---

   This study is aimed to explore the fauna of grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera) within the county of Dasht-e Azadegan (Khuzestan Province), where is placed a vast plain with geographical coordinates of 47°42′ to 48°28′ E and 31°24′ to 32°57′ N. Sampling carried out since March 2015 until end of August 2016 using insect sweeping net and also light torch at eleven selected sites and continued for the duration of all seasons of each year every one month. The collecting sites were selected to cover the whole area in terms of climate, sea level, and vegetation. Referring to morphological identification keys and comparing the result with the type of material deposited at Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, out of 1770 specimens, four Families, 11 Subfamilies, 21 genera and 25 species enlisted. Out of which, one genus, and two species were discovered to be new to the fauna of Iran. Based on the yielded statistics, Aiolopus thalassinus is candidates as the most frequent species in the area.

---

The first performance of the home is to create shelter, a haven which provides peace for inhabitants. Village House is a safe and reliable "inner place" against "external environment" with the extent of the wild nature. Therefore, the first performance of the home is primary need of rural people. The formation of the house is affected by a variety of environmental factors of three surrounding environments which in different species are formed based on special regional and local materials of the area by natives of the area.
In fact, the most important characteristic of rural homes, especially (Gilan) is simplicity and harmony with the natural environment surrounding them, in such a way that, a building not only is not a waste element that is added to the environment, but is risen from its surroundings, and the stability is reached due to its exposure.
conditions, not only has led to a different appearance of the buildings in the area, but due to the abundant use of wood and plant fibers in the building, and special properties of these materials, methods of construction in Gilan is distinct from other parts of Iran. Studying traditional methods of construction in Gilan to identify a species of "architecture in harmony with nature", Leads us to full interaction of man and the surrounding environment, that all of them indicate Intelligent human knowledge in time with the technical limitations of construction, and the sense of respect for nature.
As architectural elements and building components, all in order to build a dynamic architecture in this particular area of the building not only by benefiting from natural curran in the summer leads to climate comfort in the spring and summer, but in winter with a layer of semi-enclosed elements, such as Faken, reduces the amount of heat exchange between indoor and the surrounding environment.
Accordingly, the logic of construction and materials are selected based on potential and natural resources in the region and leads to use the local materials, combining fences, columns, headers and wooden beams and flowers used in walls, decoration by flowers and roof with four slopes are considered as individual components of a vernacular architecture, that in the passage of time has damaged stability of the building like natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, which is considered as an effective factor among the indicator species in each region.
In Gilan geographic reach, which air humidity and rainfall is very high, rural housing should not only meet human needs related to shelter, but must include climatic comfort relatively. As such, residential building must be constructed in such a way that reduxes moisture in the environment over human tolerance to have proper temperature and humidity conditions. In this area, because of moderate temperatures in many times of the year, reduced air humidity provides comfort because discomfort in summer is felt due to high relative humidity of the air at all times a day. So, wind can move easily in order to repel moisture around the body and the human environment.
The relationship between the building and the environment is considered as the most obvious aesthetic features of Gilan rural buildings, which is rooted in geography, cultural issues and style life in Gilan. The lack of tangible boundary between inside and outside has given to it different effects compared with the central regions of Iran.
The houses of the area are generally built either in the direction of East or with a little rotation from East to South and this is due to the use of maximum sunlight and air flow. The used materials are indigenous as other rural areas of Gilan and available materials are used. The walls in this region are mainly the combination between the "Chineei" 1 "Zegali" 2 and completely Zegali. Because of the abundance of straw in the area,”Kolosh”3 is used as Zegal in the walls. In fact, all the art of living in the Gilan plain can be summarized in coping with difficult climatic conditions such as annual rainfall by almost 1280 mm, the humidity between 70 to 90 percent and temperature fluctuation between * 20 and * 37 .
In different parts of the plains of Gilan where the climatic characteristics cause a particular kind of architecture, outward-oriented architecture, regardless of the contradictions and complexities of construction technique, and variations in the utilization of local and available materials, we're seeing similarities in the scheme of this type of architecture, the majority of similarities in these buildings include:
The existence of the porch and hallway in a four-walled building that most biological environments.
Get the limited space and enclosed in the heart of the monument and surrounded by a hallway and porch for winter time.
Multi-layer being the main views and spaces with a maximum porosity in the outermost level.
The height of the residential parts of the getting off the ground.
Placement comfy wooden stairs without an intermediary style that the relationship between the grounds and the supply of housing.
The mass use of plant and wood materials and uncoated amood.
The four characteristics of the dwellings of the plain Gila can be distinguished from includes the following items:
I. The height of the Earth's surface to protect it against moisture in the ground.
II. Fans with steep slope.
III. The existence of one or more of the aisle and the porch in views.
IV. Construction of houses based on vertical plan common build dwellings that central in Iran (Making room on the horizontal inner courtyard) is different
This research seeks to analyze the body of one of the native habitat of the index and the geographical boundaries of Gilan plain areas exclusively to the analysis method - described by Sachs and method of analysis techniques - modeling Builder designed with energy simulation software to evaluate a sample of their unit. Accordingly, the use of library studies on the described manner, the morphology of Gilan and provide basic concepts on completion of organ literature as early as the theoretical basis. The use of macro and micro-scale field studies of settlements to analyze the climate and the physical samples for example in the form of software modeling background design study builder and table Sachs contributed.
At the end of these studies show, as well as comfort in Gilan native settlements for rural residents and require the passage of time has been granted, Today, the role of climate change in temperate climate and wet in macro and micro scale habitable space And general changes in consumer materials residential structures in rural areas, the use of natural energy role in natural ventilation by not using energy artifact(Cooling and heating) is not possible and the combination of the two systems, natural and artificial energy is not inevitable, even in native settlements.
Research purposes
I. Clear analysis of how the formation of a native settlement on the centrality of body structure and climate
II. Assessment components and sub a native settlement in the description of the concepts of sustainable Sachs
III. Analysis of large-scale example of architecture in warm and cold seasons the energy simulation software

