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Choosing the active or passive constructions for the native speakers of a language, as the name suggests, is simply a "choice" and "selection" and the speaker uses one of these two voices to express the meaning according to his situation and recognition. This conscious choice between the two structures mentioned is not a problem as long as the speaker speaks his native language. The problem begins when a person wants to speak or write in another language and for his “choice”, among the data and training that he has received in a foreign language up to this point, he looks for a reason to choose the best option among two voices and not allow errors. This article tries to answer the question: how can students for whom Russian is not their native language consciously choose a passive construction? In other words, this article is not intended to compare the Voice in Persian and Russian or to observe students’ “mistakes” in encountering this category. The article is aimed at developing a questionnaire containing the “correct” options from among the types of quasi-passive, passive and active and implementing it for 86 students of the Russian language in Iran and Russia (for whom Russian is considered a non-native language) and, based on the analysis of their answers, to reflect them "trend" in the use of passive structure. From this point of view, we try to help Russian teachers in teaching the use of the passive voice.

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Aim: Evidence indicates that demographic factors such as age, gender, and mother's literacy are important predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. So, this study was conducted in order to survey the relation between socio-demographic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption among Tehranian adolescents in 2013. Methods: This cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytic) was carried out for surveying Tehranian adolescents, socio-demographic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption. The total of 500 adolescents (11-14 years old) was included in the study using multistage random sampling method. Being at the age of 11-14 years, giving informed consent, and voluntary participation were criteria for students' selection. Data were gathered using questionnaire encompass socio-demographic characteristics (11 items) and Frequent Fruit and Vegetable Questionnaire (FFQ). Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 18 (descriptive statistics, and tests of independent t and one way ANOVA). Findings: There was no relationship between age, gender, family size, parent’s job, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Based on one way ANOVA test, there was a significant relation between vegetable consumption and mother’s and father’s literacy, as well as between home size and fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusion: The finding that economic factors and parent’s education level have a strong association with the adolescents’ intake of fruits and vegetables in this sample concurs with other research findings regarding the importance of family environment to promote healthy eating behaviors among adolescents.

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Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements, which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance[8].Recently, researches have shown that lactic Acid Bacteria(LAB), especially Bacillus (because of having endospore) remain stable at cooking temperature and retain their probiotic benefits in baked goods [3]. The purposeof this study,was using of Bacillus coagolans, as a resistant probiotic,for enrichment of  bread. First, these probiotic bacteria were determined by the tests of salt tolerance, heat resistance, bile tolerance, tolerance of acid and pepcin, resistance of antibiotics, and preventing the growth of pathogenic starins[18].Then a certain number cells of  BC were entered in bread dough,before& after  baking the number of live bacteria were calculated by colony count in 1g of dough and bread. The number of BC decreased from 10⁸ to 10⁶ units per gram, after baking. Also,the amount of starch decreasd and changed into simple sugers. The pH was estimated about 4.5-5 and TTA (Total Titritable Acidity) was between 6-8. Finally, the enrichment of bread was  evaluated  by experts and its quality and taste were compared with a control sample. The Results showed this bacterium survives in baked bread and makes good chemical changes on it.

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Background: Enterococci play an important role in the spread of drug resistant genes and thus resistant strains. The dissemination of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) strains is one of the crucial issues in hospitals worldwide, especially among those hospitalized patients. This study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalence rates of vanA, vanB, and vanC genes among Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from meat.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 181 isolates of E. faecalis isolated from consumed meat samples in Borujerd city. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI criteria. The prevalence rate of vanA and vanB genes in vancomycin resistant E. faecalis strains was identify by PCR technique.
Results: Of 181 Enterococci isolates, 100 strains (55.25%) were E. faesium, and 81 strains (44.75%) were E. faecalis. About 13 antibiotics were used in this study. The highest resistance was observed against erythromycin, linezolid, vancomycin, and penicillin antibiotics, and the lowest resistance was observed against meropenem; none of the isolates were resistant to nitrofurantoin and cefotaxime. A total of 68 isolates (83.95%) were resistant to vancomycin. Among the isolates, 38 isolates (46.9%) contained vanA gene, 21 isolates (25.9%) carried vanB gene, and 18 (22.2%) isolates contained vanA and vanB genes, but van C type was not detected in none of the isolates.
Conclusion: The presence of van gene in the majority of isolates is an indicator of resistant genes large reservoir in the strains rotation in the community. Furthermore, in order to limit the incidence of VRE, the use of antibiotics for human or animal should be taken with caution.

