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In this paper, results of the study on heavy metals solubility behavior of Ni-Cd filter cakes in Iranian Zinc Mine Development Company (IZMDC) plants are investigated. The effects of pH, temperature, liquid/solid ratio and contact time on the release of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb) into water media was examined. Also, “Extraction procedure tests” approved by EPA were applied to the residues. Moreover, statistical data analysis was performed and the most important parameters for dissolution of Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb were found to be the pH and L/S.. The concentration of Cd and Pb in the extracts obtained from filter cakes by applying EPA extraction procedures at pH 5 are over 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L, which are toxicity limits, respectively. The concentrations of other metals in the solution are above the limits given by various quality standards for surface water.

 

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Why is state, and in a broader view, political system or government, responsible for directing and governing individuals' conduct "both in individual and species level"? And how it accomplishes this "will of governing"? The answers to these questions appear to be different based on our way of perceiving categories such as government, power, or their due relation to the subject. The perspective design of "governmentality" by Foucault could be taken as inception of a new domain in which the triplet categories of government, power and subject are interrelated. It is shown in this perspective that how government's reluctance in using mere violence and, at the meantime, willing to govern people through it will inevitably make subjectification as the sole possible answer to the particular epistemological horizon of the governmentality problematic; an answer, which in form, on the one hand, multiplicities all government arts and, appears as multiplying all government institutions on the other. The form of conceptualizing how power operates, not only explains blurring of boundaries between persuasion and consent during the governmentalization of individuals to create desired subjects, but also it denies “the participation of desire in repressing itself”.

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Abstract
Archetypal criticism is one of the approaches of contemporary literary criticism that explores and explains the influence of myths and archetypes as well as their role in literature. Individualization is one of the most prominent archetypes of Jung's archetypal theory. In the story of Khorshid-Va-Mahpareh, Khorshid, as the hero of the story, encounters a lot of hardships and sequels to reach his beloved, including magical Arghaván, crafty Aín-balay, cannibal Negros, rival Marzbán, stormy sea, etc. In addition to the archetypal phenomena in the collection such as magic, witches, supernatural actions, and archetypal symbols, archetypes such as journey, individuality, dream, mother, hero, and so on have been used to investigate and analyze individualization from the perspective of Jung's archetypal theory. Accordingly, Khorshid, the protagonist of the story, reached out to his beloved after going through a heroic journey, overcoming shadows and negative anima, and achieved self-individuality through the help of the Old Wise Man and the essence of love, and then had a rebirthed.  

