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According to discourse theory, facts and events are represented through discourse and a set of meanings, ideas, metaphors, so on. In this sense, language creates and changes truth; this means that with language one can have different perceptions of an event, followed by a different set of discourses. Thus, the social world is the product of discourses. According to the theory of social constructivism, which in contrast to essentialism does not separate the structure of reality from the human mind, some social phenomena, such as some offences are made by the human mind and under the influence of different circumstances. They are produced in a specific time, social, political and cultural way and cannot be considered as a sacred and unchangeable reality except in special cases. Accordingly, this research, which qualitative in nature and descriptive-analytical in manner, using the method of discourse analysis and in order to explain and review the obvious understandings of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents (Act 2002) seeks to explore the possibility of deconstructing the current definition of child abuse (revision) and adding to its scope. The most important result of the research is that most of the offences, including child abuse and even the prescribing of child marriage (subject to sec. 1041 of the Civil Code), are powerful and skillful social constructs of social realities that it is possible to deconstruction of them in order to give political, cultural and social opportunities to other possible constructions of the phenomenon that are more closely related to the public interest.
 

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Background: Accumulation of triglycerides in the liver i.e. steatosis, is a well-known side-effect of tamoxifen administration to patients suffering from breast cancer. Cichoriumintybus (chicory) is a plant used as traditional medicine for curing liver disorders. In this study, the effects of extract prepared from chicory roots on tamoxifen-induced liver steatosis and related biochemical factors in animal model using rats has been investigated. Methods: Female rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows; 1-Control: received vehicle; 2- Chicory root-extract treated: rats were given by gavage the aqueous chicory root extract (1 g/kg body weight/day for 14 days).3- Tamoxifen-treated: rats received tamoxifen (1 mg/kg body weight/day, for 7 days). 4- Tamoxifen+chicory-group: animals received tamoxifen (1 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days) followed by chicory extract given by gavage (1 g/kg body weight/day for 14 days). After treatment, blood was collected by cardiac puncher, plasma was separated and plasma levels of glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol,LDL-C, HDL-C and activities of ALT, AST and ALP were measured. Liver tissues were homogenized used for measuring tissue triglyceride and histological examinations. Results: The data show that tamoxifen treatment caused a significant decrease in the level of serum cholesterol, HDL-C and total protein. However, serum ALT level was increased in tamoxifen-treated rats compared to controls. Increased serum ALT in tamoxifen-treated rats was recovered in rats treated with plant extract (tamoxifen+chicory-group). HDL-C and total protein levels were unaffected in rats fed chicory extracts. Tamaxifen-treated animals showed signs of liver steatosis as shown by histological examination and accumulation liver triglyceride. The steatosis markers such as accumulated triglyceride in liver was significantly reduced due to the plant extract treatments when compared to tamoxifen-group. Conclusions: Dietary extract prepared from chicory roots is effective in modulation of  tamoxifen-induced liver damage and steatosis.

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This study was carried out to investigate the morphological and anatomical aspects of somatic embryogenesis in date palm. Lateral bud and shoot tip explants excised from young offshoots were cultured on MS medium with 2,4-D. Somatic embryogenesis was in-duced by transferring the calli produced on the same medium without hormones. Micro-tome sectioning of paraffin-embedded specimens was carried out using the callus tissue and its differentiated structures. The sections were stained with safranin and fast green. Observation of three-celled proembryos with the longitudinal and oblique division of the top cell, which in later stages results in wedge-like cell(s), supports the ASTERAD type of embryogenesis in date palm. Polyembryonic structures were raised from the embryonic callus formed in different regions of both the proembryos and germinating embryos and the secondary embryos formed directly from primary embryos.

