearer during five months storage in non-irradiated tubers. Higher storage temperature (16°C) caused greater loss of ascorbic acid (20.34%). In other words, tubers stored at 16°C showed greater metabolic changes as indicated by sprouting, weight loss, and changes in sugars and ascorbic acid contents. The 50 Gy irradiation treatment on the 10th day after harvest resulted in complete sprout inhibition of tubers at 8°C storage and 150 Gy dose while inhibiting sprouting at 16°C, caused greater loss of ascorbic acid. Tubers irradiated with later after harvest were subject to greater loss of ascorbic acid in response to higher doses of irradiation and higher storage temperature. Consequently, to reduce undesirable changes in Agria potato tubers, delay in irradiation and storage at high temperature are not recommended.
Amin Khodadadi, Gholamhosein Liaghat, Mohammad Ali Akbari, Mehdi Tahmasebi Abdar,
Volume 13, Issue 12 (2-2014)
Volume 13, Issue 12 (2-2014)
Abstract
In this study, factors affecting ballistic performance of fabrics used, including material properties, projectile geometry, boundary conditions, fabric dimensions, multiple plies of fabric armors and friction, has been studied. Ballistic limit was obtained as a criterion of ballistic performance of fabric to identify and compare the effect of the mentioned factor. To obtain the ballistic limit, ballistic tests were performed on the fabric. Also, a finite element model was created using LS-DYNA software and the results of the the simulation of this model show an acceptable agreement between the experimental and numerical analysis. Due to limitation in experimental tests,many of factors affecting performance of armors can be evaluated using this model.
Volume 13, Issue 60 (0-0)
Abstract
Economic value of the rice product is determined by the quality of rice after paddy conversion operation to white rice. Conversion Coefficient and crack percent are two important indices for determining the quality of rice after conversion operation that type of dryer used is effective on level of these indices. In this study effect of air temperature was studied in four levels (40, 45, 50 and 55°C); final moisture in three levels (8-10, 10-12, and 12-14%) and rice variety in three levels (Tarom-domsiah, Hashemy, Shirudy) on crack percent and conversion coefficient during the drying in a fluidized bed dryer. Experiments were conducted in the factorial design with three replications and three factors 3×3×4. Results showed that conversion coefficient of Tarom-domsiah, Hashemi and Shiroodi varieties reduced with increasing of moisture at all four temperature levels. In order to dry rice, temperatures 40°C and 50°C for Tarom-domsiah variety and temperature 55°C for Shiroodi variety lead to the best conversion coefficient. Crack percent of Hashemi variety increases with rising of drying temperature but crack percent of Shiroodi variety is reduced. Minimal crack percent of Tarom-domsiah, Hashemi and Shiroodi varieties is gained at temperatures (45°C and 50°C), 45°C and 55°C respectively. Hence, it is recommended to use temperatures mentioned for drying of these varieties in order to obtain minimal crack content.
Volume 14, Issue 4 (September & October 2023)
Abstract
With the development of the language-based learning approach, language pedagogy takes more advantage of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching to non-native speakers. Besides, language plans were driven to adopt certain expected features; such as modern grammatical and morphological structures, expressing tangible meanings and events of everyday life, being pleasant, equipping learners with eloquence methods, and applying general and universal language pedagogy issues. Since literary texts have various levels and types, language education policymakers need to consider them in designating language plans. With survey methods, this paper illustrates the significance role of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching Persian to non-Persian learners. To achieve this goal, the authors created a questionnaire with eight literary genres in Child and Adolescent literature at three levels of language proficiency. The questionnaire was sent non-randomly to 94 Iranian teachers, experts in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers and acquaintance with Persian literature. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22, calculating one-way Chi-square, applying Friedman and Mann-Whitney statistical test. Data analysis reveals that the relevant indices for beginner levels are either minor or insignificant. However, in the intermediate and advanced levels children’s tales and stories, along with adolescent poetry, are more emphasized.
