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The DINEOF algorithm is a parameter free technique based on iterative EOF analysis that is used to calculate the missing data in a given satellite data set (without requiring any prior information). In this study, the DINEOF technique has been used to fill the gaps in chlorophyll-a data series in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Level 3 data (4 km spatial resolution) of chlorophyll-a concentration obtained from MODIS sensor (2003- 2020) for the study area were used. In some of the images several gaps were found in different months of the year. Images with gap in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea were reconstructed by rtsa.gapfill R-package and DINEOF algorithm in R software. The linear regression analysis was performed between the missing and reconstructed data, and also parameters such as RMSE, MSE, MAD and SNR were calculated to evaluate the validity and performance of the DINEOF algorithm. The maximum number of the gaps in data series were found in July. Hence, the images of July have been examined and reconstructed as the case study. The original maps of chlorophyll-a concentration showed that the maximum number of the gaps were in July 2009 and 2015. Evaluation of the results showed a high accuracy of DINEOF-reconstruction method (e.g. in July 2014, R² = 0.83, RSME = 0.34, MAD = 0.14, MSE = 0.10). The results showed that the implementation of the DINEOF algorithm (in R) to reconstruct the gaps in chlorophyll-a concentration images could serve as a rapid and efficient technique.

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The effects of Aflatoxin (AF) (0.0 and 0.5m g kg-1) and High Grade Sodium Bentonite (HGSB) (5, 7.5 and 10 g kg-1) were tested in an in vivo study including 8 dietary treatments with three replicates of 14 birds per diet per replicate, using a total of 336 broiler chicks up to five weeks. Results showed that chicks receiving AF contaminated feed had significantly (P≤ 0.05) suppressed body weight gain, which improved significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of HGSB to AF contaminated diet. Supplementation of HGSB at 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 to the diets containing AF significantly (P≤ 0.05) improved feed consumption by 9.97 and 9.15 g kg-1, respectively, compared to the control group. Efficiency of feed utilization decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of 0.5 mg kg-1 AF and improved significantly (P≤ 0.05) in HGSB treated group. The relative weights of liver and kidney, which increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of 0.5 mg kg-1 AF (19.56 and 18.38 g kg-1 (compared to control group, were improved with dietary inclusion of 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 HGSB. Relative weights of gizzard and pancreas were not affected in AF fed and the control groups. The relative thymus and bursal weights were significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower at inclusion of 0.5 mg kg-1 of AF (38.99 and 31.36%( compared to the control group, but were not altered by supplementation of HGSB. The serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccination, which were significantly (P≤ 0.05) depressed by AF, were restored with the inclusion of 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 HGSB. The serum concentration of uric acid and albumin in comparison with control group were not affected by treatment groups. The activity of serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased in AF fed group and the addition of HGSB did not show significant reduction in the activity of serum GGT (P≥ 0.05). Activity of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) was not affected by the treatment groups. It was found that HGSB at 10 g kg-1 level is partially effective in counteracting the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broilers.

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Construction of urban tunnels (metro and transportation) is an integral part of the infrastructure of modern urban. Most of urban tunnels are located in alluvium. Major problem in construction of urban tunnels is settlement at the ground surface and its influence on buildings together the control of deformations around excavation area. Therefore, the accurate prediction of deformations is an important factor in tunnels projects. Because of the discontinuum nature of soils, its modeling using conventional FEM based on continuum mechanics is not completely real. Hence, in this research, considering alluvium as discrete particles, the effects of tunnel parameters such as diameter, depth and shape (construction method) on the ground deformations is examined using DEM (Discrete Element Method). For this concern, using software PFC2D based on DEM, the static analysis of circular tunnels is done. The results of DEM are compared with respect to the FEM, field data and analytical results. The comparison shows the results of DEM are more accurate than FEM especially in shallow depths and it can model the surcharge effect of tunnel smoothly.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on performance and egg quality in broiler breeders and the abatement of its deteriorative effect through its counteraction with Herbal Mycotoxin Binder (HMB). Thirty-six, 28-wk-old broiler breeder hens were allotted to one of the three treatments of: (1) basal diet (control),(2) control plus 500 μg kg^-1 AFB₁ and (3) control diet plus 500 μg kg^-1 AFB₁+0.2%HMB for three periods, each of a duration of three weeks and when from 28 to 36 weeks of age. Results revealed that 500 μg kg^-1 AFB₁ significantly (P< 0.05) reduced feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg production as well as egg weight. Supplementation of HMB partially restored feed consumption and egg production alleviating some side effects of AFB₁.