Keywords: Archetypal analysis; individualization; Jung; Khorshid-Va-Mahpareh; Mirza Mohammad Saeed Tabibi Ghomi.
Introduction
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1861) was a famous Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who founded the school of analytical psychology by distancing himself from his professor, Freud. One of Jung's most important theories in the field of psychology is the discovery of the collective subconscious mind and the elements of archetypes. Jung divides the human subconscious into two parts, the individual and the collective subconscious. In his view, the collective unconscious is a deeper layer in the mind that contains exemplary forms. Jung considers examples or archetypes to be images of phenomena formed from the ancient world and the insights and reflections of our ancient ancestors, which are inherited in the subconscious mind of all human beings. Accordingly, he called these mythical and exemplary forms, which are in the collective psyche of the man and are the result of human instinctual experiences, "archangel" or "archetype." "Archetypes are subconscious images of instincts, or the patterns of instinctive behaviors" (Jung, 1397, p. 57).
Anima, Animus, Niqab, Shadow, Journey, Pyrrhic, Self-Integrity, and Individuality are some of the most important archetypes in Jungian theory. "Jung saw myths as the manifestation of collective unconscious thoughts" (Snowden, 2009, p. 11). Analyzing the archeology of literary works, including this one, we find the foundations of the myths embodied in these works.
Objectives and research questions
Examining and analyzing the texts of Persian poetry and prose from different perspectives and at the levels of meaning and structure can greatly contribute to their deeper understanding. The critique of archeology is one of these approaches. Mythical works, love poems and dreams, including the poem "Xorshid and Mahpareh" by Mohammad Saeed TabibQomi (11 AH), are the most suitable platform for the manifestation of archetypes. Thus, this research seeks to answer the following questions:
1. Which archetypes can be examined in Xorshid and Mahpareh system?
2. How have archetypes and symbols been effective in shaping the character of the hero?
3. Can Xorshid successfully go through the process of individuality through its psychological journey?
Discussion
The archetype of the hero in myths, epics, and legends is one of the most prominent figures which embodies the ideals and desires of a nation. The subject of heroic hunting is usually discussed in most Iranian provinces. Accordingly, in the process of the individuality, Xorshid begins with a short trip for hunting. "Hunting is the elimination of ignorance and evil tendencies and the pursuit of God's footsteps, and this is the path that leads to the great nature" (Chevalier, 2008, p. 4-72). The following is a case in point:
When the sun saw the deer, it immediately began to hunt it (TabibQomi, 2009, p. 151).
Shadow is also one of the important archetypes of Jung's theory. Shadows block Xorshid’s path to individuality; but he overcomes these obstacles by arresting the old man and his inner foresight. Another important example of Jungian psychology is the archetype of the male anima or psyche. In the system of Xorshid and Mahpareh, the fog is an example of a positive anime, and the purple wizard is a manifestation of the negative anime that the hero destroys under the guidance of the wise old man. In this poem, "Saba" the midwife, "Mehr" the mother of Mahpareh, "Golrokh" the mother of Xorshid, and "Mahpareh" are the old examples of the mother who help the hero in difficult situations. The archetype of an exemplary mother, with her innate foresight, appears to the hero in times of distress, and helps him out, because "the mother is the manifestation of the collective unconscious and the fountain of life" (Jung, 2011, p. 104). At the beginning of the story of Xorshid and Mahpareh, a deer that appears on Xorshidin, i.e. the hunting ground, and then leads him to Anima. An excerpt from an old-fashioned old saying:
The fearless deer hunting for milk came to the spring in agility (TabibGhomi, 2009, p. 152).
Death and birth, and spring and self are also important archetypes of Jung's thought that are manifested in this system, as the loving marriage of the sun with the moon is the culmination of its ancient manifestation. Numbers in myths and religions are symbolic in nature. In the system of the sun and the moon, number seven has a variety of symbolic manifestations. First of all, after hearing the name of the sun and falling in love with it, Mehreh comes to Ray from Oman every "week" to see the sun:
He went to see his beloved every week out of love (TabibQomi, 2009, p. 149).
Number "fourteen", which is a symbol of evolution, has been used in this system to show the process of spiritual evolution of the hero.
Conclusion
Among the characters who have appeared to guide and arrest the hero are Saad, Sabaida, Raad and Moftah, Mahpareh (Anima), Golrokh and Mehr (archetype of his mother), Minister Bahram Shah (Pabrkhrd), among others. In the final stages of the individuality process, Mehr, as the old mother, supported by the unseen forces ¬ such as Raad and Moftah and the minister Bahram Shah in the "old house" of PirKherad - helps the hero to advance the prominent shadows. In other words, it eliminates the same evil of the sorcerer, the border guard, and the negative anime (purple). The symbols of archeology in the system of the Xorshid and Mahpareh, such as number seven, number fourteen, water and springs, form a diagram of the hero's individuality process, and show the hero's transcendence and his spiritual conflict. As a result, according to the archaeological theme, all the details, places, elements, and motifs of the system have an archaic and symbolic dimension, and indicate the depth of the myth.
References

•  Chevalier, J. & Gheerbrant, A. (2008). Dictionary of symbols (translated into Farsi by Soudabeh Fazayeli). Tehran: Jeyhun.
•  Jung, C. (2011). Psychology and alchemy (translated into Farsi by Mahmoud Behfrozi). Tehran: Jami.
•  Jung, C. (2017). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (translated into Farsi by Farnaz Ganji and Mohammad BaqerIsmailpour). Tehran: Jami.
•  Snowden, R. (2009). Teach yourself Jung (translated into Farsi by Nooruddin Rahmanian). Tehran: Ashian.
•  TabibQomi, M. (2009). Xorshid and Mahpareh (edited by Hassan Zolfaghari and Jalil Asgharian Rezaei). Tehran: Cheshmeh.

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The present study, as a research in the field of language and gender, aimed at investigating the Persian spoken by women in Kermanshah city based on Lakoff’s dominance approach. Research in the field of language and gender began by Robin Lakoff (1973, 1975). She postulated that the language of women is different from men. According to her, women have a tendency to use the linguistic features that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role in society’s power structure. These linguistic features include "hedges", "indirect requests", "tag questions", "fillers", "and empty adjectives “and” up talk". She further suggested that women use "super polite forms" and have a "poorer sense of humor" than men. The purpose of this study was to investigate, describe and categorize the specific features in women’s speech. It further analyzed the impact of age on the frequency of using these speech features. The data of the present study were collected using questionnaires and interviews from 90 urban middle-class Persian-speaking women of Kermanshah in three different age groups with diploma or no academic degree. The authors of this study, in addition to examining the language of Kermanshahi women in line with Lakoff’s approach and explaining them based on "Freud's defense mechanism theory", succeeded to add several other features based on the science of psychology. These new and innovative speech features which were pointed out in the present study are: "childlike speech and tone", "stretched sounds", "histrionic language", "avoidant language", and "animism". The research findings were analyzed quantitatively using chi-square test, and qualitatively adopting the framework of Freud's defense mechanisms theory. The findings of the study demonstrate that age creates a significant difference in the frequency of using most of these speech features. Save for the two features of "rising tone in statements" and "tag questions", all the other features of Lakoff's approach and the features discovered by the researchers exist in women's speech, with different frequencies though, and can be generalizable to the population at large.
The table below presents both group of features of women’s language by Lakoff and the authors:
 