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The phytoremediation capability in Pb removal from the contaminated soils by three native seedlings species (Acer cappadocicum, Fraxinus excelsior and Thuja orientalis) and one exotic species (Cupressus arizonica) were compared. The seedlings were grown in Pb contaminated soils at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg kg^-1 concentrations for 6 months (Mar 21 to Sept. 22, 2015), after which the biomass allocation and Pb accumulation in tissues of root, stem, and leaf were assessed. The results showed that the higher Pb levels (400 and 500 mg kg^-1 soil) caused significant reduction in growth in all species, but this inhibition was less marked in the two conifer (T. orientalis and C. arizonica) compared to the two broad-leaf seedlings (A. cappadocicum and F. excelsior). Pb concentration in different tissues of seedlings increased with its increase in the soil. Further, Pb accumulation in the conifers was twice higher than that of the broad-leave species. Therefore, this study suggests that the two conifer species (P. orientalis and C. arizonica) can be used for phytoremediation, although further research is needed to make a final decision.

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The tendency of writers to use different colors reflects different psychological reflections in them. The Max Luscher test is one of the best personality tests in psychology. This research was analyzed with the help of Luscher theory and descriptive-analytical method has been used to identify the personalities of Ahmad Matar and Mirzadeh Eshghi. Red with a frequency of 195 is in the first place of Matar poems. According to Luscherchr('39')s theory, Matar is a hard-working person who wants peace. He has close control over his emotional relationships, finds it difficult to trust anyone, and uses colors to express his or her societal discrimination.
  In love poems, yellow and white are in the first place with a frequency of 306. The results show that he is looking for an escape route to get out of the difficulties of his society and is very interested in new experiences. He wants to reach a high position and be respected by others, he is never calm and puts pressure on his external environment to achieve his ambitions.

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  Aims This study has been done to investigate the effects of access road network of Arasbaran forest areas on erosion in order to achieve appropriate criteria for sustainable development in forest areas while protecting forest soil.
Materials & Methods This research was carried out to introduce the SEDMODEL and its capabilities in estimating the production of sediment from road construction Sutanchay watershed in Arasbaran forest, located in the northwest of Iran. From road networks, 10km selected for research. Initially, the maps of geology, slope, rainfall, and drainage density, were prepared in the GIS system. Then, excavation trenches, road surface coverage, and traffic volume were examined in 34 stations through field surveys. The statistical method of Fisher distribution was used to compare the model estimation and observation values.
Findings Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference between sediment delivery and Metric method in the erosion assessment resulting from access roads. Standard Error of the metric method and the SEDMODEL was calculated to be 1.34×10^-3 and 1.37×10^-3, respectively. The results showed that sedimentation caused by road surface was more than 19,000tons, of which 240ton are related to 3km of asphalt road and the rest are related to 7km of dirt road. Total sedimentation of the watershed was estimated to be 46,000ton.
 Conclusion The application of sediment delivery model provides a realistic estimate of forest soil erosion caused by the road network. This model can be considered as a planning criterion in the sustainable development of forest areas.

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Abstract Creep is a time-dependent deformation of soil under constant effective stresses. For investigation on the creep of rock fill materials, 3 samples from 3 dams of Iran that are already under construction were selected. Normal effective stresses were applied on the specimens with a large-scale odometer apparatus that is specially designed for the research. Comparison of creep rate, amount of particle breakage and results of Los Angeles test shows a relationship between these three parameters. Consequently Los Angeles test that is a simple and accessible test, can give a prediction and estimation of behavior and properties of rock fill materials. Based on the test results, an approximate relationship could be found between creep, particle breakage and Los Angeles test results.