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This research investigated the mediating role of language motivational self system in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety in students. The research method was correlation type using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the students of the second secondary school, 203 students were randomly selected and answered to Papi's self-motivation system questionnaires (2010), Cheng's second language writing anxiety (2004) and the short form of Schumer's epistemological beliefs questionnaire (1999). The results showed that epistemological beliefs have a direct effect on second language writing anxiety and the motivational self system of language has a direct effect on second language writing anxiety. Also, epistemological beliefs have an indirect effect on second language writing anxiety through the motivational self system of language. The research model was also confirmed and the result showed that the variable measurement models have a good fit and 45% of the variance of language writing anxiety is explained by cognitive variables. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that there is a direct and indirect causal relationship between the variables of epistemological beliefs, language motivational self system and second language writing anxiety, and the mediating role of language motivational self system in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety were confirmed.
 
1. Introduction
Language is often seen as a key to gaining knowledge and empowerment. When learning a language, people can communicate on different levels and it allows them to understand and interpret the abstract concepts, feelings and thoughts of the people. Through learning a foreign language, a larger population is accessed, more knowledge is available, and the sharing of ideas becomes deeper and more diverse (Gollnick & Chin, 2009). Language leaning is a cognitive and social process and we learn it through interaction with others as well as conscious mental effort. This means that learners can play an active role in their learning through the use of learning strategies (Anugkakul, 2011). One of the important factors in learning a second language is anxiety. Anxiety can be an important variable that a language learner experiences while learning a foreign language. Anxiety is an integral part of human experience and nature. Anxiety is a vague feeling of uneasiness with apprehension that occurs in response to internal and external stimuli. Also, it may lead to cognitive, emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms (Baghiani Moghadam et al., 2015). McIntyre and Gardner (1994) described L2 anxiety as "feelings of tension and apprehension especially in L2 contexts, including speaking, listening, and writing." When learning a foreign language, these anxieties can affect students' performance in academic environments (Farsian et al., 2014). Language writing anxiety is one of the most important variables that plays an important role in second language learning. Second language writing anxiety is defined as a relatively stable tendency of anxiety related to second language writing that includes a variety of dysfunctional thoughts, increasing physiological arousal, and maladaptive behaviors (Cheng, 2004). Studies have shown that students’ writing performance is related to anxiety. In the language anxiety literature, there are two variables of epistemological beliefs and the motivational self-system of the second language playing a decisive role. Learners' beliefs about language learning are also very important (Fujiwara, 2015). In the last three decades, researchers have studied beliefs about knowledge and their impact on learning. These so-called epistemological beliefs include a complex system of beliefs. They not only affect academic performance and information processing, but also they interact with constructs such as achievement motivation (Oschatz, 2015). Students’ epistemological beliefs affect the application of learning strategies and their ability to understand academic texts in English (Allahi, 2018). Another factor affecting language anxiety is the motivational self-system of the second language. The second language motivational self-system model by Dornyei (2005) with three aspects of the self as the language self, the language ideal self, and the language learning experience was developed based on previous models and empirical evidence from psychological studies. Intrinsic motivation and different types of writing anxiety indicate English as a foreign language learners' evaluative judgments from teacher and peer feedback (Tsao et al., 2017). Motivation and self-reported English competences/skills had strong negative and significant correlations with English writing anxiety levels (Akbarov & Aydoghan, 2018). Therefore, this research investigated the relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety, mediated by the second language motivational self-system among students.

2. Method
The present research is an applied one. The data were collected cross-sectionally and analyzed descriptively, and correlational part was based on the method of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research consists of secondary school students of which 203 students were randomly selected as the sample. To collect data, Taguchi et al.,'s (2009) motivational self-system questionnaires, Schumer's (1990) epistemological beliefs, and Second Language Writing Anxiety, Cheng (2004) were used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of structural regression modeling were done using SPSS 24 and Amos 23 software.

