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In corpus stylistics, computational tools are used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the electronic corpora of literary works, through which the stylistic components of the texts are identified. This study aimed to determine the stylistic features of the works of Simin Daneshvar and Ebrahim Golestan using a corpus-based approach. For this purpose, the works of these two writers were examined using corpus analysis tools, including keyword and concordance analysis in the AntConc software. After extracting the positive keywords in these works, each keyword was examined in its real context in the concordance menu, and a semantic classification was performed based on their semantic domains. The examination and comparison of the positive keywords showed that the semantic domains of "social behavior, work and profession, state and grammar" are common in the works of both writers. This commonality from a stylistic perspective can be related to similar social norms and behaviors, as well as the similar time and place of life and growth of the two writers. Golestan's works are writer-centered, while Daneshvar's works are reader-oriented. Daneshvar's story characters are much more numerous (14 names with a frequency of 504) compared to Golestan, who used only 3 names with a frequency of 107. In Golestan's stories, there is no reference to religion semantic domain, while in Daneshvar's stories, this domain is addressed. Daneshvar establishes a greater connection with the characters in her stories by mentioning specific individuals.
 

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Introduction
The dependents of verb are among the most debated subjects on which a considerable body of research has been done. Yet, researchers have constantly had diverse opinions about their real identities. Complement, as one of the dependents of verb, is in the same boat. Some scholars have differentiated obligatory complements from optional ones, while others consider complements as obligatory elements and do not recognize an optional category. This article, based on Langacker’s (1987, 2013) Cognitive Grammar and through a corpus-based method, seeks to find out whether the Persian corpus verifies the existence of optional complements and if not, in what category can we place what is normally called optional complement. In other words, this research is to seek the answers to the following questions: Are there any optional complements besides obligatory ones based on Persian corpus-based data as well as Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar? If complements are merely obligatory, how can one categorize those elements called optional complements?
Methodology
To answer the above-mentioned questions, four dependents (subject, object, source and goal) of four salient motion verbs (raftan 'go', āmadan 'come', āvardan 'bring' and bordan 'take') in Persian were chosen to be studied. To this end, 300 tokens of each salient motion verb along with their dependents and the related linguistic context were randomly selected from the corpus of Hamshahri 2 to observe their corporal behavior.
Discussion
Langacker (1987, 2013) distinguishes 3 dependents for heads including verbs, which are “complements”, “modifiers” and “adjuncts”. He defines complements as “a component structure that elaborates a salient substructure of the head. The head is thus dependent, and the complement is autonomous” (Langacker, 2013: 203). Conversely a modifier is “a component structure that contains a salient substructure elaborated by the head. In this case the head is autonomous, and the modifier is dependent” (Langacker, 2013: 203). And finally “a component structure which fails to either elaborate the head or be elaborated by it is called an adjunct” (Langacker, 2013: 205).
Regarding the four dependents of the salient motion verbs under study, subjects and objects are complements since they elaborate the salient substructures of the verbs. Subjects elaborate the schematic trajectors of the verbs and objects elaborate the schematic landmarks of them. So the verb is, to a great extent, dependent on the subject and the object to complete its meaning. Such high conceptual dependence of the verb brings about its syntactic dependence too and as a result complements are obligatory and must constantly accompany the verb. The corporal behavior of the complements (subjects and objects) verifies this fact; from 300 tokens of each verb in Persian, there was not even a single sample in which the subject or the object was absent. Goals and sources, which tend to be considered as optional complements in the canonical viewpoints in Persian grammar, are, taking Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar into consideration,  modifiers since the motion verb elaborates their schematic trajectors which is a schematic process denoting a motional action. As a result, they are conceptually dependent on the motion verbs, hence being modifiers.
3. Conclusion
The corporal behavior of subjects, objects, goals and sources as the dependents of the four salient motion verbs under study produces the following conclusions:

1. Complements are solely obligatory elements since they elaborate the schematic trajectors or landmarks of motion verbs; thus, motion verbs are so conceptually dependent on the complements that they can never appear without them and as a result they become syntactically dependent on the complements as well. Sources and goals, on the other hand, are modifiers that are dependent on motion verbs to elaborate their schematic trajectors. Therefore, the relation that exists between the complement and the verb does exist between the modifier and the verb too but in a reverse direction.
2. Although sources and goals are both modifiers considering Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, the result of the study shows that there is a goal over source preference. The frequency of the goals is much higher than that of the sources and the result of the Chi-square test indicates that there is a significant difference between the presence of these two elements with salient motion verbs (P<0.05). This result aligns with Stefanowitsch and Rohde (2004), Kabata (2013) and Verkerk (2014).
3. Although there is an asymmetrical distribution between sources and goals, neither of them are optional elements. Their behavior in the text corpus shows that the presence of these modifiers are determined by the context, i.e. if the context needs them, they have to appear and if not, they are not employed by it. For that reason, sources and goals are contextually obligatory and can be called “contextual supplements”.

Studying adjuncts in the corpus shows that they are not optional either. These elements, too, have to be present if the context necessitates their being but if they are not summoned by the context, they are absent. So, adjuncts on the par with the modifiers are contextually obligatory and termed “contextual supplements” in this study. Based on the results of the analysis of the Persian text corpus, it seems that Langacker’s triple division of the dependents (i.e. complements, modifiers and adjuncts) does not meet the corporal behavior of these dependents.

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Heating at high temperatures creates a large change in the chemical properties of oils. Due to effects of oils on health, further research is necessary to choose the best type and quality of oils. Extra virgin olive oil is considered one of the best due to the beneficial effects of dietary oils. The aim of this study was to compare the thermal stability of Iranian and foreign extra virgin olive oil. Eight samples of olive oil were tested in this study. Oils were heated at 120 ° C for 4 h to evaluate the thermal stability, were sampled every 2 hours. Fatty acid composition, Acid value, Peroxide value, Anisidine value, Totox value, Rancimat oxidative stability test, was conducted in accordance with Iranian national standards. Results showed that oleic acid, the major fatty acid in olive oil, was between 69 to 74 percent. There was a significant relationship between time and acid value (P= 0/013), peroxide value (P≤ 0/001), anisidine value (P≤ 0/001), totox value (P≤ 0/001). There was not observed any significant relationship between changes in oil and acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, but with totox value (P= 0/003) a significant relationship was observed. Interpretation of the data suggests that the thermal process changes the index of acidity, peroxide, anisidine and totox. The changes will further increase with time. According to the obtained results,foreign  extra virgin olive oils are better and are more resistant to heat than Iranian ones.

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Silence is a topic that has been widely investigated in recent decades, and researchers such as Jaworski (1997), Kurzon (1997) and Huckin (2002) have published studies on this topic. Silence is usually considered as complementary to speech, but scrutinizing its nature reveals two points: first, silence is not specific to language, it exists in other semiotic resources as well; second, the non-use of speech does not always mean silence. Sometimes information is communicated not through words, but with the help of other types of signs. Therefore, analysis of just language is not enough to study silence; it is necessary to employ a multimodal approach that takes into account all the modes involved in communication. The purpose of this study is to investigate silence with respect to the various modes involved in novel as a communicative act. The question this research aims to answer is how silence is manifested in different modes that form a novel, how it is involved in creating meaning and how it makes a difference to the elements of novel. For that purpose, silence has been examined in three modes, conversation (representation of speech), text (writing), and narrative in the novel "Suvashun" by Simin Daneshvar. It is worth mentioning that due to the lack of an articulate single theoretical framework, a mixed approach has been adopted. Results show that different modes create different types of silence with different functions, and these types, besides communicating meaning, affect novel elements by developing unintrusive limited omniscient narrator, theme, characterization, etc.