1. Introduction
Children and adolescent literary texts retain an important role in teaching English as a second/foreign language, as some of the features of this literature have turned it into an indisputable pedagogy tool. Some of the many beneficial characteristics of this literature include the vocabulary and modern language structures which are close to the standard criteria of a language (due to novelty and lack of archaism), expression of tangible concepts and everyday events of the learners’ lives (due to categorization of the audience), introduction of eloquence methods to the learners simply and pleasantly, benefitting from general and global concepts, the ability to adjust the length and difficulty level of these texts to the goals and levels of the learners, and uniformity of the features and elements of this literature with the optimal structures of extensive-reading sources. Although, in many languages and especially in Persian, this literary category consists of many different sub-categories, and the choice of suitable texts requires thorough study and research. Hence, using the survey method and inquiring about the views of expert teachers in teaching Persian to non-native learners, the present study aims to determine the position of each of these sub-categories in teaching Persian to adult non-native learners at different (learning) levels.
The questions that the present study is posing to answer are as follows:
1. From the POV of expert teachers of Persian as a second/foreign language, how important are children and adolescent literature indices in teaching Persian to non-native learners at beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels?
2. What is the best order of application of children and adolescent content, based on the degree of importance, in teaching Persian to non-native learners of beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels?
3. How effective is the experience level of teachers in the determination of the importance of children and adolescent literature in teaching Persian to non-native speakers?
2. Methodology
The present study, which has been conducted across the universities and Persian language institutes of the country (Iran), has used the survey method. The study sample consisted of 94 Iranian teachers with experience in the field of teaching Persian as a second/foreign language who were also familiar with Persian literature. They were therefore chosen by a non-random, purposeful method based on accessibility.
The measuring tool of the study is a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed by using a five-point Likert scale based on the importance scale, degree of significance, and accordingly, the significance of applying examples of children and adolescent literature in creating educational material for teaching Persian to non-native speakers of beginner, intermediate and advanced levels and teaching Persian based on children and adolescent literature content from the point of view of expert and skilled Persian teachers.
To examine the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of face validity (views and modifications of experts on the statements of the questionnaire) and construct validity (the number of initial similarities between the statements) were employed. Hence, the face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinion of experts, and the construct validity was verified by the minimum number of similarities between statements (0/7) at three levels beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Next, the final questionnaire was distributed online to be answered by the sample population.
To check the reliability of the questionnaire, an initial sample of 30 completed questionnaires was examined as a pre-test. Then, Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaires were calculated using the obtained data from the initial sample. The amount of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels were 0,881, 0,943, and 0,933, respectively, which confirms the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire.
3. Summary and Conclusion
Examination of some of the educational material used for teaching Persian to non-natives shows little evidence of using children and adolescent literature, which could be a result of consecutive cognitive issues about examples of this literature. This means that the consciousness of the authors of examined teaching materials about the differences between the dominant narrative in children’s literature and adult literature might have led them to believe that instances of children’s literature cannot present an appropriate learning template for adult Persian learners and, in other words, this literary category might be inappropriate for an adult audience.
Also, research results show that the sample population distinguishes between examples of children and adolescent literature, such as 4 indices of folklore children’s literature including lullabies, nursery rhymes, game songs, and tales, and formally-recognized children and adolescent literature that consists of 4 manifestations including children and adolescent poetry and prose(stories). They identify the former category (folklore) as unimportant, but they permit the use of children’s poetry on an intermediate level, adolescent poetry, and children’s and adolescent prose (stories) on intermediate and advanced levels. Therefore, the aforementioned criteria can be used to compose educational texts for teaching Persian to non-native learners. By correctly choosing the material, the issue of balance between the topics and concepts and the adult audience can be resolved.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (May & June 2024)
Abstract
Qaboosnameh is one of the valuable works of Persian prose in the fifth century and is the result of the experiences of Amir Rantul-Maali to his son Gilan Shah, in which the narrator taught his son about various issues of life, arts and professions in forty-four chapters. This work, which is also known as "Advice" and "Pandnameh", is a moral narrative with unique narrative structures, the most important of which is the existence of counter-discourses in the form of anecdotes. These anti-discourses are in support of the narrator's speech and aligned and in interaction with his moral-educational discourse, so that the optimistic narrator with deep insights and wise observations and embellishing and armed his words with supporting anti-dots such as: appropriate anecdotes, verses of the Quran, the speech of scholars and poems of poets, the wall It has created a strong defense and a strong support umbrella in the discourse system of the book, which has led to more persuasion of the narrative heard. The results of the present research show that anti-discourses in Qaboosnameh have been involved in persuasiveness of Shenu's narrative with roles such as instructiveness, influence, incitement, threat, experienceability and easy understanding and highlighting.
