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Aims: Drug abuse among college students continues as a major public-health concern. Theory-driven research is necessary to address and find causes. The current research investigates the utility of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in designing and implementing a drug abuse educational prevention program among medical college students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 120 college students in two groups: experimental and control, who were randomly enrolled at the baseline survey. We used a questionnaire, which included three sections of background data (11 questions), knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse questionnaire (16 questions), and TPB-based questionnaire (20 questions). Educational planning was based on active learning with using group discussion, printed leaflet, and audio-visual CD. The participants were followed up after 2-month intervention. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 16 using appropriate statistical tests such as stepwise multiple logistic regressions and t-test. Findings: Almost 6.7% of the participants had a history of drug abuse. The three predictors of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control accounted for 48 % of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to drug abuse. There was a significant improvement in average response for knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse and TPB variables among the students who were under intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Designing intervention to reduce positive attitude and subjective norms toward drug abuse among college students could be useful to substance abuse prevention.

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Aim: Nowadays, the Internet is considered as an appropriate means of transferring knowledge in education and research processes. However, overusing the Internet may cause addiction. This problem may increase as the Internet usage increases. This paper attempted to study the Internet addiction among the students of Yazd universities. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study conducted among 238 students of Yazd University Medical Sciences and 245 students of Yazd Payam-e-Noor University. The data were collected using the Internet Addiction Questionnaire introduced by Young. To analyze data, several statistical operations were conducted, including mean, percentage, Chi-square, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Chi-two, and linear regression. Findings: Among the addicted students, 51% were from Payam-e-Noor University and 49% were from the University of Medical Sciences. Descriptive statistics also revealed that 51% of the addicted students were female and 67% of them were unmarried. Getting news and using e-mail services were mostly reported the Internet usages. Conclusion: Comparing with the previous studies, the Internet addiction has increased among the students of Yazd universities. This problem needs more concise investigation, and educational and counseling planning to reduce the Internet abuse.

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Studying language, text and discourse in micro, native and local domains is one of the emphasized streams of research in the newest paradigm of strategy research, namely, “strategy as practice”. This critical study seeks to derive the “what” and “why” of the pattern of Iranian sport mangers decisions from the text of Iranian sport management using qualitative research and drawing on social constructivism philosophy. Accordingly, this study uses grounded analysis and induction-based coding approach through Atlas.ti – specific explorative analysis software. The conclusions are emerged from 12 semi-structured field interviews and 19 secondary documents. The samples result from a combination of purposeful, snowball, convenience, and theoretical sampling methods. Finally, it is discovered that the causal conditions of “economic uncertainty, managerial uncertainty, uncertainty of orientations ambiguity and uncertainty of politicized management” along with the intervening conditions of “past success, background, anxiety-relieving, power structure, and media role” shape the phenomenon of “certainty-demanding discourse” in the context of “stakeholders myopia and lack of independence”. These factors altogether construct the “legitimating strategy” and decisional consequences of tendency to “science, coalition, ethic, promotion, and adaptation”.  

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Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main contributor to disability and the leading cause of death in Iran and worldwide. This study was done to determine the effect of education on behaviors related to CVDs among Yazd city restaurants` chefs.
Method: In an experimental study, the intervention factor for case group was education through lectures, pamphlets, and videos. All the restaurant and hotel chefs of Yazd were divided into two groups: intervention and control (each group 39). Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. All registered data were transformed to the SPSS program and analyzed under Mann-Whitney's U, Wilcoxon's, McNemar's, Marginal homogeneity, Spearman's correlation, and Chi-square tests.
Findings: Before training, the average scores of knowledge, attitude and practice had no significant differences between the case and control groups (p≥0/05), but this difference was significant immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Significant differences were observed in the scores of the knowledge and attitude of the intervention group between prior and immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Also three months after the intervention, the mean score of practice was increased in the intervention group. The main information source of the subjects was media (63.5%) with physicians being their preferred source (62.2%).
Conclusion: According to the average knowledge of chefs before the intervention and significant role of chefs on cardiovascular health, improving their information through regular training programs (in consultation and health education centers), posters, pamphlets, and media is suggested.

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Aims: Death is an important and significant issue in nursing. The present study aimed to explain death anxiety among nursing students using a qualitative approach.
Participants & Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted on 12 nursing students from the School of Nursing and Midwifery in Zahedan during 2023-2024. The participants were selected through purposive sampling and attended semi-structured interviews after providing informed consent. The interviews were immediately transcribed and analyzed using a conventional content analysis technique. The data were coded by MAXQDA2020 software and analyzed using the content analysis method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman.
Findings: The students recognized the reality of death and its existential necessity. They also pointed to the lack of confrontation with death and after-death experiences, the meaning of death, the quality of death and dying, concerns about survivors, and emotional confrontation.
Conclusion: There are many concepts regarding the concept of death, with one of the most important ones highlighted by almost all participants being the reality of death and its existential necessity.
 

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In this article has been tried to find a new solution for fleet assignment to BRT network through scheduling assigned fleet to routes. Vehicle scheduling in each route is done with regard to passenger waiting time at stations and in consequence assigned vehicle dispatching model is related to the first station at each route. In designing the model, it has been tried to develop it in a way that it can be extended and be useful on a worldwide scale. The proposed model for Tehran BRT network has been developed by lingo software with data acquired from the Tehran municipality transportation department and the results analyzed. One of the important finding in this research is that a necessity of using buses with high capacity in BRT systems.

