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Abstract The lack of an accurate equation of state for predicting the thermodynamic properties of materials in a wide range of temperature and pressure caused the researchers study on new equations. . In this investigation, a reverse Brayton cryocooler was simulated as a system that prepares the sub-cooled liquid nitrogen supplying the operation condition for high temperature superconductor cables. A computational code was developed for predicting thermodynamic properties of Helium and Neon using fundamental equation of state. Comparing the results with experimental data validate the accuracy of these equations in predicting the thermodynamic properties. Then, using the developed computational code, a reverse Brayton cycle with 10 kW cooling capacity, was designed and simulated and the effect of various parameters on its performance was evaluated. Performance characteristic curves were plotted to illustrate the sensitivity analysis under different operation conditions, and the influence of various parameters such as compression ratio in compressor, maximum pressure, working fluid, efficiency of the heat recovery exchanger and efficiency of expander on the performance of the cycle was addressed. The results showed that the use of neon as a refrigerant gives a better performance than helium. Efficiency of heat recovery exchanger has a significant effect on the performance of cycle, so that 3 percent increase of this parameter increases 11 percent figure of merit (FOM) of the cycle.

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Nowadays, the arbitrator can issue various protective orders in the arbitral process in international commercial arbitration. Some of these orders are so important that if the arbitrator makes decision incorrectly about the order, the award on the merits will be ineffective for winning party. The order of security for costs in arbitration is one of the above-mentioned orders. The respondent in the claim or the respondent in counter-claim requests the arbitrator to grant an order against the plaintiff for paying the sum of money. If the arbitrator’s final decision on the merits is not favor of the plaintiff, the costs of respondent for defending the frivolous claim will compensate from money. There are both advantages and disadvantages for ordering security for costs, but the advantages of this order are so much that the possibility of granting this order whether expressly or implicitly is accepted in most arbitration laws. With considering non-mentioning of security for costs in Iran’s International Commercial Arbitrations Law, the essay first is trying to study the concept and nature of security for costs order and second survey the possibility of ordering of it under Iran’s International Commercial Arbitrations Law.
 

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Mediation as one of the ways of resolving domestic and international disputes, has not been exploited as often as other dispute resolution methods. The most important cause for non-admission of mediation is the lack of enforceability of Settlement Agreements. The United Nations has resolved the deficiencie by ratifying the Singapore Convention 2019 on Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation. Iran's adhesion to the Convention is a positive step towards enhancing the status of mediation in Iranian law. In this article, the main challenges and issues addressed in the Singapore Convention are discussed. This article concludes that some of the decisions of the Convention can be criticized, including the lack of rules on the recognition of the parties' agreement to mediate and confidentiality in the process of mediation. Due to supremacy of the mediation to other dispute resolution methods according to religious jurisprudence and Iranian legal doctrine, it is also appropriate that Iranian legal system would provide similar or even greater support for domestic Settlement Agreements than international ones.

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One way of dealing with parallel litigation for the courts of common law countries is ‎to issue an anti-suit injunction preventing one of the disputing parties from initiating or ‎continuing proceedings in the courts of another country. Civil law countries believe that ‎this remedy interferes with the proceedings in their courts and violates their national ‎sovereignty. This study aims to examine the attitude of the EU, French, and Iranian law ‎towards the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions. The study contends that in the EU, an ‎anti-suit injunction rendered by a third country is enforceable in an EU member state as ‎long as it accepts the enforcement of such an injunction under its national law and its ‎jurisdiction is not based on EU regulations. In French law, anti-suit injunctions are ‎traditionally unenforceable. However, when parties agree to grant jurisdiction to a ‎foreign court, the French courts enforce such injunctions and dismiss the proceedings in ‎favor of the foreign-selected court. On the other hand, when the French courts assert ‎exclusive jurisdiction to decide the dispute, they may react to an anti-suit injunction by ‎issuing an anti-anti-suit injunction.  In Iranian law, an anti-suit injunction cannot be ‎enforced under Article 169 of the Enforcement of Civil Judgments Code. As a result, ‎there is no mechanism for the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran. However, ‎due to the advantages of enforcing anti-suit injunctions, the study contends that the lack ‎of a mechanism should not be an obstacle to the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in ‎Iran.‎
 

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diation, despite its historical antiquity and significant benefits for parties, has been less successful than other methods of dispute resolution such as arbitration and litigation. According to scientific and practical researches, the reason for the mentioned situation was the lack of enforcement support of the settlement agreements as a result of the mediation process. To cover this weakness and to promote mediation, the United Nations ratified the Singapore Convention. The convention has recently entered into force and signed by Iran, although it has not yet been ratified by the Iranian legislature. In the present study, various rules and aspects of cross-border implementation of international trade settlement agreements have been analyzed, so that the Iranian legislature, legal researchers and business activists can have a correct understanding of the provisions of the Convention. Finally, this article concludes that the Singapore Convention has taken an important step towards the development of mediation in order to provide enforcement support to the settlement agreements and to grant the status of Res Judicata to said document. Of course, there are ambiguities and rules that can be criticized in the treaty, the inclusion of which is due to the need for consensus of the countries and certainly the Singapore Convention, by providing the setting and development of mediation, can result in ratification of more comprehensive mediation treaty. The Iranian legislature is advised to accede to the Treaty, and to harmonize the legal approach to domestic and international mediation, to enact a national mediation law inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law so that the Iranian dispute resolution system takes an important step in promoting this method of dispute resolution.