1. Introduction
In Qaboos, the narrator's letter is written by himself, and he is interested in such factors as: Quranic verses, the words of the elders, poems, appropriate stories, the frequency of great use of women and etc. It focuses its discourse on only one area (educational literature) and closes the way for other interpretations. It hinders the plurality of discourse, and this has led all actions to jointly serve a primary purpose, which is advice and advice. This is the focus of discourse on a purpose and message through supporting elements, in semantics theories of discourse. The role of anti-speech is called and means to use a solution as a ploy from the word processor to highlight part of the statement, to influence the audience more, to support the statement. Repairing scarred relationships and instilling a particular sense of audience in discourse
Research Question(s)
The results of the present study show that the anti-discourses in the script with roles such as lesson, influence, persuasion, and threat. Easy experience and understanding and highlighting have been involved in persuading the Shenu narrative.
2. Literature Review
The present research has been conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner using library resources and the basis of the work has been based on the semiotics theory of discourse.
3. Methodology
In any discourse belonging to a particular genre, Blashk also has elements and themes specific to that genre, so that the mere existence of these elements and themes leads to the creation and durability of a general system with ideology. It becomes a specific structure and theme that can be considered a discourse. Every discourse in the following genre, including epic, educational, mystical, and rich, though powerful and dominant. It needs support to prove its legitimacy so that these protections, like a shadowy halo, return to the circle of discourses and support their legitimacy and existence under a particular genre they do. For example, in the Shahnameh, which belongs to the genre of epic and discourse, certain elements and themes such as Salakhshuri, Shabbakhon, Warrior, Courage, Exaggeration, Ranting, Weaponry, Wrestling, Forcefulness, Difference، Resonant cheques and...In all the text, as a supportive umbrella, it has helped to the durability and consistency of discourse. Also, in a text such as Qaboos, which belongs to educational discourse, elements and themes such as poems, appropriate anecdotes, admonition, beingware, persuading, encouraging, Quranic verses, hadiths, and proverbs. It has played a role in arming the text with supportive tools and has preserved it in a particular purpose, ideology, and structure. In this work “Hayt and Temask to Story” along with other elements, one of the important ways of communicating is where we witness the narrator's efforts to have more impact on the audience. This state of discourse supported by other discourses or elements that lead to the proof and support of the original discourse is called «pad discourse». In fact, the status of anti-speech means the same supportive and covering function that a discourse has in common with another discourse within a dialogue space, Moghaddam et al. (1396). The pods are set in a discourse based on a reliance on a central nucleus that embraces the meaning, message, and primary purpose of the narrative and serves a given purpose. Now that we accept that every discourse is armed with support pods. We believe that this theoretical framework is covered by the text of the script and, while describing the role of anti-discourses in creating a supportive halo around the main purpose of the narrative، they also describe their various roles in how to persuade the Shenu (Ambud) narrative.
4. Results
The word processor is trying to do as best as possible. Convince the audience and convey their advice to him with linguistic-narrative techniques so that he is not in a position of power and the audience in a position of weakness. Text in this genre is a central core with a specific message and meaning that maintaining, expanding, and transmitting to the audience requires solidifying elements. It is a pleasant and supportive person who is referred to as «pad» in the sign of discourse and narrative, and in discourse because they are defensive and expanding towards the central nucleus. They are known as anti-discourses. Qaboos letter from important Persian educational texts has such a structure, and the element of theologian in one text has given his son advice, and it is decided that in forty-four, Bob has a central nucleus (the title of Bob) extend, support, and convey; accordingly, his discourse has several supporting layers (pods of discourse) which include verses and hadiths, the words of the elders, proverbs, its proper poems, and anecdotes. Together, these pods are supported by halos in the form of appropriate anecdotes and form a pernicious discourse, with roles such as learnability, avoidance, easy understanding of the transmission of experience, influence، delivering, and threatening an important role in persuading and acclimating the audience within the text of Leele and Biruni audience and today's readers are responsible.
