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Using natural gas as a clean fuel is raising. In many industrial combustion systems, like industrial furnace and boilers, a large portion of heat transfer is done by radiation and using natural gas in these industrial systems leads to decrease in radiation heat transfer that faces the Manufacturers with many problems. The addition of solid reactant particles into the flame is one of the attractive methods that are considered by many researchers to increase the radiation heat transfer in non-luminous flame such as hydrogen and natural gas flame. In this study, the effect of coal particles injection into the natural gas diffusion flame on flame structure, radiation heat transfer, temperature profile, and thermal efficiency has been considered. The results show that the injection of coal particles into the natural gas by increasing the solid soot particles in the flame structure, increases the reaction surface and flame luminosity and with increasing the radiation emissivity coefficient, increases the radiation heat transfer and thermal efficiency 43% and 21% respectively. Whereas change in flame temperature is very low and is 47˚C in its extreme limit.

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This is a study of the effect of synchronous combustion of gas-gasoil, achieved through the injection of gasoil droplets into natural gas flame, on the flame luminosity and radiative heat transfer. Droplets were injected by a single-hole micro-nozzle with a hole diameter of 100 μm and injection pressure of 9 bars. A photovoltaic cell was used to determine the luminous radiation and the total radiation of flame was measured by a thermopile. Also, the combination of chemiluminescence and IR photography of flame were employed to determine the qualitative distribution of soot particles in flame. The results show that the synchronous combustion of gas-gasoil raises the soot content of flame, leading to an increase of the luminosity and volume reaction of flame 38 and 2.5 times in comparison to the non-injection mode. Also, for the synchronous combustion of gasoil and gas with a mass fraction of 10%, the flame temperature changed only 95˚C, whereas the flame radiation rose as much as 52%. The improvement of flame radiation in synchronous combustion of gas-gasoil is due to the enhancement of flame emissivity coefficient in the IR region of electromagnetic wavelengths. Meanwhile, the injection of gasoil droplets increased the CO and NO pollutants by 4 ppm and 35 ppm in comparison to the non-injection mode; Due to the low mass flow rate of injection, however, the increase does not exceed the allowable limit for outlet pollution.

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This work presents a model for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this method, the effect of non-uniform sizes of nanoparticles and interfacial layer is investigated simultaneously. The developed model for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids takes into account the effects of the thermal conductivity of base fluids, the thermal conductivity, the volume fraction and the size of nanoparticles, the interfacial layer, non-uniform sizes of nanoparticles, Brownian motion and temperature. Hence, this model has the capability of offering both analytical and numerical Predictions. The accuracy of proposed model for the effective thermal conductivity of water-〖 Al〗_2 O_3, ethylene glycol-〖 Al〗_2 O_3, water- CuO, ethylene glycol-CuO, ethylene glycol-Al, water- TiO_2 is investigated. The effect of temperature, size of nanopartcles and volume fraction of nanopartcles is determined. Results show that the interfacial layer at the nanoparticle-liquid interface and non-uniform sizes of nonparticles are the important parameters for calculating the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The Comparison between the result and available experimental data of several types of nanofluids indicates that the proposed model provides accurate results and the maximum error is 5%.

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In this study, the water entry problem of a spherical - nose projectile is investigated numerically and experimentally. For the numerical simulations, a three dimensional model of the projectile with six – degree – of – freedom rigid body motion is considered. A Coupled Eulerian - Lagrangian (CEL) method is employed for modeling fluid - structure interactions. Through Eulerian - Lagrangian contact, Eulerian material can interact with Lagrangian elements. Also, an equation of state model describes the hydrodynamic behavior of the material. The numerical results are well compared with the available experimental results of a falling sphere in the literature and also the experiments of the current study. The experiments are performed for a spherical-nose projectile in a water tank equipped with a launching system and a high speed camera. The simulation results such as air cavity shape and the projectile trajectory are compared with the presented experiment data. The good agreement observed between the numerical results and those of the experiments, revealed the accuracy and capability of the proposed numerical algorithm. Also it has been shown that the pinch – off time is a weak function of impact velocity, however, increasing velocity leads to a linear increase in depth of pinch - off.