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The use of enzymes for hydrolysis of protein sources is one of the common methods in the food processing. A hydrolysed protein is a complex mixture of peptides and amino acids that are obtained from hydrolysis by various enzymes, acids or alkali. These peptides play important biological role in the body. The orange seed is largely available from the orange juice industries wastes, and its defatted flour contains about 26% protein and can be used as a rich and cost-effective source for production of proteins and peptides of plant sources. In the present study, a protein isolate with high purity was extracted from defatted orange seed flour and then the protein was hydrolysed by using Alcalase enzyme in concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 3% and the hydrolysis time of 2-5 hours at temperature of 45-55 ° C at suitable pH for enzyme activity. Then the optimal conditions for the production of hydrolysed proteins with the highest antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, radical OH scavenging activity, ferric reducing activity and total antioxidant) were determined. Optimum treatment at determined conditions (temperature 54.8 °C, time 3.35 hr and ration of the enzyme to the substrate 1.7 % v/w) with antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity (45.85%), radical OH scavenging activity (91.82%), ferric reducing activity (89.35%) and total antioxidant (39.68%) was obtained and antioxidant tests were performed on the optimal treatment for confirmation of the proposed values by software. The results showed that the hydrolysed protein derived from orange seed could be used in the foods formulation as a natural additive and also it can be used as a nutraceutical with high antioxidant ability.

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For determination of the fracture parameters of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) size effect and work of fracture methods were used. For considering the behavior of concrete in different strengths, two mixes with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 0.42 and 0.47 were utilized. At first, the workability of the concrete was investigated and, after ensuring their self-compacting properties, the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete were determined. Then, by using the above-mentioned methods and conducting three-point bending tests on 30 beams, concrete fracture parameters, and crack-tip opening displacement were achieved. The results showed that with increasing W/C ratio from 0.42 to 0.47, the initial and total fracture energies, and fracture toughness decreased by 39.4%, 33.4% and 25.3%, respectively. The effect of the W/C ratio on the fracture parameters of this type of concrete was discussed. Furthermore, several empirical relations have been proposed that by the use of them and only by the determination of the compressive strength, the initial fracture energy, total fracture energy, the ratio of energies to each other, and fracture toughness can be determined. Then, by using the fracture parameters, the mechanical properties of the concrete and the extended finite-element method, the crack propagation was modeled. The results showed that this method has high accuracy in the numerical solution of the fracture problems as well as the efficiency of the obtained parameters for determining the behavior of self-compacting lightweight concrete.

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The coordination of body systems is important for overcoming various conditions. The nervous system, as a fast coordinator of the body, reflexively manages many functions. At the same time, the immune system is involved in endogenous and exogenous factors that disturb homeostasis at any time to protect the body. Research has shown negative feedback between the two systems. Inflammatory factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate the vagus nerve, which increases afferent signals to the central nervous system. The central autonomic network increases efferent vagus nerve impulses. Amplification of efferent vagus nerve activity promotes the release of acetylcholine. Increased acetylcholine suppresses inflammation through its receptors on immune cells. The aforementioned feedback process, which is the two-way communication of the nervous and immune systems, is called the "anti-inflammatory reflex". In the present article, the role of each component and the therapeutic potential of using the anti-inflammatory reflex will be discussed. Moreover, heart rate variability as an index for measuring the state of the anti-inflammatory reflex is considered.
 

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Utilizing new irrigation techniques to introduce cultivars into paddy fields experiencing water scarcity is one way to combat water shortage and increase water productivity. To this end, this experiment was conducted as a strip plot in a randomized complete block design with three independent replications over two years (2016 and 2017) at the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran. Ten rice genotypes (V1 to V10) were subjected to three types of irrigation systems, including conventional Flood Irrigation (FI) and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) at 10 (AWD10) and 20 (AWD20) cm below the soil surface. These results demonstrate that AWD10 and AWD20 methods reduced water consumption by 20 and 17%, respectively, compared to the conventional methods. This decreased water usage resulted in 1.4 and 0.2% yield losses compared to the conventional flood irrigation system. Moreover, milling recovery in flood irrigation (68.7%) was lower than AWD10 and AWD20 methods (69.6 and 69.8%, respectively). In conclusion, Neda, Shiroodi, and 8611 rice genotypes showed a better response to AWD irrigation, and may be considered as suitable genotypes for increasing water productivity in paddy fields.

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There are some factors that can pose limit before the performance of obligations and cause obligation to be changed or terminated at all. These factors can have legal or voluntary origins, each of which can be explicit or implicit. Among the factors of administrative origin are the conditions of construction or collusion that can change the obligation. The parties to the obligation in this condition agree to the obligation before or during the contract and make the obligation based on it. The masonry condition without an obligatory statement can be based on the implicit will to change the limits and this can be either increasing or decreasing the obligation and is applicable in property and related rights of individuals and can be an obligation committed to the development and/ or reduce and finally, if not committed to it, could cause the termination or invalidity of the obligation by the parties.