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Showing 7 results for Motahari
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
Aims: The accumulation of free radicals in the body leads to damages to cellular biopolymers through oxidative stress. Due to the increasing proliferation of heavy metals in soil and water environments, finding efficient methods for diagnostic detection and measurement of heavy metals in contaminated environments is very important. Cell-based biosensors can produce a measurable signal in response to specific chemical or physical agent in their environment. In this study, stable hepatoma Huh7 ARE-reporter cell line was developed containing luciferase gene with the aim of monitoring lead toxicity. This biosensor is reported to be able to detect lead by expressed signal which is measurable. The luciferase assay and Real time-PCR were performed.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, the Huh7-1x-ARE-luc was stably transferred in to the Huh7 cells and transfected cells were selected. After 5 passages, stable clones were isolated to confirm plasmid entrance. Luciferase activity of the Huh7-1x-ARE-luc cell line was performed with 0-80μM lead concentration to induce oxidative stress response. Cell viability was assessed by MTT. With Real time PCR, AREKEAP1 pathway gene expression were detected. Statistical analysis was performed by ΔCt method, using graphpad prism 6 software.
Findings: The gene expression of the reporter gene increased with increasing oxidative stress. Reducing the expression of the reporter gene was observed after 30 μM. 35 μM lead inhibited 50% cell metabolism. Expression of antioxidant pathway genes was significantly increased in 30 μM leaded cells compared to control gene.
Conclusion: The biosensor prepared from Huh7-1x-ARE-luc cell line of the reporter gene can be a convenient and efficient means for measuring oxidative compounds such as heavy metals such as lead.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (fall 2021)
Abstract
Objective: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is one of the most important reproductive diseases in women under 40 years of age, which affects the quality of life and longevity of these people by causing short-term and long-term complications.
The incidence of POF is a chronic process that takes several years to develop. The patient went through stages such as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and decreased ovarian reserve (DOR), in the early stages of the disease decreased ovarian function efficiency (POI) and then with further progression of the disease, the patient decreased ovarian reserve and further reduce their performance. As the disease progresses, the person eventually develops premature and complete ovarian failure, or POF studies have shown that many factors, including surgical trauma, autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, vaccines, and genetic factors, play a role. Genetic studies have shown that several genes are involved in the development of this disease. Part of the regulation of the expression of these genes is the responsibility of small genetic factors called miRNAs.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, bioinformatics information of miRNAs involved in this disease was investigated. For this purpose, genetic databases such as UCSC, NCBI, KEGG, MIRBASE, TARGET SCAN, STRING, etc. were used to access the genes involved in this disease, structural and functional communication, messaging pathways and regulatory miRNA.
Results and Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that three factors, miRNA-187, miRNA-33b and miRNA-33a, are very effective in the development and progression of this disease.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2008)
Abstract
The problem of the hermeneutical circle is one of the contentious issues in philosophical hermeneutics. This paper, begins with focusing on the question as to whether what hermeneuts mean by a hermeneutical circle is in fact a real circle with no analogical sense involved. Recognizing that this problem is not confined to the relation between part and whole, this study confines itself to explore the problem of the hermeneutical circle with regard to the circularity between part and whole in a sentence. I will argue that, as far as the interdependence between part and whole of a sentence is concerned, there is no real circularity between them. This will be followed by scrutinizing the source of such a misunderstanding, i.e., the circular interdependence between understanding the part and the whole of a sentence. I will present my analysis through a critical reading of two contemporary hermeneuts, Eric Donald Hirsch and Graeme Nicholson, even though both are on the right track in questioning the existence of such a circle in the first place. The argument presented could apply to contexts well beyond that of the circularity between part and whole in a sentence.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (9-2013)
Abstract
Forest canopy rainfall interception loss (I), canopy water storage (S), and the ratio of mean evaporation to mean rainfall intensity () are important components of the water balance in arid and semi-arid climate zones. The goal of this project was to quantify I and S and to evaluate the Gash interception model for rainfall interception in a mature semi-arid Pinus eldarica Medw afforestation planted in the Chitgar Forest Park near Tehran city, Iran. Measurements of gross precipitation (PG) and throughfall (TF) were recorded on an event basis from September 2009 to April 2010. For the measurement period, PG totaled 164.8 mm and I totaled 61.2 mm. I was calculated as the difference between PG and TF. On the event scale, the ratio of I:PG ranged between 0.195 and 1, and averaged 0.614. There was a strong logarithmic correlation between I: PG and PG (R2= 0.861; Pvalue≤ 0.01). As the size of rainfall events increased, I:PG decreased. The mean method estimated S to be 1.8 mm. The Gash model accurately estimated I to be within 1.1 mm of the total measured value. The results demonstrate that intercepted rainfall represents a considerable portion of PG in P.eldarica afforested regions of the semi-arid climate zone of Iran where soil moisture is a limiting factor for plant growth and productivity.