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Darrieus turbine is a type of vertical axis wind turbines that unlike it's simple structure, behavior analysis is a hard computational task. Because of the complex flows around the machines, aerodynamic optimization problem that still remains an open question. In this paper, a numerical algorithm based on the Double Multiple Stream tube model is used to calculate the effect of the parameters that influence the efficiency of the Darrieus turbine. This method is a semi-empirical method using lift and drag coefficients obtained from experimental data. The comparison between the results of the present study with the experimental measurements shows that although the developed algorithm gives acceptable results, but, for higher rotational speeds gets than nominal rotational velocity, the model accuracy gets lower. The aim of this paper is to find optimal conditions, parametrically analyze the effect of blade thickness, solidity, Reynolds number, pitch angle and aspect ratio on turbine efficiency and start. The results show that increasing thickness, Reynolds number and solidity cause an increase in the turbine self-start capability. On the other hand, increasing the solidity of the turbine will reduce working range, and increasing the aspect ratio will increase efficiency especially at the nominal rotational velocity. The results also show that the designed turbine having variable solidity, can have the benefits of both low and high solidity turbines simultaneously. But manufacturing variable thickness blades doesn't have proper justification. Limited increase in pitch angle can also have positive effect on efficiency.

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In this paper, the important characteristics of solidification including supercooling degree, solidification time, nucleation temperature, phase change temperature which affecting on efficiency are experimentally studied. A purposely designed experimental device was used to investigate the solidification characteristics of titania nanofluid (0.01%wt. 0.02% wt. and 0.04%wt.). The results evidently reveal that adding titania nanoparticles to Deionized water as a base fluid can reduce the time of solidification, phase change temperature and supercooling degree. By adding 0.04% wt. titania nanoparticles, the solidification time, phase change temperature and supercooling degree are reduced by 70%, 18%, 69% while nucleation temperature is enhanced by 29%. Thus, the time of solidification is more affected by adding nanoparticles than other solidification characteristics. Further, the experimental results show that nanofluid heat flux is higher than that of base fluid. Also a comparison of Fuzzy logic modelling and experimental results for liquid fraction is studied. The results reveal that the fuzzy logic modelling is a reliable and powerful technique for predicting the liquid transient fraction. From the results it is also concluded that extremely low concentration of titania have low average error.

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Unlike HAWT, Darrieus wind turbines is faced with the self-start problem and high fluctuations at output torque. Because of the need for techniques based on meshing and coupling Eulerian fluid equations and the Lagrangian equations for moving rigid body, the calculation of rigid body acceleration and fluctuations torque of VAWT is very complicated and it is a function of the moment of inertia of the turbine. In most studies, regardless of this effect, the angular velocity of turbine is assumed to be fixed. In this study, for calculating the turbine rotational speed and position, the sum of wind-driven aerodynamic forces and external forces caused by friction and generators are calculated and placed into Newton's second law to calculate the acceleration, and integrating it in time steps. The simulation is performed unsteady and dynamic mesh is used for moving the rotor. The results could check the interaction between wind and rigid blades on the in the process of increasing the rotational speed of turbine, and simulate the rotor from the moment of rest until the turbine reaches its final rotational speed. The causes of reduction in torque at low rotational speed is investigated and it has been shown that high dynamic stall and passing high exergy flow into the rotor without interaction with blades results the power reduction. Moment of inertia has significant impact on the frequency and amplitude of rotational velocity, fluctuations of output torque and output power, which is important in mechanical analysis of blades’ fatigue.

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In this study, the effects of frequency, height and wavelength of progressive gravity waves on vibration and energy absorption of the single- and two-degree of freedom Bristol oscillating cylinder systems have been investigated experimentally and numerically in different depth of water. The experiments were carried out in channel equipped with both a paddle-type wave-maker and wave features measurement tools. Numerical simulations were conducted in COMSOL software assigned to simulate interactions between physical environments for turbulent flow. Making a comparison between the numerical and experimental conclusions compared to the other researchers' results demonstrates a desired matching in a wide range of waves' parameters. It can be seen in findings that changing in depth of submerged objects from free surface of water has considerable influence on their vibration behavior, so that by rising in depth, the oscillations amplitude increases to a maximam and then decreases. The obtained results indicate the different effects of relative depth under the submerged buoy on the efficiency of the single- and two-degree of freedom systems; so that increasing water height causes rise in the efficiency of single degree of freedom systems, but it doesn't have considerable influence on two degree of freedom systems. The results also show that expanding the wave-maker frequency for a constant height of water in channel causes to rise in energy and height of the generated waves so that oscillations amplitude of submerged buoy rise in vertical and horizontal line.