3. Findings
 The results show a significant correlation between the subscales of the language motivational self-system and epistemological beliefs with English writing anxiety. There was a significant negative relationship between the subscales of the motivational self-system of language and English language writing anxiety, and a significant positive relationship was observed between epistemological beliefs and English language writing anxiety. The paths of epistemological beliefs and motivational self-system of language also had a significant direct effect on English writing anxiety. Also, the indirect path of epistemological beliefs on English language writing anxiety was observed through the mediation of language motivational self-system, and in general, two variables had the predictive power (R2 = 0.45) of the English language writing anxiety variable, which was about %45. This endogenous variable can be explained by these variables.

4. Conclusion
The aim of this research was to investigate the structural relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety with the mediation of language motivational self-system among students. The results showed that epistemological beliefs had a direct effect on second language writing anxiety and an indirect effect on second language writing anxiety through the mediation of language motivational self-system. The findings are consistent with the results obtained by Papi (2010), Kyung (2017), Sadeghi (2022), and Zare et al., (2019). Writing, especially for second language learners, is a laborious and demanding activity, and at the same time, it is a skill that they must master in order to perform well at higher levels (Daud et al., 2005). Writing tasks are usually required in any field of study. However, writing is a very difficult skill and second language learners are afraid of doing that (Gupta, 1998). The concept of success in writing is related to self-expression, flow of ideas, external expectations, high self-confidence, and enjoyment of writing in a second language (Basturkmen & Lewis, 2002). L2 writing anxiety can be defined as "the avoidance of writing and situations which potentially require some writing along with the potential to evaluate that writing" (Hassan, 2001). Epistemological beliefs in the field of internal factors increase anxiety by forming inappropriate cognitive dimensions. Participants’ beliefs about these dimensions of knowledge may prevent the emergence of more complex epistemological beliefs in the domain of English language learning. Second language curriculum should focus on developing the use of language learning skills and appropriate cognitive strategies (e.g., critical thinking) to determine the most accurate sources of vocabulary knowledge in specific communicative contexts (Ziegler, 2014).
Dörnyei's (2009) language motivation system has been applied in various settings around the world to understand the motivation for learning languages. Some research studies have suggested that students should develop different forms of self-motivation at different organizational levels. In some language learners, the initial motivation to learn a language does not come from internal or external images and is more from a successful engagement with the actual process of language learning experience (Papi, 2010). Through recognizing and strengthening the variables of the ideal self, the ought to self, and learning experiences, the amount of individual effort in learning can be predicted (AttarSharqi & Akbari, 2018). Intrinsic motivation and different types of writing anxiety show English as foreign language learners' evaluative judgments from teacher and peer feedback (Tsao et al., 2017). Analysis of the causes of second language writing anxiety showed that language problems, insufficient writing practice, test anxiety, lack of knowledge, and low self-confidence in writing performance are the main sources of second language writing anxiety. Eckstein and Ferris (2018) recommend teaching second language writers to edit common patterns of errors and sensitizing students to the value of subtle and purposeful lexical variation in their writing. Teachers should look for more effective ways to reduce the anxiety that students feel when learning and writing English in order to support successful language learning experiences (Choi, 2013).
 

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Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is a bridge for integrating computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). One of the basic computer-aided process planning tasks is sequencing of machining features. Sequencing of machining features is determined based on technical and geometrical rules. In this paper, the technical rules, geometrical rules and sequencing of machining features method were discussed. At first, some of the technical rules were pointed. Then, the geometrical interactions were studied and two new geometrical rules were introduced for sequencing the machining features having geometrical interaction. These rules can yield unique results and they are identified easily by the computer systems. Also, an algorithm was introduced for automated application of these geometrical rules in computer systems. The conflict between the technical and geometrical rules that may occur in some cases was studied. This conflict must be considered in the sequencing of machining features methods. Finally, an algorithm was introduced for sequencing of machining features based on permutation. In this algorithm the technical and geometric rules were applied separately and step by step. If there is any conflict between technical and geometrical rules, this conflict could detect automatically in this algorithm. Algorithms were programmed and verified in PythonOCC.

