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Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in Iranian women. Clinical nurses and midwives are supposed to be at high risk of the disease. The present study aimed at comparing the knowledge and health beliefs of Iranian nurses and midwives about breast cancer screening using Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 nurses and 60 midwives working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Yazd, Iran) were selected via convenience sampling. Three questionnaires were used to collect data including a demographic questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Test, and Champion’s Revised Health Belief Model Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-11.0 for Windows. Findings: According to the independent t-test results, the mean knowledge scores of the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in mean health belief scores between the two groups (p>0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed a significant direct correlation between knowledge and health beliefs in both nurses and midwives (P=0.018; r=0.18). The same test suggested knowledge to have significant direct correlation with benefits of mammography (P=0.01; r=0.2), benefits of breast self-awareness (P<0.001; r=0.4), cues to action (P=0.001; r=0.2), and self-efficacy (P<0.001; r=0.3). Conclusion: There are some risk factors including unhealthy life-style behaviours, exposure to night light, and consequently, disruption in circadian rhythm, and that job stress can threaten the health of nurses and midwives. Thus, it is important to determine their perceived barriers of screening behaviours based on HBM.

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This article examines the reproduction of gender identity in Dowlatabadi’s short story “The Man” in the light of Judith Butler’s theory of Gender Performativity. It investigates the cultural function of identity and the way language discursively reflects the role of the unestablished identity in the story. It also presents new outlooks towards language performativity of the male/female dichotomy. What this article focuses on is an individual's identity, and language, exploring the concept of gender performativity.
Butler asserts that performativity is a ritualized production and a constrained reiteration of cultural intelligibility under the compulsory prohibition pressed by the power regimes. The culturally-acquired gender is crafted based on the socially recognizable standards, which form the directionality of the self-representation. A Gender is an act that requires a repeated performance in ritual and social dramas. She declares that one is not born but rather becomes a subject whose gender is a discursive construction that defines his/her body. Moreover, the gendered subjects were subordinated to the language that interpellated them, so that each individual became a linguistically stylized occasion.
Dowlatabadi’s main character in this story undergoes transfiguration from childhood to adulthood affected by the social upheavals leading him towards his crafted and gendered identity formation. His father’s roles are resignified through the reiteration and imitation of the gendered and naturalized regulations. Surveying “The Man” elucidates that gender identity is an imitation, which leads the character to resignify and recontextualize the parodic gender reproductions. Therefore, the established discourses gave the agent the feasibility to establish his intelligible social existence.
Springing from the discussion about gender performativity of Dowlatabadi’s character, the article concluded that identity is a phantasmatic construction. What an individual performes is a non-intrinsic parody of the culturally constructed regulations. It can be concluded that identity is established by the power of language that interpellates the subjects.
 
 

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Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is one of the important woodboring pests whose larvae bore into twigs, branches, and trunks of various woody species, weakening and sometimes killing trees or shrubs. Recently it has caused severe losses of walnut trees in Iran. This pest overwinters as different larval instars inside trees. Overwintering larvae were collected monthly from October 2020 to March 2021 from Maragheh walnut orchards, northwestern Iran, to determine the presence of cryoprotectants and their changes during autumn and winter. Overwintering larvae accumulated sorbitol, trehalose, and myo-inositol during winter. During cold months there was approximately 11 fold and 7.5-fold increase in trehalose and sorbitol contents, respectively. Glycogen content was the highest in October and decreased significantly with decreasing ambient temperature. Our results suggest that the accumulation of sorbitol, trehalose, and myo-inositol plays an important role in the harsh-season survival of Z. pyrina.
 

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Seasonal activity and spatial distribution of Eoteranychus frosti Mcgregor, Tydeus longisetosus (ElBagouy and Momen) and Zetzellia mali Ewing were studied during 9th July to 22th October 2006 in an unsprayed apple orchard, Maragheh region, Northwest of Iran. Also the density dependence interaction between preys and predator was assessed. To estimate the spatial distribution pattern of these species, data was analyzed through Iwao's patchiness regression, Taylor's power law, Morisita's coefficient, Lloyd's mean crowding and index of dispersion. Iwao’s patchiness regressions and Taylor’s power law showed a random and Morisita’s coefficient, Lloyd's mean crowding and index of dispersion revealed an aggregated distribution pattern for E. frosti, T. longisetosus and Z. mali. The results indicated that the peak density of E. frosti and T. longisetosus occurred in mid September and in late August (2.46 and 4.4 per leaf, respectively). Regarding their predator, the peak density (10.34) occurred in early July. The linear regression between prey and predator densities indicated a density independent predation by Z. mali.