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In this study numerical simulation of the flash furnace copper smelting, was carried out to investigate the pollutants formation in combustion of sulfide concentrates and ancillary fuels. This simulation was done with use of Eulerian framework for continuous phase flow field and Lagrangian approach for discrete phase particles. For modeling of combustion flow and applying turbulence effects on the rate of chemical reactions used the composition of Probability Density Function (PDF) and RNG, k-ε model. Due to the thermodynamically condition of flash smelting furnace, the combustion of sulfur which is exist in Concentrate particles occurs explosively and with high radiation. Calculation The effect of radiative heat transfer was done by the discrete ordinate method (DOM). The numerical simulation results show, under combustion conditions with extra air and in partly high temperatures (>1273K) the only noteworthy sulfurous species are SO2 and in colder points SO2 is transformed to SO3. In the points which enough oxygen is not available, the concentration of SO, and S2 unburned are increased. The results also show, the maximum temperature is decreased with increase of existing sulfur in the concentrate particles and the minimum temperature is increased, because the radiation intensity is increased so the furnace temperature is more uniformly. This behavior has a significant influence on reduction thermal NOx emission.

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The particles and atoms of carbon significantly affect radiation heat transfer and combustion behavior of flames. Number of carbon particles within the flame is increased by utilizing fuel with higher C/H mass ratio or adding carbon particles into lighter liquid fuel. In this study, the effect of adding various concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with hydroxyl functional group into hydrocarbon liquid fuel has been measured on temperature distribution and thermal radiation of the flame. Furthermore, the measured results compared with results of combustion behavior of liquid fuels with higher C/H value. The thermopile sensor and the lux meter were utilized to measure the flame thermal radiation (visible and infrared spectrum) and luminosity (visible wavelengths). Thermography technic and IR image were applied to determine the distribution of temperature and soot within the flame. The results showed that adding nanoparticles into liquid fuel increased the rate of chemical reaction kinetics, temperature and thermal radiation and decreased flame length. In addition, a rise in value of C/H of the liquid fuel increased temperature, flame length and thermal radiation and reduced the rate of chemical reaction kinetics. By adding 0.01% mass fraction of nanoparticles into the base fuel with C/H=5.46, thermal radiation increased by 3.4% as same as liquid fuel with C/H=5.52. The increase of nanoparticle concentrations increased the rate of chemical reaction kinetics, maximum temperature, thermal radiation and luminosity. In addition, the position of maximum temperature moved closer to the burner.

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Co-firing of biomass and fossil fuels in industrial furnaces is a suitable way to reduce the environmental impact from human activities, with acceptable investment. In this paper, the results of numerical simulation co-firing of sulfide concentrates and three auxiliary fuels including gasoil, kerosene and sawdust biomass are compared in the flash furnace copper smelting. For modeling of turbulent flow and combustion, RNG, k-ε model and probability density function model (pdf) have been used, respectively. This study has been carried out to investigate the furnace temperature and combustion pollutants distribution. The numerical simulation results show that the flame temperature resulting from the combustion of diesel fuel and sawdust as auxiliary fuel is the highest and lowest, respectively. In biomass combustion, despite that the flame temperature is low, but the NOx mass fraction increases because there is nitrogen in the sawdust chemical composition. Also in sawdust combustion that the oxygen content is high, the SO2 and SO3 sulfur pollutants increase in the high temperatures regions of the furnace and the lower temperature of the auxiliary fuel burner, respectively. Because SO2 is formed at high temperatures (> 1273K) and oxygen-rich and SO3 species is produced at relatively low temperatures with excess oxygen. The amount of CO emissions in sawdust combustion is much lower than the amount of combustion of diesel and oil.