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In order to increase grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen apparent recovery fraction (NARF) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this experiment was carried out with 5 or 6 treatments and 3 or 4 replications in 14 locations at 22 different sites in Iran during the 2004-05 growing season. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block. The effect of N sources and timing on the grain yield, protein content, NUE and NARF of the current best adapted cultivars of different regions were evaluated. The treatments included T1= the control; T2= 150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 3-split applica-tions; T3= 150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 2-split applications; T4= 150 kg ha-1 N as SCU as the base fertilizer; T5= 1/3 N as SCU as the base fertilizer +2-split urea applications and T6=1/3 N as complete fertilizer as the base fertilizer +2-split urea applications. Protein content, NUE and NARF were calculated by measuring grain yield, N% and N-uptake. While the average grain yield and protein% for the control plots were 2,840 kg ha-1 and 10.03%; the yield and protein for T2, T3 and T4 were 4,160 kg ha-1 and 11.66%; 4,278 kg ha-1 and 11.78%; and 3,921 kg ha-1 and 11.60%, respectively. Grain yield and protein content for T5 were 4,330 kg kg-1 and 11.89%. Yield of 4,674 kg ha-1 and protein content of 12.01% were ob-tained by substituting complete fertilizer with 1/3 urea (T6). The grain yield for T6 was significantly different from T2 for various reasons, including higher levels of available P, K, S, Zn, lower N-leaching and appropriate N-timing. NUE for T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 was measured to be 8.8, 9.6, 7.3, 9.9, and 12.2 kg kg-1, respectively, and NARF were calculated to be 23.2, 25.3, 19.4, 26.3 and 31.6%, respectively. While the superiority of complete and SCU fertilizers over pre-plant urea has been proven, especially in the light-textured soils, it is highly recommended that the experiment be further tested and evaluated, since this practice has been increased the grain yield up to 12%, NUE up to 39 kg kg-1 and NARF up to 36% in comparison with the best wheat growers’ N-fertilization practice.

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Teaching Arabic through play is one of the best ways to increase students' motivation and learning. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of Arabic educational games on learning and inner and outer motivation of female students in Saveh city. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population consisted of 210 seventh grade students in two schools in Saveh city, 30 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. Data collection tools included the modified Harter Academic Motivation Questionnaire (1981) and a standard researcher-made questionnaire. The game-based training was conducted in four 30-minute sessions. The games were designed electronically and researcher-made to achieve the translational educational goals of some seventh grade Arabic lessons. The scientific evaluation was done by two quantitative tests. Motivation variables were calculated using the modified Harter questionnaire by Likert method. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test. The results showed that teaching Arabic through play did not have a significant effect on students' learning and motivation.
                             
 

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Empirical studies imply that natural resource abundance plays an important role on economic growth in natural-resource-rich countries. The growth literature shows that human capital, education, technology progress and institutional quality are effective factors on economic growth. This article using a panel data firstly investigates the Resource Curse Hypothesis and then analyzes the effective factors and how they affect RCH. Among several effective factors that are reported in present studies, in this paper the main focus is on Human Capital and Institutional Quality. The sample for this research is two groups of petroleum exporting countries: A) Major petroleum exporters and B) Other petroleum exporters which are analyzed for the period 1996-2006. Results show that Resource Curse is seen in major Petroleum Exporting Countries. The findings also confirm the importance of low institutional quality and inadequate investments in human capital in case of resource curse. The results confirm that natural resource abundance has a negative impact on growth if considered in isolation, but a positive direct impact on growth if other explanatory variables, such as human capital, institutional quality, openness and etc. are taken into account.

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Maize improvement for high temperature tolerance requires the reliable assessment of parental inbred lines and their combinations. Fifteen maize inbred lines were evaluated during 2007 and 2008 in Shushtar city (Khuzestan Province). The inbred lines were planted at two dates: 6 July, to coincide heat stress with pollination time; and 27 July, as normal planting to avoid high temperature during pollination and grain filling period. In addition, 28 hybrids from a combination of eight selected lines, were evaluated under the same conditions in 2008. Five stress tolerance indices, including mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), stress susceptibility (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were used in this study. Data analysis revealed that the SSI, STI and GMP indices were the more accurate criteria for selection of heat tolerant and high yielding genotypes. The positive and significant correlation of GMP and grain yield under both conditions revealed that this index is more applicable and efficient for selection of parental inbred lines in producing hybrids to be tolerant to high temperatures and high yielding under both conditions. Based on two years’ data and using the STI, GMP and MP indices, K166B, K166A and K18×K166B proved to be the most heat tolerant lines and hybrid. Biplot analysis allowed us to distinguish groups of tolerant and sensitive inbred lines and hybrids. Based on the results of this study, the hybrid K18×K166B can be recommended for the Khuzestan region.