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Spring 2016 2016)
Abstract
Understanding the nature of the causal relationship among economic variables is crucial for the economic policy-makers and planners. So, this study investigates Granger causality between producer price index (PPI) and consumer price index (CPI) for the economy of Iran. From a policy-making point of view, the findings of the study may inform economic policy-makers in pursuing effective anti-inflationary policies. To this end, monthly data are used over the period 1990- 2011. The results of the cointegration test indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between these variables. According to Hsiao test, there is bi-directional causality between consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) in both short-run and long-run. Toda and Yamamoto test also indicate the bi-directional causal relationship between the variables. However, it seems that causality from PPI to CPI is stronger than that from CPI to PPI, supporting the Cushing and McGarvey (1990) hypothesis.
A. Motahari, H. Zohoor, M. Habibnejad Korayem ,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (March 2020)
Volume 20, Issue 3 (March 2020)
Abstract
In this paper, the design and construction of a new binary pneumatic actuated hyper-redundant manipulator is presented. The discretely actuated hyper-redundant manipulators have advantages such as wide workspace, the ability of obstacle avoidance and simple control. Despite of these advantages, few prototypes have been made so far, which each of them has some defects. These defects are small movement range, fairly high cost, and accelerated and impulsive motion. To solve these problems, the 3-revolute prismatic spherical parallel mechanisms (3-RPS) are used as modules in this paper. So the cost is reduced due to the lower number of legs. Also, the motion range has been increased by replacing the spherical joints with universal joints. The movements of the manipulator have been effectively more uniform and softer by using flow control valves on cylinders. Finally, several tests are conducted to determine how the manipulator moves and the results are presented.
Volume 23, Issue 4 (winter 2023)
Abstract
One tool to achieve macroeconomic goals is to control the volume of liquidity. There are two views on the control of liquidity volume. The first view argues that good governance and commitment to the laws for money creation hinder increasing and uncontrollable volume of money. This view emphasizes the important role of institutions in controlling or growing liquidity. So, one of the reasons for the growth of liquidity is rooted in the laws and the extent of the rule of law of the countries. The second view suggests how the creation of money affects the rule of law and its influence channels. Long-term mismanagement of money has sudden and unpredictable effects and leads to institutional and sometimes fundamental change. The purpose of this article is to explain the non-linear relationship between money creation and the rule of law. For this purpose, the panel model with a threshold approach (PSTR) has been used, based on the data of the countries having oil reserves during 2002-2020. Based on the results, the variables of money creation and rule of law have negative relationships with each other, and the results confirm the acceptance of both views. In other words, the creation of money and its consequences changes and weaken the rule of law through various channels. Also, the weakness of laws in oil countries leads to the growth of money creation. Therefore, one of the causes of the weakness of the rule of law in these areas should be sought in the creation of money and its consequences. Moreover, the growth of liquidity is affected by the weakness of the rule of law in the growth or control of the amount of liquidity.
Introduction:
In the early models of economic growth, the role of saving and investment was emphasized. In the next models, factors such as the growth of knowledge and technology, human skill and business growth were taken into consideration. In the last few decades, the role of non-economic factors such as democracy (Sen, 1999) and institutions (North, 1990; Acemoglu, 2004) on economic growth has been emphasized. Acemoglu et al. (2005) argue that the distribution of resources and the distribution of power have dominant effects on the growth path of countries precisely through their effect on economic institutions such as property rights (Hartwell, 2018). From this point of view, it is political institutions that affect economic variables.
On the other hand, extreme behavior by economic institutions, whether during or in the acceleration of a crisis, may in turn disrupt or determine political institutions and their subsequent paths and quickly change the status quo in a destabilizing manner. Periods of crisis and periods of severe inflation have the ability to impose changes in the distribution of power throughout society, and as a result, change political institutions. Even more "normal" economic disturbances may change bargaining strategies and political coalitions, and transform a country's political institutions (Hartwell, 2018). From this point of view, the economic institution of money will have an effect on political institutions (Money affects political institutions)
Based on this, the present study, while examining the relationship between money creation and the rule of law, and how these two affects each other, seeks to examine two perspectives. The first perspective believes that the rule of law prevents the expansion of the money supply. Therefore, the reason for the growth of liquidity should be investigated in the laws and the extent of rule of law. In other words, the weakness of the rule of law causes the growth of liquidity. Another perspective emphasizes the issue of money creation and its benefits and examines how money creation affects the rule of law and its influence channels. If we look at money as a receipt for production, it means that the people of a nation determine GDP by producing and creating wealth and receive a receipt in the form of money in return for their share in it. Next to this group, there is another group (governments and bankers) who have the power to create money (or those who are given money created by the choice of the government and banks) and when dividing GDP, next to the first group own part of the production. This is the effect of money creation on property rights and consequently on the rule of law.
Methodology:
In this research, the bilateral and non-linear relationship between money creation and the rule of law is investigated among selected oil-abundant countries during 2002-2020 by using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Models (PSTR).