---

---

In this study, in addition to forming a steel tube of D6AC by direct flowforming, in order to examine the effects of different parameters of heat treatment process on the a for mentioned part properties, different cycles of heat treatment process are designed and after doing so, mechanical properties and microstructural changes of flowformed tube are investigated. For this purpose, at 850, 900 and 950 ˚C austenitizing temperatures for 15 and 30 minutes and AUS-BAY quenching at 510 ˚C for 10 minutes, and then quenching at 60 ˚C oil are used. Initial tempering for 2 hours at 250 ˚C and final tempering for 2 hours at 250, 300, 350 and 450 ˚C was performed. Investigations show that the optimum heat treatment cycle is austenitizing at 850 ˚C for 30 minutes, and final tempering at 300 ˚C, because of creating high strength and suitability for fracture toughness. Due to small grains of initial austenite, the ductility properties are also adequate.

---

A B S T R A C T
Aim This study was conducted to compare the effects of three types of light, medium and heavy grazing intensity on the plant functional groups across the Sahand summer rangeland.
Materials & Methods First, three areas with different grazing intensities were selected according to the field observations and collected information from herders. Then, the random systematic approach was applied to plant sampling across the selected sites. Afterwards, six transects were randomly established in the selected sites separately where ten plots were then localized on the compounding transects. 
Findings The results of Duncan test indicate a significant difference in the average production, canopy cover percentage and litter percentage across the studied sites under different grazing intensities. The average characteristics of all plant functional groups in sites with different grazing intensities have significant difference at the level of 1%. In this regard, the highest averages with 487.8 kg. ha-1, 62.7% and 12.5% are related to the site with light grazing, respectively. Results revealed that the properties of perennial grasses and forbs in the region under light grazing intensity is higher than two other studied regions which were under medium and heavy grazing.
ConclusionThe finding of this research implied that the livestock grazing intensity can significantly affect the palatability classes and growth form of plants. Therefore, changes in grazing intensity is recommended as a management tool in rangeland improvement to improve vegetation characteristics and move vegetation towards equilibrium.

---

So far in the mood system of New Persian, the inflectional element ‘be-’ has had three grammatical roles: subjunctive marker, imperative marker, and future marker, all of which having in common the feature of unrealized occurrence of the event (as opposed to its realized occurrence for indicative mood). This investigation, based on a sampled corpus of 55 texts, selected from 10^th to 20^th centuries, follows the changes of these functions in New Persian diachronically. The results show that in a period of eleven centuries the frequency of ‘be-’ as a marker of subjunctive has increased three times, and as the imperative marker twice-and-half, while it has been productive in its third role (future marking) mostly in 10^th to 12^th centuries, and this function gradually disappeared later. Furthermore, since 19^th c., ‘be-’ which was formerly used with simple verbs almost exclusively, began to be used with complex predicates as well. However, there is some amount of irregularity in the increasing frequency of ‘be-’ in the whole period, and the author attempts to explain it with such hypotheses as grammatical archaism in some texts, and the possible change of grammatical forms in the process of copying the texts

1. Introduction
A precise survey into the gradual development of grammatical markers is to follow the changes in their frequency patterns statistically, relying on the number and percentage reports. This paper attempts to fulfil this task for the marker ‘be-’ in the mood system of New Persian (from 10^th century onwards). The goal the research, then, is to show the grammaticalization path of the marker and its mood functions throughout the intended period up to the present time. A restriction of the research, however, is that the source of data has been limited to written texts, even for contemporary Persian.
 