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In this study, lutein Pigment (0.07, 0.13 and 0.2 %w/w ) and whey protein concentrate (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %w/w) were added to the milk.  Qualitative characteristics of yogurt samples were analysed regarding physico-chemical, microbiological, textural and sensory properties over 21 days. Adding whey protein concentrate and lutein, lowered the level of synersis and acidity but increased the amount of dry matter, fat, viscosity and pH of yogurt samples. According to the results of microbe analysis, there was not any evidence of the growth of mold, yeast and coliform bacteria in the samples. In the case of sensory properties, adding whey protein concentrate and lutein, raised the scores of texture, mouthfeel evaluation and lowered the scores of appearance evaluation. Among all treatments, yogurt containing 0.2 %, w/w whey protein concentrate and 0.07 %, pigment lutein earned the best score with respect to overall flavor and quality acceptability.   

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Abstract

Doogh is a fermented dairy drink that produced with mixing of pasteurized yogurt, water, essential oils and salt. Due to low pH, doogh is susceptible to spoilage with mold and yeast that is the main challenge for its shelf life. At the same time, the consistency is very important in quality and marketability of doogh. Nowadays, the interesting of consumers to natural antimicrobial substances rather than chemical preservatives has been progressively increased. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, unlike synthetic polymer compounds, is non-toxic and biodegradable in nature. The aim of this study was investigation on the effect of chitosan on the qualitative features and shelf life of doogh. In this research, chitosan was added to the doogh in four levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%) and qualitative characteristics of them were investigated by physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory analysis during 60 days. The results showed that, use of chitosan resulted decreasing of phase separation rate, acidity, mold and yeast, Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus counts and increasing of viscosity and pH. So that, samples containing 0.3% chitosan had 97% decrease in phase separation rate, 24% decrease in acidity, 6% decrease in mold and yeast count, 19% decrease in Streptococcus salivarius count, 11% decrease in Lactobacillus delbrueckii count, 122% increase in viscosity and 15% increase in pH compared with control samples, at the last day of storage. In the case of sensory features, chitosan did not have any effect on the color and appearance of doogh, but had effect on the flavor and also consistency was improved.

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The target of present study was production of functional low-fat yogurt fortified with flaxseed flour. The effect of different concentrations of flaxseed flour (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) during different storage time (1, 7, 14, 21 days) have been studied on physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of Low fat yogurt. The results showed that increasing in flaxseed flour had no significant effect on pH, acidity and peroxide value while significantly synergies and dry matter increased and pH and viscosity decreased. With increasing in storage time, dry matter and Acidity increased, while pH and viscosity decreased. Peroxide values increased significantly during storage of yogurt samples. Different levels of flaxseed flour had no significant effect on mold and yeast counts, while it has showed significant increase with increasing in storage time. Regarding to sensory properties, the most scores were obtained for control and with 0.5% flaxseed flour samples. while scores were reduced during storage. Regarding to nutritional properties of flaxseed flour and including essential fatty acids, addition of 0.5% flaxseed flour with preserving chemical and physical properties can help to produce functional low fat yogurt.

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In this paper, the new theory has been3 proposed to investigate the fracture behavior of cracked composite materials. Conforming to this theory, crack is created and distributes in the isotropic matrix. Therefore, contrary to the previous theories related to fracture mechanics of these types of material, which assumes that crack growth occurs in anisotropic homogenous material, the new theory assumes that crack growth occurs in the isotropic matrix, which is affected by fibers in the composite structure of the material. In this approach, fibers are considered as isotropic matrix reinforcements and the reinforcement effects are defined as coefficients in stress state of the isotropic matrix. The coefficients are called reinforcement factors and derived via three different approaches to study the arbitrary crack in 2D materials. Quantifying the reinforcing effects of fibers are conducted when tension across and along fibers and shear loadings exerted on the body. The three methods demonstrate that the reinforcement factors depend on elastic properties, crack growth location and the crack and fiber orientations. However, the method, derived from the micro-mechanic approach, displays their dependence on the fiber volum ratio. Comparing the results of these cofficients with the existing fracture theories illustrates the efficiency and ability of the reinforcement factors in investigation and explanation of the fracture behavior of orthotropic materials.In this paper, the new theory has been3 proposed to investigate the fracture behavior of cracked composite materials. Conforming to this theory, crack is created and distributes in the isotropic matrix. Therefore, contrary to the previous theories related to fracture mechanics of these types of material, which assumes that crack growth occurs in anisotropic homogenous material, the new theory assumes that crack growth occurs in the isotropic matrix, which is affected by fibers in the composite structure of the material. In this approach, fibers are considered as isotropic matrix reinforcements and the reinforcement effects are defined as coefficients in stress state of the isotropic matrix. The coefficients are called reinforcement factors and derived via three different approaches to study the arbitrary crack in 2D materials. Quantifying the reinforcing effects of fibers are conducted when tension across and along fibers and shear loadings exerted on the body. The three methods demonstrate that the reinforcement factors depend on elastic properties, crack growth location and the crack and fiber orientations. However, the method, derived from the micro-mechanic approach, displays their dependence on the fiber volum ratio. Comparing the results of these cofficients with the existing fracture theories illustrates the efficiency and ability of the reinforcement factors in investigation and explanation of the fracture behavior of orthotropic materials.