Features of the Persian language spoken women (Kermanshahi)

Features included in Lakoff's approach	Features Discovered by Researchers
Hedging	Childlike speech and tone
Color terms	Stretched sound
Empty adjectives	Avoidant language
Super polite forms	Histrionic of choice
Weak quantifiers	Animism
Expletives
Empathic stress

 
 

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Abstract- Unique properties of boron carbide (B4C) such as high hardness, low density, and comprehensive area for Neutron attraction, have turned this material into a very suitable candidate for many industrial applications such as nuclear facilities and light armored plates. According to inappropriate sinter ability of boron carbide, phenolic resin was utilized as sintered help for this ceramic. Different free additive samples of B4C with 5wt% phenolic resin were prepared and sintered at 2200°C. Then their physical and mechanical properties were investigated. Results show that the relative density of samples including 5wt% phenolic resin is equal to %95 and for samples without additive is equal to %82 of theoretical density. Furthermore, it can be seen an improvement in mechanical properties in comparison of free additives samples; so that the flexural strength from 264 to 318MPa, the modulus of elasticity from 445 to 465GPa, Vickers hardness from 3020 to 3150GPa and fracture toughness from 2.6 to 4.2MPa.m1/2 will be improved.

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Abstract - Vickers test method and many equations presented by researchers are used for determining the fracture toughness of brittle materials.These equations are generally based on the relationship between the crack lengths around the indentation zone of Vickers test and the fracture toughness in the specimen. There is only one equation including a semi-empirical coefficient based on the indentation surface and the fracture toughness of the specimen. In this paper, improvement the accuracy of semi-empirical coefficient in this equation is studied for determining the fracture toughness of specimens without additives and containing 5 wt% phenolic resin experimentally. Increasing the accuracy of semi- empirical coefficient leads the increasing the extent of application and accuracy of the results of fracture toughness obtained from the equation. The accuracy of fracture toughness equation coefficients semi- empirical coefficient from 0.003693 to 0.003655 arrived. This equation has minimal cost of experiments for determining fracture toughness of different brittle materials.

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This article reports on a study examining the reasons for teachers’ codeswitching from both teachers’ and students’ perspectives. To tap into participants’ cognitions regarding this issue, data were collected from 83 EFL teachers and 160 students of English through a questionnaire developed based on the reasons reported in previous studies. An exploratory factor analysis was run to find the underlying constructs. The results eventually unveiled five factors including pedagogical delivery, limitation in resources, learner variables, establishing rapport, and compensating for low proficiency. A set of independent samples t-tests were run so as to compare teachers’ and students’ views and the results revealed statistically significant differences in all the five identified factors. Pedagogical delivery seemed to be the most acceptable reason for codeswitching since it had the highest mean score in both groups. At the same time, teachers’ and students’ mean scores regarding establishing rapport showed their very different perceptions about this justification for the teachers’ L1 use. The lowest mean scores for teachers and students were observed to be related to limitation in resources and learner variables, respectively. The findings of the present study draw attention to the teachers’ and students’ different cognitions on L1 use and the urgent need for more comparative studies in order to provide more satisfying and effective learning environments.

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Nanofluids are engineered by suspending nanoparticles with average sizes below 100 nm in traditional. The ever increasing of thermal loads in such applications requires advanced operational fluid characteristics, for example, high thermal conductivity dielectric oils in transformers and car radiators. These fluids require high thermal conduction, as long as electrical insulation. In the present work the thermophysical and rheological properties of the nanofluids such as thermal conductivity, viscosity and density are obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. These results served as initial data for computational fluid dynamics simulations to calculate heat transfer coefficient. The results show that, adding titanium oxide nanosheet in the base fluid enhanced the thermal conductivity and increased the viscosity and density of the base fluid. The theoretical calculations are confirmed the molecular dynamics simulation results and the simulation methods accuracy. The computational fluid dynamics results show that increasing the amount of titanium oxide nanosheet in the base fluid increases the heat transfer coefficient and increasing ethylene glycol ratio in base fluid leads to lower heat transfer coefficient. Also non-equilibirium molecular dynamics method can use as a effective and accurate method for nanofluids investigation. The coding which used to obtaine the thermal conductivity of nanofluid is a novel and modified type of non-equlibiruim molecular dynamics method. With using this coding the eror persentages of simulations is decreases. The other advantage of this code is reducing the simulation process, becous the molecular dynamics simulations need a long time for processing.

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