Mahdi Tahmaseiabdar, Gholam Hossein Liaghat, Hadi Shanazari, Amin Khodadadi, Homayoun Hadavinia, Abar Abotorabi,
Volume 15, Issue 9 (11-2015)
Volume 15, Issue 9 (11-2015)
Abstract
Due to high hardness, low density and heat resistance, ceramics are widely used in armor applications and industry, thus, in this study, perforation process of projectile into ceramic targets is investigated analytically and numerically and a modified model is developed. In the analytical section, Woodward’s theory, one of the important theories in perforation process of projectile into ceramic targets, is investigated and some modifications are applied in Woodward’s model, hence the ballistic results of analytical method are improved and the modified model shows good agreement with the experimental results that in the analytical section, the modified model is based on Woodward’s model and modification of semi-angle of ceramic fracture cone, erosion, mushrooming and rigid from of projectile and also changes in yield strength of ceramic during perforation process, damage, are considered. In the numerical section, a finite element model is created using Ls-Dyna software and perforation process of projectile into Ceramic-Aluminum target is simulated. The results of the analytical method and numerical simulation are compared to the results of the other investigators and results of modified model show improvement in prediction of ballistic results.
Sajad Khodadadi, Nima Sam Khaniani, Mofid Gorji, Davood Domiri Ganji, Mohammad Reza Ansari,
Volume 15, Issue 10 (1-2016)
Volume 15, Issue 10 (1-2016)
Abstract
In present study, impact of single bubble on an inclined wall and its movement are investigated by applying volume of fluid method (VOF) in OpenFOAM open source cfd package using a solver called interFoam. Both phases are incompressible and surface tension between two phases is estimated by CSF method. The effect of some parameters such as contact angle, wall slope and Bond and Morton dimensionless numbers on bubble shapes and velocity are studied. The numerical results show bubble velocity along wall increases with the increase of wall slope angle. The maximum bubble velocity happens at 50 degree. Three bubble regimes are recognized and introduced in this study named as: sliding, bouncing, and zigzagging based on wall slope. The bubble regime changes from sliding to bouncing when wall slope changes from 30 to 40 degrees. In constant Morton number, increment of Bond number increases both velocity and amplitude of fluctuations. In addition, an increment of Morton number in constant Bond number, decreases velocity and amplitude of fluctuations. Moreover, by increment of Morton number, the bubble motion will change from an accelerating motion to a constant velocity condition.
Majid Khodadadi, Hossein Amirabadi, S. M. Hossein Seyedkashi,
Volume 16, Issue 9 (11-2016)
Volume 16, Issue 9 (11-2016)
Abstract
Inconel alloys are a family of nickel-based superalloys that consist of a wide range of compositions and properties. Inconel 718 is one of superalloys used in the aerospace industry due to its good mechanical properties; such as high corrosion and creep resistance at high temperatures. Despite these advantages, Inconel 718 is among the most difficult materials to be machined. In this paper, a finite element model for orthogonal machining of Inconel 718 was developed in order to investigate the effective parameters on the force, temperature and chip morphology. The plastic behavior of material was simulated with Johnson-cook material model, and constant shear friction factor (m) is used to model the friction between chip and tool interface. Then, the simulation results were compared with experimental values with which a good agreement was found between them. After validating the simulation results, the effect of coefficient friction, cutting speed and rake angle, on the cutting edge temperature, force on the tool and chip morphology was achieved by using design of experiments (DOE) method. According to the results, feedrate (with 30% contribution) and friction coefficient (with 19% contribution) have the greatest impact on the force on the tool. Rake angle (with 31% contribution), cutting speed (with 21% contribution) and feedrate (with 20% contribution) are the most effective parameters on the cutting edge temperature. The friction coefficient and feedrate (both with 25% contribution) have the greatest impact on the chip geometry.