2. Literature Review
The first distinction in the mood systems is that of indicative vs. imperative. This distinction is morphologically shown in Persian by imperative zero agreement marking (in the singular form) as opposed to overt marking of indicatives (for the same form), and also by the indicative ‘mi-’ as opposed to ‘be-’ that its emergence is discussed in this paper.
The third distinctive form in the mood system of Persian is subjunctive which is controversial among grammarians, both in its definition and instances. Natal Khanlari (1986: 2/306-339) includes in the category all present and past subjunctives as well as some forms suffixed with ‘-i’, and excludes conditionals and optatives from the category. By contrast, Ahmadi Givi (2001) subcategorizes conditionals and optatives as subjunctive, to the exclusion of past forms with ‘-i’ as well as past progressives. On the other hand, Mazaheri et al. (2004) define the subjunctive category so broadly that it also includes forms such as ‘bayæd mi-ræft’ (he/she had to go) and ‘šayæd ræfte æst’ (he/she may have gone).
 
3. Methodology
The corpus of this research includes 77 thousand verbs, extracted by the author from 55 texts from 10^th to 20^th centuries. To the sampling purpose, five texts from each century were selected, and then, two parts of each text were adopted randomly, each one amounting to 700 verbs (1400 verbs from each text, altogether). These verbs were labelled for tense, mood, and the structure of the verb (simple, prefixed, or complex), determining whether they had ‘be-’ for mood marking or not.
This research follows the definition given for the subjunctive in Ahmadi Givi (2001), and the kinds of subjunctive included by Darzi and kwak (2015) and Ilkhanipour (2017). Accordingly, all instances of irrealis (including past progressives with ‘hæmi/mi-’, and past forms with ‘-i’) were excluded from the statistics, and all of the semantic types of present subjunctive (probability, obligation, optative, conditional, etc.) were included.
 
4. Results
The results show a gradual increase in the imperative and subjunctive functions of ‘be-’, while the future marking function is mostly active in 10^th to 12^th centuries, and disappears gradually afterwards. Also, as shown in Figure 1, the imperative marking function of ‘be-’ has always been, and still is, ahead of its subjunctive marking function.
 
Figure 1
Grammatical functions of ‘be-’ by century

 
Furthermore, the results show an imbalance with regard to the morphological structure of the verb: the verbs taking ‘be-’ before 19^th century were almost exclusively of a simple root. Simple positive verbs reach a rate of 80% and 98% for subjunctives and imperatives, respectively, in 20^th century. Complex verbs, however, began to take ‘be-’ increasingly in the last two centuries (19^th and 20^th), reaching the average rate of 28% and 30% for subjunctives and imperatives, respectively, in the last two texts of the corpus. Prefixed verbs are still very low in their rate of taking the marker.
 
5. Discussion
The first issue to be discussed here is that in the whole corpus there are no instances of ‘be-’ detached from the verb. This shows that from the very beginning of New Persian period, ‘be-’ is functioning as a bound morpheme, having started its grammaticalization process well before 10^th century. The second observation in a holistic approach is that ‘be-’ in the territory of complex predicates is a relatively recent phenomenon, having increased since 19^th century. This late development can be due to the competing nature of the elements that occupy the preverbal position (i.e. non-verbal elements, derivational prefixes, and other inflectional markers) which puts them in a complementary distributional relationship. Thirdly, the status of complex predicates in contemporary Persian can probably be explained with resort to the partial syntactic independence of non-verbal element which allows for the insertion of ‘be-’. This can be compared to derivationally prefixed verbs for which the prefix resists ‘be-’ insertion, with some exceptions that can be signs of an emerging phenomenon.
 