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Learning a foreign language, like other fields, undergoes forgetting. Paying attention to forgetting in foreign language writing and speaking abilities is more important since these two realms indicate the learner's competence and performance. This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of forgetting of Iranian Language learners (French) at the level of language production. To achieve this objective, descriptive and analytical methods were used for reviewing the related theories of forgetting, memory and data storage. In the field study, forgetting of concrete and abstract words between two sexes and two age groups (25-30, 31- 40) was measured by two different tests. According to the results, forgetting depends on the type of words. On this basis, abstract words are more frequently forgotten. The obtained data demonstrated that age and sex have a significant impact on forgetting words. More precisely, these factors affect forgetting, when words appear in a context. So in the age group of 25-30 years, forgetting of abstract words is significant among men and 1.82% more in comparison with women. While in the age group of 31- 40 years, the forgetting degree of women is 2.5% more.  

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Genetic diversity relationships of 50 isolates of Cytospora schulzeri on apple from different parts of the Semirom region were analyzed using 15 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based markers, 7 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 8 Microsatellite primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR). Using 7 selected RAPD primers 113 bands were generated, of which 81 bands were polymorphic (71.7%), with an average of 11.57 polymorphic fragments per primer, and with 8 selected MP-PCR primers 107 amplified bands were observed with 78 polymorphic bands (72.3%), with an average of 9.75 polymorphic fragments per primer. In RAPD marker, number of polymorphic bands varied from 8 (241) to 15 (230, 238, OPA13) with an average of 11.57 per primer and which varied in size from 200 to 3750 bp. Percentage of polymorphism ranged from 64% (203 and 232) to a maximum of 83% (238). In MP-PCR marker, number of polymorphic bands varied from 6 (CAG) to 12 (GTG and ATG) with an average of 9.75 per primer and which varied in size from 200 to 3500 bp. Percentage of polymorphism ranged from 54% (CAG) to a maximum of 81% (ACTG). By combining markers, a total of 220 bands were detected, of which 159 bands (72%) were polymorphic and produced on an average 10.6 polymorphic bands per primer. The results showed that both markers were suitable for the detection of genetic polymorphism among apple C. schulzeri isolates. Estimated genetic relationship using similarity co-efficient (Jaccard’s) values between different pair of accessions varied from 0.54 to 0.89 in RAPD, 0.62 to 0.89 in MP-PCR and 0.62 to 0.87 with combined markers based similarities. High cophenetic correlation between the similarity matrix and corresponding dendrogram was obtained by RAPD + MP-PCR marker (r = 0.81). Cluster analysis of the data using UPGMA based on Jaccard´s similarity coefficient, divided the isolates into six groups, showing a high genetic diversity among populations of C. schulzeri.

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In the present investigation, experimental framework has been used to clarify the nature of lexical information arrayed against the lexical entries of Persian transitive verbs. In the test, we categorized the transitive verbs into 5 groups. What differs them is the number of argumental structural and sub-categorization frame options of each verb. We are going to find out which one is more fundamental in sentence processing, and that whether the verbs with less structural argument and sub-categorization frame options are processed faster or not. Twenty normal native speakers of Farsi participated in these tests. The subjects were divided into two groups. They had to perform a secondary visual lexical decision task in the immediate vicinity of the verb while listening to the sentence for meaning. Reaction times to this secondary task showed the representational complexity of  the verbs. This is called "cross modal lexical decision method". Using DMDX software program, the tests were performed, and using ANOVA and t-tests, the data were analyzed. The results showed that both the argumental structure and sub-categorization frame possibilities of verb can affect sentence processing due to time.  

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In this study, based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) description of cohesion in English, the ability of Persian- speaker children to organize a narrative discourse has been investigated, applying an experimental method. For this purpose, fifteen children, eight boys and seven girls, four to seven years old, have been selected in a crèche in the West of Tehran. Afterwards, in order to investigate their performance in organizing discourse by applying lexical cohesive devices, two tests, story retelling and story production based on two pictorial books, have been performed and then investigated. The main objective of this study has been to evaluate their discourse competence through their narrative discourse organizing ability. Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that children in all age groups are able to apply the correct lexical cohesive devices in order to organize their stories. The other result is that all age groups tend to apply "repetition" rather than “collocation" in both tests. Finally, the children's performance in story retelling test comparing with story production test was different, in terms of the number of utterances and lexical cohesive devices used.
 

