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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonest demyelinating disease among young adults. It demonstrates neurological dysfunctions in females more than males. Gonadal hormones have essential roles in maturation and differentiation of neurons and glial cells in both genders. The role of some gonadal female hormones such as progesterone has been well characterized on demyelination and remyelination in animal models. The role of androgens on neural system development and myelin maturation were identified. We previously observed that castration decreases the brain resistance against demyelinating insults and also reduces the subsequent repair. As the optic nerves and chiasm demyelination shows the hallmark characteristic in MS, inducing demyelination in optic apparatus, we have tried to find whether the effects of elimination of male gonadal hormones using gonadectomy could show the same, more or less changes in patterns of demyelination and repair comparing demyelinated females? Thus, to evaluate these alternations castrated male and female rats were compared by using visual evoked potentials and histological assessments on 2,7,14, and 28 days post lysolecithine (LPC) injection. Interestingly, we observed demyelination was started 2 day post lesion (dpl), reached to a maximum level at 7 and 14 dpl and then it partially but significantly reversed on 28 dpl. Demyelination and subsequent repair processes in both gonadectomized and female groups were shown almost the same patterns temporarily and in quality. Elimination of gonadal androgens could cause the male animals to undergone the same shape of de/remyelination compared female ones. In conclusion, differences between male and female demyelination and remyelination are substantially depending on male gonadal androgens. This work could be useful for understanding of the effects of sex hormones on demyelinating diseases and could offer fundamental information for repairing therapies in Multiple Sclerosis.

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The historical and literary a common ground in Persian and Arabic Created Valuable Literary poems on various subjects. We can mention elegy that versified in the sadness of destruction of Baghdad by Saadi Shirazi and Shamsuddin Kofi. Reflecting the Mongol invasion of Islamic countries, including Baghdad caused profound grief and sorrow over the lives of Muslims. In this article we have tried to analyze the reflection of the tragedy in the poem of the two poets and we have mentioned by Comparative analysis to the Themes and content is written by the poet's and We have also explore the similarities and differences of the two poet elegy. The results of this study indicate that both the poet in several main themes have in common such as crying and grief, complained of oppression days tend to pre-Islamic Arabic language and literary style and Mention honors predecessors. Lastly Both poet said monody by Pure and simple Diction, yet full of sorrow and regret, in elegy of Baghdad and ”mostaasem”.

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Chromate conversion coating is applied on aluminum 6061. The optimum conditions for chromate bath composition and immersion time are also obtained for standard requirements provision such as corrosion resistance in salt spray test, electrical resistance and coating quality. The applied coatings are electrochemically tested in sea and distilled water. According to Tafel and cyclic polarization curves, the protection mechanism are evaluated in said environments. This evaluation has shown the formation of passive film layer, contains chromate and alumina on the base. The proper behavior of corrosion and electrical conductivity is probably due to this mechanism.

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Aims: Nowadays, one of the most frequent problems that international students face is homesickness. The purpose of this study was investigation of homesickness and coping strategies among the University Technology Malaysia) UTM (international students and finding new research topics for future educational planning research. Methods: This descriptive study was done in August 2010 among the students studying in University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The respondents were international students from different courses in UTM. Fifty questionnaires were randomly distributed among the students at various faculties and residential colleges of the university. The questionnaire included 11 questions, which was developed by the researcher through literature review. Findings: Totally, 50 international students including 24 (48%) female and 26 (52%) male students took part in the study. There were different reported causes of homesickness by the respondents that were classified into four aspects: "social", "psychological", "physical" and "academic”. The findings showed the most important reason for homesickness has been cultural differences between the countries. Accordingly, 75% of the respondents (n=38) reported social customs as the first reason for international students' homesickness. Conclusion: The research results indicated that missing family was the most important factor that influenced international students to feel homesick. According to this study, the best and effective way to manage homesickness was to call family and friend(s).

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Mosaic is presumably the most commonly encountered viral disease in roses. We have developed chemo-thermotherapy for eliminating Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) from rose plants. Chemotherapy and thermotherapy methods were also applied separately and their antiviral effect compared with the chemo-thermotherapy. In this procedure, infected explants were regenerated on MS medium containing ribavirin at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/l for 20 and 40 days, followed by a thermotherapy treatment for 30 days at 38 °C for 16 hours and 22 °C for 8 hours per day. The complex of rose viruses (ArMV and PNRSV) were effectively eradicated from regenerated rose plantlets as verified by double- antibody sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Thermotherapy alongside with chemotherapy (containing 30 mg/l per one month) during the period of four weeks was the best treatment for plantlet regeneration and virus elimination. The virus elimination efficiency from ArMV, PNRSV and ArMV + PNRSV infected plants were determined as 63.33%, 90.09% and 85.18%, respectively. A detailed procedure for elimination of mixed viruses is described.
 