1. Introduction
In recent decades, the discourse and communicative functions fulfilled by silence have been emphasized in various fields such as linguistics, semiotics, psychology, etc. Silence has been traditionally considered as complementary to speech; however, scrutinizing its nature reveals two important points: first, silence is not specific to language; it exists in other semiotic modes as well; second, the non-use of speech does not always mean silence. Therefore, to study the function of silence in any kind of text, including novel, relying solely on linguistic data is not sufficient, and other semiotic modes must be taken into account as well. The present study aims to investigate silence with respect to the various modes involved in the Persian novel “Suvashun” as a communicative act. These modes include speech (conversation), writing (author's text) and narrative. 
The questions this research aims to answer are threefold: first, how silence is manifested in different modes that form a novel; second, how it affects the different elements of the novel; and lastly, how it participates in creating meaning.

2. Literature Review
There is a considerable amount of research on silence, addressing its meaning, pragmatics, typology, semiotic function, social and political functions and of course, its relationship to speech. In this regard, the works of Jaworski (1992, 1993, 1998, 2006), Kurzon (1997, 2007), Huckin (2002), Nakane (2007), and Dinkler (2013) are noteworthy. Also, relevant to this research are previous works on multimodality and multimodal semiotics. Multimodality (which means the existence of more than one semiotic mode in a given context) has its roots in Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics, social semiotics, and conversation analysis (Jewitt et al., 2016). Kress and van Leeuwen (2001) and Kress (2010) are the works addressing multimodality and whose theoretical principles have been employed here.
It should be noted that due to lack of a proper unified approach enabling the study of silence from different angles and in different modes, we have developed and utilized a mixed analytic framework based on the aforementioned resources.

3. Methodology and Analytic Framework
Using the mixed approach mentioned above, identifiable instances of silence in the novel "Suvashun" were examined in three modes: speech (conversation), writing (author’s text) and narrative. In the mode of speech, the participants in the communication are the characters of the story, and silence is explored in terms of how it can occur in the conversations of the characters. In the text, the participants in the communication are the author and the reader, and silence that is examined is usually the author's silence. In narrative, the participants in the communication are the narrator and the narratee, and the silence of the narrator is investigated. 
To determine the types of silence that can occur in conversations, we have adopted concepts discussed in Nakane (2007), who proposes four types of conversational silence, including pauses during turn-taking, non-participation in conversations, lack of speech on various topics, and lack of speech specific to interactive situations. Additionally, we have utilized concepts from Kurzon (2007), who identifies four types of conversational silence: pauses, silent answers to questions, silence by some participants in conversations involving three or more people, and silence during interrogations (usually by law enforcement officers, intelligence agencies, etc.).
To explore the types of silence that can occur in the mode of writing or text, we have adopted the concepts outlined in Huckin (2002). These types of textual silence include speech-act silence, presuppositional silence, discreet silence, genre-based silence, and manipulative silence. Finally, to identify the types of silence in narrative, we have referred to the classifications provided by Dinkler (2013), who discusses two types of silence: narrator’s silences and those related to point of view.

4. Results
The results obtained from the novel show that the silences in the mode of speech or conversations are not limited to those mentioned in literature. We should also consider instances of irrelevant answers to questions, and discreet silence in conversations. Therefore, the identified types of silence were pauses, silent answers to questions, non-proportion in conversations, irrelevant answers to questions, and discreet silence in speech. Excluding pauses as they lack communicative value, the other types of silence were examined and analyzed. These silences often belonging to Zari (the main character), play an important role in plot progression and characterization.
In the mode of text, instances of discreet silence and genre-based silence were examined. In the novel “Suvashun”, the whole story can be considered as a type of discreet silence, as the author, out of caution, uses myths and historical events to indirectly criticize the country's state of affairs at the time of writing the novel. Also, bearing in mind that genre-based silence is unmarked and only its violations can be determined, it should be noted that in this novel no instance of its violation was found.
In the mode of narrative, instances of narrator silence and the types of silence related to the point of view were examined. The narrator’s silences mainly involve providing insufficient information and silencing some characters by summarizing their conversations. The types of silence related to point of view also include cases of ideological silence, as well as silence related to phraseology and psychology of the characters. By providing insufficient information, the narrator adopts a limited omniscient point of view. Additionally, silence at the ideological level of point of view help to form the theme of the novel, and silence at the phraseological level of the point of view aims to avoid the challenges of representing a specific dialect in Persian abjad writing system (Shirazi dialect in this case). In addition, silence at the psychological level of the point of view has helped to create an unintrusive narrator.
The findings of the present research show that investigating silence as an active and impactful element in discourse cannot be limited to linguistic data; and it is necessary to examine all modes involved in the novel as a communicative act. Silence can be manifested in different modes and in each mode, it has its own functions and meanings. It is the concurrent function of these silences across different modes that, along with the function of other elements, form the overall meaning and the reader's experience of the literary work.
 