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Transporting an object using several mobile robots by formation control, is an effective method in handling heavy and complicated objects either in known and unknown places. In this paper, to control the formation of three mobile robots and also to control interactive a control algorithm has been designed based on semi-active suspension system of remote center compliance (RCC). The main objective of control structure of semi-active suspension system is to control the desired formation and appropriate transportation of the object at the same time and also separating the object and other robots from effect of the errors occurred while creation of disturbance in a certain robot and preventing it from having effects on other robots. In order to terminate instability in impedance methods, multiple impedance control has been used in moving the object by cooperating robots. To follow the desired path and control of mobile robots formation, Leader follower method has been used. Simulation results indicate that the semi-active suspension control system, in order to minimize the vibrations caused by disturbance transferred to the set of robots, is more optimum and more stable compared to passive suspension control system.

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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires are currently employed in robotics as actuators of prosthetic limbs and medical equipment due to advantages such as reducing the size in the application, high power-to-weight ratio and elimination of complex transmission systems. In this paper, a fuzzy control system has been designed and implemented for an artificial finger using the SMA actuators. This robotic finger has been designed and modeled with three revolute joints and three SMA wires as the tendon in order to adduction each phalange of the finger and torsional springs to restore them to their original positions. The dynamic model of the finger has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulation. Based on the simulation results, optimal choice of parameters and system features has been obtained and a prototype of finger has been built and tested. Gains of the controllers are set so that the current applied to SMA wires has minimum overshoot and the output of the system has minimal time to achieve stability. The comparison between the simulation results and the actual measured data show that the simulated model is accurate.

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In this paper, thermo‌-elastic analysis of functionally graded nanocomposite hollow cylinders reinforced by single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) subjected to a thermal load was carried out by a mesh-free method. It is assumed that the functionally graded nanocomposite hollow cylinder reinforced by carbon nanotube with finite length is simply supported. A uniform and three kinds of functionally graded (FG) distributions of carbon nanotubes in the radial direction of cylinder are considered. Nanocomposite mechanical properties are estimated by micro mechanical generalized rule mixture model. Applying the virtual work principle, the governing equations are obtained and are discretized by the mesh-free method. In the mesh-free analysis, moving least squares (MLSs) shape functions are used for approximation of displacement field. The transformation method was used for the imposition of essential boundary conditions. Using finite difference method, temperature distribution was obtained by solving the thermal equation. To validate, the results of this analysis were compared with previous published works and a good agreement was seen between them. Then the effects of various parameters, such as the kind of distribution and the volume fractions of carbon nanotubes and the different geometrical parameter, on the components of stress are studied.

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Thick-walled cylindrical vessels are specially used in oil, chemical, nuclear and military industries in order to withstand internal pressure. The presence of the compressive residual stress in the walls increases the bursting pressure and fatigue life. Autofrettage processes and radial interference in multilayer cylinders are among the conventional methods of creating residual stresses in the pressure vessels. In order to achieve higher strength and fatigue life, the combination of these processes is also considered. J integral method is a suitable criterion for evaluating the crack parameters in elastic and elastoplastic strain fields. In this research, distribution of the J integral along the semi-elliptical crack front on the inner surface of the interferenced two-layered cylinder with closed end has been studied. Inner layer was autofrettaged. Burst pressure was determined based on the fracture toughness criterion (J_ΙC). Also, the effects of the autofrettage percent, radial interference; depth, angle and aspect ratio of the crack on the J integral and burst pressure variations have been investigated. The inner and outer layers of the cylinder were made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. The periodic nonlinear hardening behavior of this alloy has been predicted using Chabooche model. The validity of the results and their accuracy were examined

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Introduction Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While there are many treatment options available, including drug and non-drug therapies, there is still a need for effective treatments that can help manage seizures.The present study aimed to investigate the intensity-dependent effects of mild electric foot stimulation on seizure intensity following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)chemical kindling in rats.
Methods: Kindled seizures were induced in rats by repeated injections of PTZ. Twenty-seven male rats were randomly divided into three groups: kindling group, kindling group + 0.1 mA electrical stimulation, and kindling group + 0.01 mA electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation was induced using an electric box equipped with steel rods following acquisition of kindled seizures. The intensity of the mild electric foot stimulation was either 0.1 or 0.01 mA depending on the tested group.
Results: The study found that while mild electric foot stimulation with intensity of 0. 1 mA had proconvulsive effects on PTZ-induced kindled rats, and
decreased the latency to the onset of stage 5 seizure (p<0.05), stimulation with
intensity of 0.01 mA did not have significant effects on seizure parameters.
Conclusion: Obtained results suggested that mild electric foot stimulation may have anticonvulsant effects, but only at certain intensity. This finding has important implications for future research into the use of mild electric foot stimulation as a treatment for epilepsy.