6. Conclusion
According to the statistics, ‘be-’ has been in a grammaticalization path in the whole New Persian period, being still expanding its territory in the past decades (i.e. increasing its frequency for non-simple verbs). In other words, the generality and obligatoriness of ‘be-’ for its mood functions has been increasing in the whole period under discussion, and it is still making progress

---

Aim Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters has carried out actions since its establishment until now, and there are disagreements between supporters and opponents about its outputs. For this purpose, in the year 2021, this research was conducted to evaluate the environmental effectiveness of the actions of rehabilitation headquarters from the point of view of local communities. Materials & Methods an applied and fundamental research was done to reach the study golds. . In terms of method, regarding to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the descriptive-analytical and survey method (survey of local communities) has been used. The tool for collecting information and data was a researcher-made questionnaire that was randomly filled through interviews with residents. Findings The results showed that different actions have significant differences in terms of respondents' satisfaction, so the highest level of satisfaction, with a value of 2.89, is related to the non-living windbreak, and the lowest level is related to the Poly -Shrub Planting with the value of 1.67. Conclusion In general, despite the relative success of the actions of the rehabilitation headquarters, these actions have not been full effective in the proper management of surface and subsurface water resources, the modification of the cultivation pattern, and the prevention of the spread of soil salinity in agricultural lands. Therefore, to prevent the environmental disaster and its destructive consequences, it is suggested to take urgent action to save Urmia Lake by using all local and international capacities.

---

Aims: Datura stramonium L. is a medicinal plant known for its alkaloid compounds. Limited research has explored the impact of fertilizers like solopotas and fulvic acid on its growth and structural traits. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these fertilizers on the growth rate and biomass of D. stramonium.
Materials & Methods: Solopotas and fulvic acid were applied as foliar sprays at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, with five applications at 5-day intervals. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, stem length, root length, leaf number, flower and fruit counts, and shoot weight were measured at maturity and compared with control plants treated with distilled water.
Findings: The fertilizer treatments significantly affected leaf traits, flower and fruit numbers, plant height, and shoot weight (p<0.05), but not root length. The 2% fulvic acid treatment resulted in the tallest plants (45.75 cm), compared to 31.25 cm in the control. The 4% fulvic acid treatment had the most leaves (39.5), while the control had the lowest (19). The 2% solopotas treatment produced the longest leaves (14.15 cm), while the 8% solopotas had the shortest (8.17 cm). The 2% fulvic acid also resulted in the heaviest shoots (13.5 g), compared to 3.5 g in the control.
Conclusion: Application of 2% fulvic acid and 2% solopotas significantly improved growth and biomass of D. stramonium, particularly in plant height, leaf number, and leaf length. These findings suggest these fertilizers can enhance the commercial potential of D. stramonium.

---

In this paper, heat transfer in a sinusoidal channel filled with nanofluid under magnetic field effect is investigated numerically. The magnetic field transversely applied to the channel. Water as a base fluid and copper as nano particles were considered .The Maxwell-Garnetts model and Brinkman model for heat conduction coefficient and dynamic viscosity were used respectively. The effects of changing some parameters such as shape ,volume fraction , Hartmann number and Reynods number were considered. The results show that increasing in all mentioned parameters lead to increasing in Nusselt number. Volume fraction is mainly affect on maximum local Nusselt number in each channel’s wave while Hartmann number is affected minimum and maximum Nusselt number.

---

  Dough products are traditional and inexpensive food products that their consumption has increased. Unfortunately in our country due to lack of adequate cultivation of durum wheat, lack of appropriate technology for the production of durum wheat semolina and economic conditions for import of durum wheat, producing high quality dough product is faced with many problems. Also the price of durum wheat is more expensive than other wheat cultivars. In order to provide Dough products with good quality, in this study we investigate physicochemical properties of semolina and cooking qualities of dough products made from three different varieties of hard wheat namely Morvarid, Chamran, Sayson and two breeding lines namely A-line and N-80-19 line that are easy available in Iran. Behrang durum wheat is used as reference variety. Some strong relationships exist between semolina characteristics such as protein, wet gluten, gluten index and dough product quality. Finally the results show that Chamran and N-80-19 cultivars based on key features of dough product (yellow color, protein content and cooking quality) have no significant difference with control sample and they can be introduced as the best wheat to dough products industry.

---

Motivated by the growing significance of research on language teacher emotion regulation, the present study investigated the contributions of an online asynchronous teacher education initiative to L2 teachers’ emotion regulation. Drawing on Gross’ (1998, 2015) model of emotion regulation, the data gathered from interviews with four teachers prior to and after the course, their reflective narratives, online discussions, and class observations were qualitatively analyzed. The analyses pointed to the microgenetic development of teachers in terms of the incremental learning and application of the course content (i.e., emotion regulation) to their instructional practice. In other words, the participants incrementally drew on the learned strategies to up/down-regulate their emotions as English teachers. Additionally, the participant teachers tended to articulate their thoughts via reflective narratives by adopting the professional discourse, further implying the participant teachers’ access to their cognitions.