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In the present study, the effect of the porous medium in natural-gas pressure regulators, on the operation and reduce the intensity of the sound produced, is studied. First, it was studied experimentally. Experiments apply for the porous medium 20 ppi (pores per inch) and 10 ppi and non-porous system. To check the validity of the results, experiments were evaluated in four different pressure upstream 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 MPa on the critical pressure ratio. Afterward, for evaluation of the flow parameters on the performance of regulators and the sound intensity level, numerical simulation of fluid flow was performed. The results show that the use of porous media for 10 ppi and 20 ppi, flow coefficient decrease, respectively 7% and 15%, and sound intensity level decrease, respectively 25 and 30 dB. The amount of porosity does not have much effect on the sound intensity. On the other hand, the results of the fluid flow simulation show that placing the porous medium in the flow direction reducing the turbulent intensity and regulating the flow. As well, it decreases the sound intensity by decreasing the maximum velocity and the vortex power.

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This article explores the polysemy of four negative non-verbal prefixes in Persian language (zedd ‎‎'against, opposite of', bi 'without', nā 'not' and qejr 'not, non-') based on Principled Polysemy ‎framework (Tyler and Evans 2001, 2003). First, the primary sense of each prefix is determined ‎and then it is explained how non-primary senses are derived from the primary one, hence ‎demonstrating the semantic network of each prefix as a radial category. In this research, using ‎AntConc software (Anthony, 2014), first all the occurrences of the four prefixes were extracted ‎from the Hamshahri Corpus Version 2 (AleAhmad, Amiri, Darrudi, Rahgozar & Oroumchian, ‎‎2009) and then in order to analyze research data, some of them were randomly selected. The ‎findings of the study indicate that only in three of the four prefixes under study, polysemy is ‎observed, and that the frequency of use, ease of derivation and predominance in the semantic ‎network are the best criteria for determining the primary sense. The conceptual phenomenon ‎involved in the polysemy of these prefixes is metonymy. Data analysis shows that metonymical ‎shift occurs at two levels: at the level of morpheme/prefix sense and at the level of word-‎formation, and that the former leads to more straightforward relations within the semantic ‎network. This is due to the fact that the latter requires a more complex line of imagination which ‎automatically translates into a corresponding complexity of relations in the semantic network and ‎significant reduction in the type frequency of non-primary senses as a whole.‎

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Hegemonies imposed from sources of power have been an issue of investigation for many years. In recent years, media and movies have gained particular attention due to their society-affecting power. The present study explores how male and female characters are represented in American movies based on the Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actor categorization. Hence, the researchers focus on the scripts of the movies available in fiction genre of COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). A representative sample of words depicting each gender was chosen based on their frequencies, and accordingly, their collocations were extracted. The findings indicate that men and women representations were following stereotypical depiction of gender roles; while men tended to be associated with high-ranked jobs, positions, activities, and identification categories, women were shown to be passively linked with inferior features, low-income jobs, child-bearers, and sexual aspects. More specifically, women were mostly objectified through a patriarchal perspective. The results might shed light on the archetypical imposition of power from above and may pave the way for unbiased media where depths, not just the appearances, of characters are of greater significance.