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Computer-aided process planning is one of the challenges for researchers to achieve computer-integrated manufacturing, and setup planning is the core of the CAPP system. Based on the literature survey, it has been observed that researchers use different methods for setup planning, and there is a lack of mathematical models in their methods. However, the mathematical model is necessary to implement and develop the setup planning method. Therefore, in this paper, the permutation-based setup planning was selected to determine the setups, and then the setup planning rules were cast into the mathematical model. Finally, the mathematical model is implemented and evaluated in MATLAB software to ensure the accuracy of this model.
 

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Rotary forging is an incremental bulk forming process, possessing salient advantages compared with the conventional forging, including reduced force, smoothness of operation, lower investment, apt for near net shaping and producing workpieces with intricate profiles. However, the conventional rotary forging machines suffer serious limitation in their kinematics, which originates from their simple eccentric mechanism of the actuating device. The parallel-kinematics hexapod mechanism with six degrees of freedom can circumvent this limitation. The theory and practice of this concept has been successfully implemented in the present study. The inverse kinematics of hexapod has been adapted to the kinematics of the rotary forging processes. This could yield a proper method to generate the orbitally rocking motion prevailing in the process. In order to investigate the material flow in the lower die, physical modeling was carried out by the use of plasticine and several experiments were conducted in a hexapod machine. The final shapes of the workpieces, the degrees of die filling, and the forging forces were compared with the conventional forging, indicating improved results. It was observed that the motion pattern in the rotary forging influences the time and the force required for forming. The maximum forces required for rotary forging using the circular and planetary motion patterns were 32 N and 38 N respectively. In comparison, conventional forging required a significantly higher force, approximately 200 N. The time required to form a bevel gear using planetary motion was almost half of the time needed for circular motion

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High-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) panels are expensive, especially in developing countries. However, methods have been developed to detect critical SNPs from these panels and design low-density chips for genomic evaluation at lower cost. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) algorithms, and Linear Model (LM) in identification of SNPs subsets to predict Genomic Estimated Breeding Values (GEBVs) for Body Weights at 6 (BW6) and 9 (BW9) weeks in broiler chickens and compare the predicted GEBVs with those obtained by the 60K SNP panel. The data were collected on 312 F₂ chickens that genotyped with 60K Illumina SNP BeadChip. After applying quality control, the remaining 45,512 SNPs were ranked based on p-values, mean square error percentage, and relative influence, obtained by LM, RF and GBM methods, respectively. Then, subsets of top 400, 1,000, 3,000 and 5,000 SNPs, selected by each method, were employed to construct genomic relationship matrices for the prediction of GEBVs with genomic best linear unbiased prediction model. Results indicated that predicted accuracies by RF and GBM were generally higher than LM. A Subset of 1,000 SNPs selected by RF and GBM algorithms compared to the total SNPs increased accuracy from 0.38 to 0.64 and 0.66 for BW6, and from 0.42 to 0.60 and 0.66 for BW9, respectively. The findings of the present study provide that machine learning methods, especially GBM, can perform better than LM in selecting important SNPs and increasing the accuracy of genomic prediction in broiler chickens.