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There is a twofold relationship between the literature and language learning. On one hand, one of the ultimate goals of language teaching is enabling learners to comprehend a literary text independently. On the other hand, literature is a means of teaching languages and improving linguistic skills.  This aspect of language teaching has attracted a scant attention in Iran, which motivated the current study to address this issue. In this regard, 13 literary approaches to language teaching were collected from reliable sources and then theoretical aspect of each approach was elaborated and analyzed using relevant examples from Novin Persian Teaching book series (one of the main sources of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers in reliable language centers). The obtained results of the current study were indicative of the influential role of literature in teaching Persian language, which can open new horizon in this regard.

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Degradation of Fuel Cell (FC) components under dynamic loads is one of the biggest bottlenecks in FC commercialization. A novel experimental based model is presented to predict the Catalyst Layer (CL) performance loss under a given cyclic load. It consists of two sub-models: Model 1 computes CL Electro-Chemical Surface Area (ECSA) under an N-cyclic load with aid of an analogy with fatigue phenomena of carbon steel by using some correction factors. Ostwald ripening of agglomerate particles in the CL is also modeled. Model 1 validation shows good agreements between its outputs and a large number of experiments with maximum 7% error. Model 2 is an already-completed task in an earlier study which uses the agglomerate model to calculate the CL performance for a given ECSA. Combination of Models 1 & 2 predicts the CL performance under a dynamic load. A set of parametric studies was performed to investigate the effects of operating parameters on the Voltage Degradation Rate (VDR). The results show that temperature is the most influential parameter; that an increase from 60oC to 80oC leads to 20.26% VDR increase, and pressure is the least effective one; that an increase from 2atm to 4atm leads to 1.41% VDR rise.

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In this paper, the novel "Paeiz Fasle Akhare Sal Ast" by Nasim Marashi is analyzed by using Lucien Goldmann's developmental structuralist approach. One of the approaches of criticizing the literary works is the developmental structuralist approach in which the dialectical relations of the literary work's structure and the social structure that the work has been developed within it are analyzed; Therefore, the approach, structure and content of the literary work, writer's mentality and the worldview of a class that the writer represents and its relation to the structure of the society in which the work has been developed are analyzed. The main question of this study is whether there is a structural equivalence and dialectical relationship between the structure of the Marashi's novel and the objective structure of society during its development? This article has been based on the explanation of these mutual relations and the findings of the study have shown that according to the theory of Goldmann, Marashi has succeeded in creating a work in which there is a stability equivalence, and this structural equivalence along with the dialectical relations of the related discursive components have turned his novel into an original work .

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The nutritional fats are essential for good health and normal functioning of the human body, hence understanding the relationship between diet to heart disease CVP to a major change in the pattern of consumer food and they demand more towards low calorie food. In this study, the emulsifier DATEM ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 % weight and maltodextrin ranging 0.3-1.3 weight as a fat replacer was used in the formulation of low-fat biscuits and decreased fat content of 0/5-5% total weight of the dough. physical characteristics (size and weight (, texture, color and sensory parameters were evaluated. To compare the formulations under investigative the response surface methodology was used to compare the formulations tested. The results indicate that the reduction of fat in the formulation, there were no significant difference in physical characteristics, texture and color compared to the control sample. The organoleptic test was conducted by Friedman non-parametric test results were analyzed using SPSS software. The difference between treatments was significant ratings. According to optimize results, the optimal amounts of fat reducing and maltodextrin utilization rate of 3% emulsifier DATEM 3/2% weight was determined.

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Recently, in many fuel cell applications, foam is being used as a flow distributor to increase efficiency and achieve a more uniform distribution of reactants on the active surface. However, despite the improvement in the efficiency and performance of the fuel cell, this method does not fully achieve the desired uniformity in reactant distribution. Therefore, in this study, non-uniform porosity metal foam has been utilized to improve the homogeneous flow distribution on the cathode side of the PEM fuel cell. At first, the foam is assumed to be uniform with the same porosity. After the numerical solution of the flow in homogeneous foam (first type), Two types of foam with variable porosity coefficient have been designed. These foams are divided into checkerboard shape, where the porosity coefficients in the concave corners (dead areas) with low molar fraction of oxygen are higher. This facilitates easier movement of the flow towards these corners, resulting in a more uniform flow distribution. the simulation results indicate that, for a constant current density, the distribution of the mole fraction of oxygen in both types of foam with a variable porosity coefficient has become more uniform. Additionally, the average molar fraction of oxygen has increased by 9.45% in the second type of foam and by 32.02% in the third type of foam compared to the uniform foam, which indicates an increase in generated power. Also, compared to the uniform foam, the pressure gradient in the foam with variable porosity of the second type increased by 75.80%, while it remained relatively unchanged for the third type foam.