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Multiple theories are proposed in respect of cognitive linguistics among which, "conceptual metaphor" and "image schema" have the highest importance. image schemas are some structures of cognitive process which are formed because of the physical experience of human in contact to the external world and provide the possibility for understanding and analysis of abstract concepts. Image schema have different species such as, containment¬¬ Schemas , path Schemas , force Schemas. Cycle Schemas is one of the kinds of image schemas which can be formed by natural or conventional mapping. Abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Sa’di can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)desertion. And the abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Hafez can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)submission. The cognitive analyses obtained from the cycle schemas of these poets include: 1) sa’di’s understanding of time movement is liner and Hafez’s understanding of it is circular. 2) sa’di’s liner movement understanding indicates to realization and Hafez’s circular understanding indicates to his idealization. 3) Because of liner movement understanding Sa’di is placed in to tragic human-being group and due to circular movement understanding Hafez is regarded as spic human. 4) The form of the vocabularies’application and general structure of the poems indicate to the decentralization of Sa’di and centralization of Hafez.

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In this article Systemic Functional framework of Halliday has been used to investigate stylistically some of Golestan proses in order to answer these questions: What linguistic elements have been foregrounded in each story(chosen at random) and which experiential metafunction  has been   used   in each one? What is the reason of its application and does the  the metafunctions foreground  the content of the story? The hypothesis is that the contents of the stories are in a close relation to the linguistic forms used in each story. In other words, the content has been forgrounded in the form. After analyzing the data results showed that the writer's intended content is in accordance with the communicative experiential metafunction in terms of frequency of occurance, but significant differences are recognizable only when the total number of verbs is bigger meaning that the story is longer.                    

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The body-part term dast ‘hand’ is investigated in this article as used in the first part of 160 Farsi compound nouns. The questions are: How is the semantic change pattern of hand used in Persian compound nouns? Also how the collective mind and social/ cultural memory of Persian linguistic society can be accounted for and compared with Chinese and English? The aim is investigation of semantic change  or even meaning proliferation pattern of hand in compounding so that the analysis of differences and variations can be explained by the cultural differences in a way that non linguistic(cognitive- cultural) explanations are used to explain language variations. The method used here is a corpus-dictionary investigation based on SOKHAN in a cultural linguistics framework. As for findings the results show that conceptualization differences do have cultural explanations. Here, the innovation is that of the investigation of the semantic change of this body term as used in compound contexts based on an objective way, considering word frequency,and representing cultural explanations finally. As for the results and achievements: cultural analysis of  differences and similarities of Farsi, Chinese, and English, meaning changing illustration, introducing a new way of  vocabulary learning based on cactus model by the use of contrastive semantic and cultural psychology. Here, the critical point of view is that it is necessary to study semantic change pattern in compound contexts.  

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Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the provalent cancers in the world. This cancer as well as other solid tumors, in the course of its development has phases in this order: Epithelial Dysplasia, Carcinoma Insitu, Invassiveness and metastasis. Breast cancer Diagnosis is generally made with pathology methods. In this survey, measuring Angiostatin (which is one of the most important and potent angiogensis inhibitor) in random urine as a noninvassive method was introduced to diagnose the disease. Materials and Methods: In this assay, random urine samples of 15 Breast cancer patient and 15 control urine samples were obtained, and assayed with improved sandwich direct ELISA. Results: Obtained result in statistical T-Test (Pvalue<0.03) showed significant correlation between urine angiostatin and breast cancer, that has coordinace with the result of patients sample pathology. Discussion: Angiostatin dosage in urine of patients of breast cancer is a good marker of non invassive diagnosis.

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In the present article, the effect of the substrate type in virtual concurrent classes is studied on the growth of the oral comprehension of the Iranian language learners. After studying the features of Adobe Connect Platform and Skype Software as two modern distance and online learning substrates, the growth of the capability of the Iranian language learners is compared in virtual and non-virtual courses. For this purpose, a practical pilot study was performed on 18 language learners at the level A1 using pre-tests and post-tests and the control group in two language institutes in Tehran. Data were examined by covariance analysis test after measuring their normality and variance consistency. The statistical results indicated that the oral comprehension is developed positively in all three groups (those language learners learning French using Adobe Connect Platform, those learning French using Skype Software, and those non-virtual language learners). However, learners of virtual courses were more successful than non-virtual language learners and those language learners learning French using Adobe Connect Platform grew more desirably than those learning through Skype software.  