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In the present study, the influence of various emulsifiers (Tween 80, Tween 60, Tween 20, Sodium caseinate, WPC and WPI), ratio of emulsifier (Tween 80) to oil phase (orange peel essential oil) at eight levels (1, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, and 3:1), and the possibility of using complete form, soluble and insoluble fractions of the two native gums (Persian gum and gum tragacanth) individually and combined in the formulations on the formation and some properties of orange peel essential oil nanoemulsions was evaluated. Ultrasonic emulsification technique was used to produce nanoemulsions and the mean droplet diameter (Z-average), polydispersity index, viscosity, flow behavior, physical stability of selected formulations during storage (up to 90 days at 25˚C), as well as the total input energy during process was evaluated. Our results showed that surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR) had a significant effect on the mentioned properties (P< 0.0001) where the lowest Z-average was observed at SOR=2. Meanwhile, none of the local gums and proteins were able to form nanoemulsions in the absence of emulsifier (Tween 80). Moreover, their soluble fractions (individually and combined at reasonably low concentration) showed significant effect (P< 0.0001) on the measured properties in the presence of emulsifier. Furthermore, the flow behavior of nanoemulsions was Newtonian, and the effect of storage time on the Z-average value was significant (P< 0.0001).

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Today, the great changes of the global banking and monetary system, made by the revolution in the information technology and communications, have had deep effect on the lives of individuals. Correspondingly, this technology has confronted the current anti-money laundering domain with a new challenge in a way that access to the electronic banking and internet networks has provided money launderers with a safe environment. In this article, in addition to describing the electronic commerce and banking and their features as a suitable approach to money laundering, and methods of creating confidence in e-commerece, modern techniques of money laundering will be considered. The classical process of money laundering will be compared with the modern one. It was concluded that information technology and communications, if used in unsafe conditions, have caused the money laundering to be more expanded and have facilitated the methods of committing this crime. Therefore, it is necessary that this issue is taken into consideration while making economic, financial and criminal policies of societies. Concerning this issue, the tips of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) have been suggested as the best strategies for fighting against money laundering.

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An experimental procedure is used to determine the transient response of an elastomeric isolator under the impact loading conditions and a numerical procedure is developed to evaluate the corresponding acceleration transmission ratio and shock response spectrum. In the experimental analysis the elastomeric isolator is connected to a resonance beam subjected to the shock loading of a pendulum striker and the shock level is measured using acceleration sensors mounted along three orthogonal directions in the basement and free end of isolator. The shock response spectrum diagram and the level of wave attenuation are determined based on the measured acceleration levels for a wide frequency range. Finite element model based on mode superposition approach is developed to analyze the impact response of elastomeric isolator using the mode shapes with frequency in range of impact excitation spectrum. Due to the importance of longitudinal response of isolators, the numerical model is employed to evaluate the longitudinal output acceleration time history of isolator. The number of elements, time step for motion equation integration and the number of mode shapes are studied and the optimized corresponding values are selected based on the convergence of the numerical results. The calculated results for wave attenuation level and shock response spectrum diagrams correlate well with the experimental measurements under two different impact loading conditions and the present model can be used to evaluate the performance of isolators depending on the level of impact loads and transmission acceleration and displacement ratios in the output of elastomeric isolators.

