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Aims: The study of natural shells has long been considered by architects. This research focuses on investigation and recognition of "Rotationally Symmetrical Synclastic" shells (RSS shells). It aims to promote and introduce the structural capabilities of RSS shells in architecture in order to promote the use of the bird eggshell pattern in nature.
Methods: The research method is mixture of the descriptive-analytical and the comparative methodology; with the use of the primary sources, MATLAB analytical software, and parametric analysis of the optimality of bird eggshell surfaces as examples of natural RSS shells. The research method is set to introduce how to use the optimal and functional capabilities of these surfaces in architecture.
Findings: First, an introduction of RSS shells and their morphology is presented with an emphasis on bird eggshells. Next, the issue of bird eggshell optimality and the usability of optimal forms and structures of these shells in architecture is discussed. Finally, after interpreting and analyzing the data, a parametric analysis of the optimality of eggshell surfaces was carried out, which informed the use of similar RSS shells in architecture.
Conclusion: By using digital analysis tools in parametric modeling of bird eggshells, more optimal RSS shells can be achieved in contemporary architecture. Shells with minimal materials and the ability to run faster and easier than other shells, which can be suitable coverings for large spans.

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Aims: This study investigates the response of some soil bio-physicochemical properties under different grazing intensities management in a 17-year-old arid rangeland ecosystem of Iran.
Material & Methods: The grazing intensity gradient was as follows: (1) without herbivore grazing over a whole year (NG), (2) grazing by sheep and goats done communally from November to May (RG), and (3) continuous and heavy grazing over a whole year (HG). The soil samples were collected from the upper 20 cm in November and May. 
Findings: The significantly higher bulk density values (P<0.05) were measured with increasing grazing intensities, i.e., 1.65, 1.82, and 1.96 g.cm-3 in NG, RG, and HG, respectively. The management system affected significantly (P<0.05) organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), as well as enzyme activity of acid- and alkaline phosphatase (ACP, ALP) and urease. Similarly, the time of sampling affected significantly (P<0.05) OC, P, C, ACP, ALP, and urease activity in the soil. The soil OC ranged from 0.46 to 2.78 %, K ranged from 51.81 to 92.06 ppm, TN and P showed significantly (P<0.05) higher HG and RG values than NG. The soil pH ranged from 7.89 to 8.32, and EC (electric conductivity) ranged from 0.47 to 0.93 dS.m-1, which was significantly affected neither by the grazing management system nor by sampling time. The TN showed a high positive correlation with ALP (r = 0.89), urease (r = 0.72), and dehydrogenase (r = 0.76). The OC, P, ACP, and ALP responded more sensitively to grazing management systems.
Conclusion: The presence of animals in our study site positively affected soil fertility. However, similar studies are required to complete our knowledge under different climatic conditions, vegetation-grazer types, and grazing duration. 
 

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The meat is susceptible to microbial and chemical contamination and microbial growth and lipid oxidation are the main causes of meat spoilag. Therefore the use of anti-oxidant and antimicrobial preservatives is essential. Allium Ursinum plant as a medicinal plant, duty to it's highly sulfur content has antioxidan and antimicrobial properies. In this research a solution of 3% Alginate containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of Allium Ursinum extract coatings were investigaed to prolonge the shelf life of veal fillet in refrigerator condition. Veal fillets were coated with sodium alginate enriched by Allium Ursinum extract and mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial growth, moisture content, pH, TBA, PV and sensory characteristics evaluated for a period of 28 days periodically at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The resulats of microbial assey showed that veal fillet coating with sodium alginate containing Allium Ursinum significantly decreased psychrophilic and mesophilic bacterial growth during 28 days storage at rfrigraed condition. Samples that coated with alginate coating- containning 1.5% Allium Ursinum extrac showed lower TBA, PV and pH values compared to control during the storage time. Samples treaed with sodium alginate containing 1% Allium Ursinum exract obatined the highest score of sensorial properties. According to the obtained results from the present study alginate-Allium Ursinum could be effective to increase the shelf life of veal fillet in refrigerated condition.