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Aims: The present study aimed to identify the predictors of hand hygiene intention and behavior among nurses using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses working in a public hospital in Tehran in 2016-2017. In total, 196 nurses were enrolled in this study and selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire guided by TPB. The validity of the questionnaire was measured using the opinions of 14 scholars and professors. The content validity ratio was measured based on the Lawshi method and the content validity index was measured based on Waltz and Basel method. The test-retest and internal consistency were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software 16.0 and statistical tests, including multiple regression analysis.
Findings: The attitude toward hand hygiene (p<0.001) and perceived subjective norms (p=0.012) were correlated with nurses’ intentions to hand hygiene. This set explained 56% of the variance in intention to hand hygiene. In addition, Perceived behavioral control was found as the strongest predictor of hand hygiene behavior (p<0.001), which together with subjective norms and intention could predict individuals’ behavior (R²=0.52).
Conclusion: The constructs of the TPB have predictability regarding hand hygiene behavior.

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La réalisation d’un mémoire est considérée comme la tâche finale des étudiants en master, à la fin de leur cursus afin de mériter un diplôme universitaire. Or, cette activité cause divers types de difficultés notamment aux étudiants allophones. Cette étude a pour but d’analyser les problèmes auxquels se trouvent confrontés les étudiants iraniens en master de didactique du FLE lors de la préparation et de la rédaction de cet écrit académique. Pour atteindre l’objectif assigné, 3 dispositifs de recueil de données ont été combinés : les commentaires de 4 professeurs sur 7 textes de mémoire, un entretien semi-directif effectué auprès de 12 étudiants et un questionnaire rempli par 33 étudiants. 3 dispositifs d’analyse de données ont alors été exploités : une grille d’évaluation basée sur les compétences nécessaires à la rédaction d’un mémoire, une grille d’analyse des entretiens ainsi que le logiciel SPSS. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que selon les étudiants, les problèmes engendrés lors de la préparation du mémoire sont significativement plus élevés par rapport à ceux causés lors de la rédaction du mémoire. Par ailleurs, les problèmes d’ordre linguistique pour rédiger un texte académique sont récurrents. A cette complication se greffent les difficultés d’ordre scientifique/méthodologique (pratiques de citations, choix et mise en place des méthodes de recherche ainsi que des dispositifs d’analyse des données). D’autre part, les obstacles sur le plan spatio-temporel peuvent être considérés comme un malaise auquel se heurtent les étudiants iraniens lors de la réalisation de l’étude de terrain. Le manque d’accès à des ressources diversifiées pour élaborer le cadre théorique ainsi que la non-maîtrise des logiciels de traitement de texte comptent également parmi les problèmes des étudiants.

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Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV), genus Betacarmovirus, family Tombusviridae, is a common pathogen of hibiscus plants in tropical and subtropical regions. During 2020-2021, leaf samples of Chinese hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. with mottling and chlorotic ring spot symptoms were collected from Ahvaz and Molasani Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Total RNA extracted from symptomatic samples was subjected to RT-PCR analysis to amplify the sequence of the coat protein gene (CP) (p38) of HCRSV. Complete (1038 bp) and partial (932 bp) p38 sequences were determined and deposited in the GenBank database. The consensus sequences obtained from CP were compared with those of known isolates using the nBLAST program and phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the p38 sequences showed different ancestors for Iranian isolates of HCRSV. Additionally, the isolates studied were grouped into clades regardless of their geographic distribution, suggesting that there is no differentiation of population based on location and that populations are interconnected. Recombination analysis based on p38 sequences predicted at least two acceptable recombinant isolates, Ahvaz (Iran) and Israel. In silico prediction of CP structures of isolates involved in recombination events showed low sequence to structure identity between HCRSV isolates. In addition to reporting two new HCRSV isolates from Iran, our work demonstrated that HCRSV exhibits a high genetic variation through recombination and that the classification criterion could be changed from low nucleotide sequence identity to a higher value, along with the structural analysis of betacarmovirus proteins.