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        Today, most of criminal justice systems, with the help of the legal concept of “Diminished Responsibility”, try to explain the behavior of a group of criminals with an abnormality of mind. While, we can say that diminished responsibility has not any place in Iranian judicial discourse, and criminal responsibility has been proposed in the two states of complete responsibility or not responsibility .Instead, English law, with recognition of the said defense, has taken an important step for protecting these people. Accordingly, in this paper, with descriptive-analytical approach, concepts, principles, and manifestations of diminished responsible have been studied, and using comparative approach, ignoring of diminished responsibility in Iranian criminal justice system has been evaluated. According to the results of the present study, the function of Iranian government in judicial and legislative discourse is not positive, due to neglecting the comparative law findings and researches.            
  Corresponding Author's E-mail: habibzam@modares.ac.ir *    

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Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is an important natural regulator of insect populations. Identification of a suitable molecular marker for detecting a virulent phenotype on a target pest would be useful in screening for effective isolates against the pest. Nine isolates of B. bassiana were tested for their virulence to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in laboratory bioassay with 1×10⁸ conidia mL^-1. DNA markers provide more detailed genomic information.DNA fingerprints were generated by RAPD markers. Fungal DNA was extracted by CTAB. Twelve random oligonucleotide primers were used for amplification. After bioassay, three arbitrary categories of isolates were chosen i.e. isolates that caused > 45%, 45-30% and < 30% mortality, and were classified as highly (H), moderately (M), and less (L) virulent isolates based on average mortality, respectively. Also, based on LT₅₀ values, three arbitrary categories were chosen i.e. isolates with < 80 h, 80-100 h and > 100 h LT₅₀ values, and were classified as highly (H), moderately (M), and less (L) virulent isolates, respectively. The results of bioassay showed that isolates IRAN 440C and DEBI 004 were the causative agents of mycoses with the highest and lowest lethal effect, respectively. The lowest LT₅₀ value was related to DEBI 014. Cluster analysis of the RAPD data showed four clusters according to similarity, following cluster analysis using the Jaccard similarity coefficient and clustering was done using un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA). The results showed that there was genetic diversity between these isolates, but the groups based on virulence rating and LT₅₀ values did not match with the RAPD clusters completely.

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Salinity stress is a major limitation in wheat production. The lack of economically viable methods for screening salinity tolerance in field is an obstacle to breeders. In this study a population of 254 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between Roshan × Sabalan was assessed in glasshouse during the seedling phase in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for salinity related traits. A genetic linkage map was constructed from 239 markers, namely, 225 Diversity Arrays Technology markers (DArTs) and 14 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) which spanned a total of 1,099.7cM. A total of 31 QTLs for salinity tolerance were identified on 13 chromosomes, contributing more than 50% of the total phenotypic variation. The frequency of Roshan and Sabalan alleles were high at loci on different homeologous groups. Most of the detected QTLs were located on chromosomes 3B, 5B among the 13 chromosomes. Two QTL related fresh weight and height of shoot were detected on 1A and 3A which explained 18% and 12.9% of the total phenotypic variation respectively. Roshan (salt tolerance) alleles were associated with an increase in all traits under both control and stress conditions. SSR markers gwm626 and gwm540 (on chromosomes 6B and 5B, respectively) were tightly linked with different QTLs under control and stress conditions, and explained 21.1% and 8.1% of the total phenotypic variance, respectively. Some of these QTL mapped to genomic regions previously associated with salt tolerance in wheat.

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Eight pollinators (as pollen parents) and four CMS lines (as seed parents) differing in salinity and drought tolerance were evaluated using agro-morphological traits and microsatellite markers. Root yield, leaf weight, sugar content, sodium content (Na⁺), potassium content (K⁺), a-amino nitrogen content, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar, white sugar content, extraction coefficient of sugar, dry matter, sugar yield, and white sugar yield were evaluated. The genetic diversity of 14 individual plants within each parent (a total of 168 genotypes) was also assessed using 18 microsatellite (SSR) markers. The results showed that 43 and 32.6% of the total variation in agro-morphological traits could be explained by the first 2 principal components, which could discriminate salinity and drought tolerant parents. Based on SSR analysis, a total number of 104 alleles were detected with an average number of 5.7 alleles per primer pair and an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.64 with the highest PIC belonging to EST-SSR FDSB502. Cluster analysis based on SSR markers clearly discriminated 112 plants belonging to pollen parents from 56 plants of seed parents. In conclusion, the SSR markers have been shown to be efficient and reliable for assessing genetic diversity in sugar beet crossing parents.