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One of the best strategies to control bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) is generally based on breeding resistant cultivars. The information obtained from the expression of plant defense genes will provide new insight for improving plant resistance against pathogens. This study was to identify inducible genes under defense no death (DND) reaction of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)-R. solanacearum interaction using cDNA-AFLP technique. In this assay five different primer combinations were used. Out of 1320 Transcript derived fragments (TDF) that were detected, 101 fragments were identified as differentially expressed genes in 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post inoculation. Most of the differentially expressed genes were obtained 48 hours post inoculation. Following sequencing, most of sequenced TDFs showed homology to known genes interfering in signaling, regulation and defense functions. DND phenotype in tobacco has some similarities specially in signaling process with mechanism associated with induction of the hypersensitive reaction and it is distinct from general defense mechanisms.
 

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Pistachio endocarp lesion (PEL) is one of the most important disorders that has spread in the pistachio-growing regions of Rafsanjan and Anar in recent years and has caused great economic losses to farmers. In order to identify PEL symptoms, and investigate the biologic factors involved in the development of this disorder, on May 2016, 90 orchards with different levels of PEL, were randomly selected. The rate of development in each tree was scored in- to four levels. The incidence of this disorder was estimated to be 25.8% in Rafsanjan. The seeds with PEL symptoms were differentiated into six types based on the appearance of the symptoms. Then tissue from infected parts of each type were cultured in the PDA. From among the 18 prepared culture media, fungal growth was obtained only in five cultured plates. Isolated fungi were Ulocladium sp. Penicillium sp., Verticillium sp. and Fusarium sp. To prove their pathogenicity, the spore spray technique was used on detached cluster in vitro. None of the purified fungi caused symptoms similar to the symptoms of PEL. Isolated strains from the pistachio seeds with PEL symptom often were saprophytic and soil borne; they were abundant in the orchard and could be transferred to the shoots of trees under the influence of various factors, such as: tillage, soil splashing by rain drops, and wind. In this study, the role of these fungal agents on the development of PEL was rejected.

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Drought is a natural disaster which can lead to human and economic losses. This phenomenon takes place under different climatical system. There is not a general agreement about the definition of drought, because it depends on different spcialists as they have been pointed to meteorological , hydrological and agriculturaldroughts in scientific references. Meteorological drought is experienced only when rainfall deviates appreciably below normal. Hydrological drought is referrd to a periodical shortage of water resources for different activities in a given time. Agricultural is caused by an inadequate availability of soil-water over a critical period and this condition also depends on plant species and soil types. This paper attempt to compare between meteorological and hydrological drought in neighboring two basin placed on north mountain slope Shirkoh Yazd. To get a precise result ,gibbse-maher method for meteorological drought determination,and Z score to determine hydrological drought is used. For this purpose, the rain data at 2 raingauge station for a period 26 year(Eslamiea) and 28 year (Fakhrabad)is collected and analyzed. Reasearch findings show that there is a major difference between two basins.the trend in hydrological drought at Fakhrabad was not confirmed while it is confirmed in Eslamiea. There is a difference between hydrological drought in two basins ,too,it means that they are topsyturvy . There was no strong,significant relationship between debi and rain amounts in Eslamiea basin but confirmed in Fakhrabad basin.

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International trade expansion and export development have been the center of attention by the economists, policy makers and the cornerstone of planning in many countries of the world. Agricultural and industrial sectors are the crucial economic sectors in every country that have a parity role in preparing food for people and industrial inputs. This article using vector error correction models considers the simultaneous effect of economic policies on agricultural and industrial exports during the years 1971 to 2005. After testing the stationery, Johansen test was used for long run estimation. Results have shown that monetary policy has positive and significant effect on industrial and agricultural exports in short run, while interest rate and government expenditures have significant inverse and direct effect on industrial and agricultural exports respectively, and exchange rate policy has the same effect on industrial and agricultural export in long-run. Finally, the strength of each variable was investigated on export. It is recommended that increasing non oil export, the real value of interest rate is determined and by rising volume of money and then investing it and improving commodity supply, inflation will decrease and therefore non oil export will increase.