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Sardasht black grape (Vitis Viniferae cv. Rash) is one of the most important grape cultivars in west Azerbaijan province in Iran that mainly used for grape juice production. Black grape residues are a cheap source of bioactive compounds. In this research ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and maceration extraction (ME) were applied for bioactive compounds extraction of Sardasht black grape residues. A central composite design was used to obtain the optimal conditions of UAE and ME; the effects of operating conditions (temperature and time) on phenolic compounds, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions were as follows: extraction time was 24 h, and temperature was 35°C for ME and 55°C and 15 min for UAE. Under these conditions the phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity obtained by ME and UAE methods were 96.779 mg GAE/100 ml, 118.345 mg/L, 55.49% and 114.115 mg GAE/100 ml, 121.645 mg/L, 64.89%, respectively. This study provides evidence that UAE is an effective technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Sardasht black grape residues.

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The development of built environment and increase of energy source utilization have led to paying attention to different procedures to optimized energy consumption in buildings. Designing different sort of double skin façade provides opportunities to keep building in more balanced environment and use less energy to provide comfort condition. As a natural process that optimizes energy consumption by balancing between different solutions, homeostasis is used as a pattern in designing this sort of homeostatic façade. Nowadays, different sorts of smart façade have been used on the boundary of building and environment. A sort of smart façade, which is designed based on homeostatic process, is able to create a sustainable balance between different solutions, adapting to environmental changes, and define the hierarchy of their use in different conditions, so as to provide thermal comfort conditions inside the building with higher efficiency than conventional smart façades. In this study, temperature fluctuation limits in homeostatic façade is determined and solutions are derived from a natural homeostasis system, and used in the design of the desired façade. The aim of this research is to compare the efficiency of temperature reduction solutions in different conditions and specified optimal one. For this end, a modulus of homeostatic façade is built and the operation under laboratory condition is evaluated, and also its behavioral relationship is examined with temperature fluctuations.

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Patulin a major human health problem, especially in the juice. The global standard of patulin in fruit juices is about 50 ppb. Studies show that using different physical, chemical and biological methods can reduce the amount of patulin. Therefore, the amount of mycotoxin patulin in apple concentrate samples and their reduction by ozone, activated charcoal and their combined effects were evaluated. One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were used to analyses effects of the two factors separately and combination form and for compration of means Tukey test at the 5% level of significance were used too. According to the results of this study on the reduction of patulin concentration by two variables of activated charcoal concentration and ozonation time showed that there is a direct relationship between increase the activated charcoal concentration and also ozonation time. The highest decrease in patulin concentration was obtained in 0.2 g of activated charcoal and 9 minutes ozonation. The results also showed that there was an interaction between the two variables (P = 0.006 and the highest decrease in patulin was observed at 8 minutes of ozonation and 1.5 g of activated charcoal. patulin in the juice and concentrate factories and can be an effective step in health by GAP (Green Agricultural Practice) and exports of fruit juice and concentrates.
Keywords: Mycotoxin, Patulin, Ozone, Activated charcoal, Apple concentrate

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Hamburger is products of meat that has a lot of consumer due to high nutritional value, in addition to good flavor and its easy to use, also due to lack of chemical additives in its production process. Hawthorn medicinal fruit, with the scientific name of Crataegus elbursensis has gained wide fame in herbal medicine. In this research hamburger is mixed with hawthorn extract (at different concentration of 0, 0/5, 1, 1/5). The antimicrobial effect of hawthorn extract (Crataegus elbursensis) on Salmonella enteric and  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth, TBA,PV, TVBN and phenolic compounds  is investigated for a period of 45 days periodically at 0,15,30 and 45days. The resulats of microbial assey showed that mixed Hamburger significantly decreased Salmonella enteric and  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth during 45 days storage. Samples that mixed with hawthorn extract showed lower TBA, PV and TVBN values compared to control during the storage time. According to the obtained results, Hawthorn extract was able to Antioxidant and antibacterial effect in hamburger.