---

This study attempts to numerically investigate the hydro-thermal characteristics of a ferrofluid (water and 4 vol% ) in a counter-current horizontal double pipe heat exchanger, which is exposed to a non-uniform transverse magnetic field with different intensities. The magnetic field is generated by an electric current going through a wire parallelly located close to the inner tube and between two pipes. The single phase model and the control volume technique have been used to study the flow. The effects of magnetic field has been added to momentum equation by applying C++ codes in Ansys Fluent 14. The results show that applying this kind of magnetic field causes to produce kelvin force perpendicular to the ferrofluid flow changing axial velocity profile and creating a pair of vortices leads to increase the Nusselt number, friction factor and pressure drop. Comparing the enhancement percentage of Nusselt number, friction factor and pressure drop demonstrate that the optimum value of magnetic number for Re_ff=50 is between Mn=1.33*10^6 and Mn=2.37*10^6 So applying non-uniform transverse magnetic field can control the flow of ferrofluid and improve heat transfer process of double pipe heat exchanger.

---

In present study, impact of single bubble on an inclined wall and its movement are investigated by applying volume of fluid method (VOF) in OpenFOAM open source cfd package using a solver called interFoam. Both phases are incompressible and surface tension between two phases is estimated by CSF method. The effect of some parameters such as contact angle, wall slope and Bond and Morton dimensionless numbers on bubble shapes and velocity are studied. The numerical results show bubble velocity along wall increases with the increase of wall slope angle. The maximum bubble velocity happens at 50 degree. Three bubble regimes are recognized and introduced in this study named as: sliding, bouncing, and zigzagging based on wall slope. The bubble regime changes from sliding to bouncing when wall slope changes from 30 to 40 degrees. In constant Morton number, increment of Bond number increases both velocity and amplitude of fluctuations. In addition, an increment of Morton number in constant Bond number, decreases velocity and amplitude of fluctuations. Moreover, by increment of Morton number, the bubble motion will change from an accelerating motion to a constant velocity condition.

---

In this study, the effects of Co-Flow jet and injection temperature on the enhancement of airfoil performance in the compressible flow are investigated numerically. Co-Flow jet is a method of increasing lift to drag ratio and varying the Stall Degree which works via injecting the air from the edge of airfoil and suction from the tail. The much number of studied flow changes from 0.4 to 0.6. Clark-Y airfoil has been chosen for this study because of its application in compressible flow, it is the base airfoil for development of new airfoils. A validation is performed for Clark-Y airfoil by comparing the present numerical result and available experimental data in the literature. Results indicate that the enhancement induced by the Co-Flow jet on the compressible flow is less than one in the incompressible flow. The drag and lift coefficients reduces and increases by increasing the jet momentum coefficient, respectively. Using the Co-Flow Jet increase the stall degree. The maximum of lift decrement and drag increment occurs around the stall degree. Increasing the temperature increases lift coefficient slightly where it seems to be better choice in comparison with increment of Jet momentum coefficient due to ease of operation.

---

Thermal spraying is economical and rapid coating process that creates a rough and clean surface. As a result it can be used for applying the interlayer in transient liquid phase bonding. In the present study, transient liquid phase bonding Al 2024 to Ti-6Al-4V was investigated using brass interlayer, where the interlayer was Cu-Zn foil Cu-Zn thermal spray coat on Al substrate, respectively. The results show that by using thermal spray coat as interlayer, because of the formation of different defects that can be considered as diffusion channels, diffusion potential of Ti and Al becomes higher at the interface. It is concluded that the mechanism of bonding formation involves the diffusion of Cu into Al and Ti base materials and formation of TiAl، TiAl، Cu₂ Al and AlCuMg phases and also diffusion of Cu through Al grain boundaries and formation of eutectic phases across the grain boundaries. The formation of these intermetallic phases was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Dissolution of the base metals in the joint area and the isothermal solidification process of the thermal sprayed interlayer is more and faster than the foil interlayer. The joint with thermal spray brass coat as interlayer, gives higher shear strength of 25 MPa in comparison with the case of using brass foil as interlayer (14.6 MPa). The decrease in bond strength can be attributed to aggregation and growth of the brittle intermetallics near the joint interface due to lower diffusion potential of Ti and Al in the joint zone.