 

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The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of evidentiality hierarchy arranged from direct(witnessed) to indirect (reported, inferred, argued, etc). This study investigates processing of sentences containing evidentials by the cross-modal lexical decision method run by DMDX software. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. The independent variable is evidential type and the dependent one is the subjects' reaction times to the visual stimuli. Subjects were 30 university students aging 20 to 22 classified into two groups of male and female. As for the results, they show that in Persian along evidentiality hierarchy, sentences containing direct witnessed evidentials are processed later and longer than the second- hand inferred evidential, besides the fact that there is a significant difference between sensory and non-sensory/ second hand evidentials. The explanation is that processing a direct evidential needs much more cortical activation areas like memory and attention leading to much more cognitive load than inference which is limited just to frontal lobe. Findings approve the psychological reality of this theoretical hierarchy in Persian classifying them into direct/sensory and indirect/non-sensory evidentials. The aim is to examine the psychological reality of evidentiality hierarchy experimentally.
 
1. Introduction
Different linguists have proposed different definitions for examining the psychological reality of various theoretical linguistic issues. This study investigates processing of sentences containing different types of evidentials of Persian by the cross-modal lexical decision method.  This psycholinguistic method has been used classically by Shapiro (1990) to estimate the cognitive load across the mind. The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of evidential complexity hierarchy. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. Also the classification of Omidvari and Golfam. (2017) on evidentials has been applied here. They divided  Persian evidentials in to two broad categories of direct and indirect analyzed in detail.
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2. Literature Review
The method used in this research is the cross modal lexical decision method, which will be detailed due to its importance.  Theoretical framework applied here is that of Shapiro (1990) in psycholinguistics. Independent variable is the type of Persian evidentials used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjectsˈ reaction times. 30 students of universities aged 18-30 participated in this study. The results of two experiments show that the psychological reality of the complexity of representation of Persian evidentials according to Persian data is confirmed and there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of Persian evidentials .
 
 
 
3. Methodology
It was found out that Persian has two types of evidentials: direct and indirect. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. The independent variable is evidential type and the dependent one is the subjects' reaction times to the visual stimuli. Subjects were 30 university students aging 20 to 22 classified into two groups of male and female.

4. Conclusion
As for the results, they show that in Persian along evidentiality hierarchy, sentences containing direct witnessed evidentials are processed later and longer than the second- hand inferred evidential, besides the fact that there is a significant difference between sensory and non-sensory/ second hand evidentials.
The explanation suitable for the found results is that processing a direct evidential needs much more cortical activation areas like memory and attention leading to much more cognitive load than inference which is limited just to frontal lobe. Findings approve the psychological reality of this theoretical hierarchy in Persian classifying them into direct/sensory and indirect/non-sensory evidentials. As the aim was to examine the psychological reality of evidentiality hierarchy experimentallythe results showed the psychological reality.
 

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Estimates of technical inefficiency in agricultural production are suspect so long as variations exist in production technology among the sampled farmers. Traditional methods of dealing with these technological differences risk attributing "technology gaps" to technical inefficiency between farms, pointing to the need to undertake a metafrontier analysis that allows technology gaps to be distinguished from technical inefficiency. Using farm-level data on the production of three different varieties of pistachio trees in Iran, we outline two criteria to justify its use: an inability in farmers to switch between production technologies except in the long term, and satisfaction of statistical tests on metafrontier coefficients. The application of metafrontier analysis enabled technical efficiency scores to be corrected for differences in production capacity imposed by tree variety. Results reveal that there is very little difference in technical efficiency between farms growing the different tree varieties. But they show that ignoring the production constraints imposed by variety choice could overstate the scope for farmers to improve their technical performance by adopting better farming practices. The results also indicate that it is misleading to compare the performance of different tree varieties on the basis of yield per hectare alone.

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Nowadays because of several problems and diseases that treat human health, considering special attention to suitable nutrition and achieving confidence about safe and rich content foods is a very important and unavoidable issue. Folic acid is one of required vitamins for our body that must be provided sufficiently. So there are numerous efforts has been done for more reliable measuring of this vitamin in foods. There are several methods available for measuring folic acid. In this research, two methods have been investigated. The main mentioned method was tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay which performed by α-amylase, protease, conjugase and a folate dependent microorganism which was Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Second method was High performance liquid chromatography that is performed in order to proving reliability and accuracy of the first method. Final results of this research showed that tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay has more accurate results comparing to high performance liquid chromatography. The reason is that the amount of folic acid detected by microbiological assay is about 50% more than those detected by High performance liquid chromatography. The main reason for existence of this difference in indicated values is due to complete extraction in microbiological assay. We concluded that tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay has more efficiency than High performance liquid chromatography to determine accurate amount of sensitive vitamins such as folic acid. In addition, by this method the amount of total folate can be determined.    