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Diatoms biosilica shell, frustule, is substitute biostructures to mesoporous silica particles, which possesses their wide surfaces, nano-diameter porosity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability, optical capabilities, and the ability to bind to biomolecules can be used in biosensing applications. In this study, diatom species called Chaetoceros muelleri, was used for the fabrication of the Fe₂O₃-Au-Biosilica magnetic package. After micro-algae cultivation, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on silica walls was carried out using the bio-synthesis method, which evaluations have demonstrated the continuous formation of spherical AuNPs on the walls and its surfaces. After this step, the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were attached to the silica surface of the diatom, this, in turn, leads to system guiding using a magnetic field. Surface modification of diatoms magnetic complex, by using the APTES, allowed the attachment of fluorescence Rhodamine and the Herceptin antibody (Trastuzumab) to the structure. As well as the attachment of the fabricated system to target cells (SKBR3) was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic analysis. The results of this study indicate the ability and specificity of the diatom silicone shell as a "multipurpose" package for diagnostic and therapeutic activities.

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In order to assess drought tolerance of mycorrhizal petunia plants (Petunia hybrida cv. Mix), a greenhouse experiment was carried out with two different mycorrhizae species (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) applied singly or in combination at two phosphorous (P) levels (0 and 100 mg kg-1 dry soil) and three irrigation regimes (100% field capacity (FC) as control, 75% FC producing moderate water stress and 50% FC producing severe water stress). Both mycorrhizal endophytes established well on roots of the petunia plants with higher colonization values at lower P concentration and lower colonization rate at increasing water stress. Mycorrhizal colonization generally enhanced plant vegetative and reproductive growth, both under full and reduced field capacities and with and without P fertilization. The content of soluble sugar in AMF-inoculated leaves was higher than that in non-AMF-inoculated plant leaves in response to drought treatments but proline level did not show any significant increase in mycorrhizal treatments at the same conditions. This study confirms that mycorrhizal colonization can mitigate the adverse effects of water stress on treated plants restoring most of the key growth parameters to levels similar or close to those in unstressed plants.

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The use of healthy planting material is an important prerequisite for controlling destructive viral diseases in potato production. Virus elimination methods such as meristem culture and thermotherapy are usually used to produce the nucleus stock of healthy planting material. Here, we report a new technique of electrotherapy for elimination of two potyviruses, Potato virus A (PVA), and Potato virus Y (PVY), from potato plants. Electric currents of 15, 25 and 35 mili Ampers for 10 to 20 minutes were used for eliminating the combination of PVA and PVY in six potato cultivars. An electric current of 35 mili Ampers for 20 minutes was the most effective electrotherapy treatment for eliminating these two viruses. Responses of potato genotypes to electrotherapy were significantly different. Regenerations of electrotherapy treated plantlets in cultivars Lady Roseta and Banaba were 70.8 and 66.6 percent respectively, while these were approximately 54 to 58 percent for cultivars Olimpia, Agria, Desirea and Clone 69. Virus free plantlets were successfully produced in the potato cultivar Lady Roseta. However, in other cultivars examined in this study, electrotherapy resulted in drastic reduction of virus concentration but not total eradication of the virus infection from plant tissues.

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In this research, influence of foam filling technique in honeycomb cores by using lightweight rigid polyurethane foam is investigated. Plastic mechanical behaviors of honeycomb cores are studied by mean of numerical method. Four types of Aluminum honeycombs (Al 5052 alloy) both bare and foam-filled were subjected to unidirectional compression. Analyses were carried out for different impact velocities to survey quasi-static and dynamic crushing response of the honeycomb cores. Crushing strengths and specific absorbed energy were obtained for honeycomb cores which have different relative densities. FEM results showed that foam filling technique can increase crushing strength of honeycomb core up to 24 times, and its specific absorbed energy up to 11 times. However, it was found that in heavier honeycombs the effect of foam filling technique decreases significantly. Furthermore, it was found that in quasi-static situation, foam filling technique can enhance desired core mechanical properties’. Meanwhile, in dynamic states of impact it was illustrated that polyurethane foam have not significant role in improving crushing strength and specific absorbed energy of honeycomb cores. For instance, in crushing with impact velocity of 100 m/s, amount of specific absorbed energy for bare and foam-filled cores were approximately equal.