To investigate the mutual effects of rule of law and money creation, two models were considered. In the first model, the rule of law index was considered as a dependent variable, and in the second model, broad money growth (annual %) was considered as a dependent variable. Control variables according to previous studies include oil rents (% of GDP), economic growth (GDP growth), trade openness, urban population growth, quality of regulations and abundance of natural resources.
Results and Discussion:
The linear part confirms the negative and one-way causality relationship from money creation to the rule of law. The estimation results of the non-linear part of the model confirm the existence of a negative relationship between money creation and the rule of law, and confirm the bilateral causality relationship between the two. In other words, the results show that the creation of money is a factor to weaken the rule of law and the weakness of the rule of law has also caused the growth of liquidity.
Conclusion:
The results confirm the existence of a negative relationship between money creation and the rule of law, as well as the bilateral causality between these two variables. In other words, the results show that the creation of money and its benefits change and affect the rule of law through various channels. Also, the weakness of rule of law in oil countries leads to the growth of money creation. Based on the results, it is suggested that the oil governments provide space for investment and free trade by shrinking their bodies, and with commercial freedom and the development of financial markets, and by directing foreign exchange income and stray liquidity to the real sector of the economy in a targeted manner. It is also suggested that the oil countries manage their liquidity by reforming the monetary system and the banking sector, and defend private property and the rule of law by preventing the transfer of ownership that occurs through money creation and inflation. This can provide more opportunities for the private sector. The prosperity of the private sector and the increase of competition in different economic sectors and the use of economic freedom policies lead to more dynamism of the economy.
Introduction:
In the early models of economic growth, the role of saving and investment was emphasized. In the next models, factors such as the growth of knowledge and technology, human skill and business growth were taken into consideration. In the last few decades, the role of non-economic factors such as democracy (Sen, 1999) and institutions (North, 1990; Acemoglu, 2004) on economic growth has been emphasized. Acemoglu et al. (2005) argue that the distribution of resources and the distribution of power have dominant effects on the growth path of countries precisely through their effect on economic institutions such as property rights (Hartwell, 2018). From this point of view, it is political institutions that affect economic variables.
On the other hand, extreme behavior by economic institutions, whether during or in the acceleration of a crisis, may in turn disrupt or determine political institutions and their subsequent paths and quickly change the status quo in a destabilizing manner. Periods of crisis and periods of severe inflation have the ability to impose changes in the distribution of power throughout society, and as a result, change political institutions. Even more "normal" economic disturbances may change bargaining strategies and political coalitions, and transform a country's political institutions (Hartwell, 2018). From this point of view, the economic institution of money will have an effect on political institutions (Money affects political institutions)
Based on this, the present study, while examining the relationship between money creation and the rule of law, and how these two affects each other, seeks to examine two perspectives. The first perspective believes that the rule of law prevents the expansion of the money supply. Therefore, the reason for the growth of liquidity should be investigated in the laws and the extent of rule of law. In other words, the weakness of the rule of law causes the growth of liquidity. Another perspective emphasizes the issue of money creation and its benefits and examines how money creation affects the rule of law and its influence channels. If we look at money as a receipt for production, it means that the people of a nation determine GDP by producing and creating wealth and receive a receipt in the form of money in return for their share in it. Next to this group, there is another group (governments and bankers) who have the power to create money (or those who are given money created by the choice of the government and banks) and when dividing GDP, next to the first group own part of the production. This is the effect of money creation on property rights and consequently on the rule of law.
Methodology:
In this research, the bilateral and non-linear relationship between money creation and the rule of law is investigated among selected oil-abundant countries during 2002-2020 by using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Models (PSTR).
To investigate the mutual effects of rule of law and money creation, two models were considered. In the first model, the rule of law index was considered as a dependent variable, and in the second model, broad money growth (annual %) was considered as a dependent variable. Control variables according to previous studies include oil rents (% of GDP), economic growth (GDP growth), trade openness, urban population growth, quality of regulations and abundance of natural resources.
Results and Discussion:
The linear part confirms the negative and one-way causality relationship from money creation to the rule of law. The estimation results of the non-linear part of the model confirm the existence of a negative relationship between money creation and the rule of law, and confirm the bilateral causality relationship between the two. In other words, the results show that the creation of money is a factor to weaken the rule of law and the weakness of the rule of law has also caused the growth of liquidity.
Conclusion:
The results confirm the existence of a negative relationship between money creation and the rule of law, as well as the bilateral causality between these two variables. In other words, the results show that the creation of money and its benefits change and affect the rule of law through various channels. Also, the weakness of rule of law in oil countries leads to the growth of money creation. Based on the results, it is suggested that the oil governments provide space for investment and free trade by shrinking their bodies, and with commercial freedom and the development of financial markets, and by directing foreign exchange income and stray liquidity to the real sector of the economy in a targeted manner. It is also suggested that the oil countries manage their liquidity by reforming the monetary system and the banking sector, and defend private property and the rule of law by preventing the transfer of ownership that occurs through money creation and inflation. This can provide more opportunities for the private sector. The prosperity of the private sector and the increase of competition in different economic sectors and the use of economic freedom policies lead to more dynamism of the economy.
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