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The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of Relative Tense in Persian; How Persian tenses are processed? Cross modal lexical decision tasks applied by dmdx software program have been used here to examine relative tense processing during sentence processing. Theoretical framework used here is that of Comrie (1985) linguistically and Shapiro (1990) psycholinguistically. Independent variable is the type of tense used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjectsˈ reaction times to visual stimuli. 25 university students aged 18-30 participated in experiments who were divided into two groups; male and female participants. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing non-finite relative tense verbs, are processed later than the other tenses (present perfect, past perfect, and subjunctives). The explanation is to be found in the un-markedness of non-finites (lacking mood, tense, number). The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to the complex ones will erase the meaningful differences in the participantsˈ reaction times.  This shows that the independent variable of sentence type is much more effective on cognitive load than tense type. In these two experiments the gender of the participants is not effective. The findings can be used in curriculum design for non-natives of Persians as it shows the cognitive load of relative tenses across memory.

1. Introduction
Different linguists have proposed different definitions for tense. This study investigates processing of sentences containing different  relative tenses of  Persian by the cross-modal lexical decision method. This psycholinguistic method has been used classically by Shapiro (1990) to estimate the cognitive load across the mind. The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of tense complexity hierarchy arranged for relative one. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. Also the classification of Comrie (1985) on tenses has been applied here. He divided tenses into two broad categories of past/ non past. Absolute and relative types of the Persian tense have been elaborated and analyzed in detail.
Research Question(s)
The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of Relative Tense in Persian; How Persian tenses are processed?

2. Literature Review
Theoretical framework applied here is that of Comrie (1985) linguistically and Shapiro (1990) psycholinguistically. Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari (2002) has written in detail about the nature and function of variety of absolute and relative tenses in Persian.

3. Methodology
The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of Relative Tense in Persian. Cross modal lexical decision has been used here to examine relative tense processing during sentence comprehension. Theoretical framework applied here is that of Comrie (1985) in linguistics and Shapiro (1990) in psycholinguistics. Independent variable is the type of tense used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjectsˈ reaction times. 25 students of universities aged 18-30 participated matched across some specific factors in this study. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing non-finite relative tense verbs, are processed later than the other tenses (present perfect. past perfect, and subjunctives). That may be related to the un-markedness of  non-finites. The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to the complex ones will erase the meaningful differences in the participantsˈ reaction times. In these two experiments the gender of the participants is not effective. The findings can be used in curriculum design for non-natives of Persians, for it shows the cognitive load  of relative tenses across memory.

4. Results
It was found out that, in terms of psycholinguistics, Persian has two absolute tenses : Past and present; as well as four relative tenses: the perfective. the pluperfect, the subjunctive, and the relative past. The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of tense in Persian. Cross modal lexical decision has been used here to examine tense during sentence processing. The Persian language has a variety of absolute and relative tenses, each of which is used as needed, and Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari (2002) has written in detail about the nature and function of each, and since this work is a comprehensive description of the topic of time in Persian provides the basis for data collection of the present study. Since this work provides a comprehensive description of the topic of tense in Persian, it is the basis for collecting data from the present study. The two main research questions are: a) Which types of  relative tenses is processed faster than the others and why? B) According to data from Persian language, what is the mental representation of grammatical  relative tense in Persian? The two hypotheses corresponding to the questions of this research are that there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of relative tenses and also the complexity of these representations has a psychological reality. In order to answer the questions, two experiments have been developed. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing non-finite relative tense verbs, are processed later than the other tenses (present perfect, past perfect, and subjunctives). The explanation is to be found in the un-markedness of non-finites (lacking mood, tense, number). The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to the complex ones will erase the meaningful differences in the participantsˈ reaction times.  This reveals that the independent variable of sentence type is much more effective on cognitive load than tense type. In these two experiments the gender of the participants is not effective.
If the cognitive burden/load may be considered as the basis of learning, this research can have implications for teaching Persian language. The high reputation of using reaction time in psychological research, especially in the field of cognition and language processing, is something beyond theoretical interest. The choice of mean reaction time as a dependent variable in widely used cognitive experiments is due to convenience. In this study, reaction time to the auditory stimulus is the basis for measuring cognitive load. Cognitive load refers to the amount of mental energy needed to perform a task. This mental energy can be nourished by memory, storage and retrieval. The concept of cognitive burden can be used in teaching Persian language and the research results can be considered in compiling educational materials .