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The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) is a serious and economically important pest of solanaceous crops worldwide. The nutritional indices of this pest on three host plants including pepper Capsicum frutescens, eggplant Solanum melongena and tomato Solanum lycopersicum were determined under laboratory conditions at 26 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 (L: D) h. The highest relative consumption rate (9.40 mg/mg/day) and approximate digestibility (95.20%) were recorded on eggplant. The relative growth rate (RGR) (0.08 mg/mg/day) was the highest on tomato. The efficiency of the conversion of ingested food (ECI) (1.66%) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) (2.22%) were significantly highest on pepper. Results showed that pepper was the most nutritionally suitable food and even small amount of this food could successfully support maximum RGR as evidenced by high value of ECI and ECD.

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  From the ancient time, the land of Iran, because of its geopolitical location, played an important role in terms of cultural interaction between the East and the West. Infact, one of the most attractive parts of the world history is cultural communication and also political conflicts between Iran, Greece and Roman Empires, as representatives of the East and the West. According to historical and archaeological evidences, it can be claimed that, among the craftsmen of both nations, there was a clear understanding on mythical and religious characters of other side. So, on the basis of iconographical studies, this paper aims to focus on two mythical characters,Tishtar and Pegasus, as a sign of cultural interaction, appeared on two Sassanid silverworks. This study, finally takes a result that how Iranian artisan in Sassanidera had imitated the form of Pegasus appearance on the Western art and used it as a prototype to show Tishtar on his works.     

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Aims: This study aims to evaluate the Soil Hydrological Response (SHR) under LU/LC using a field-oriented and remote sensing database in the Jiroft watershed, Iran.
Materials & Methods: Land use maps were extracted from Landsat images using the supervised classification method for 1987-2017. The results were validated against field data from 100 points, where we found the Kapp index to be greater than 80%, indicating an acceptable land-use classification. The LU/LC map was then projected for 2047 using the CA-Markov model. The Curve Number (CN) for each land use was determined from superimposing LU/LC and the soil hydrological group map. The Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number method (SCS-CN) was employed to estimate runoff.  
Findings: Good (densely vegetated) and moderate rangelands had a decreasing trend (i.e., -2.94% and -3.64% in 1987- 2017), while croplands, orchards, residential, and saline areas expanded (by 1.46%, 0.88%, 0.33%, and 7.21%). We found that agricultural lands, saline lands, and residential areas would increase by 0.75, 5.5, and 0.13%, by 2047, respectively.
Conclusion: We found a considerable increase (up to 6 mm increase) in runoff depth in some land-uses and more than 3.4% increase in the area of the high runoff producing class (IV).  We believe that higher runoff production potential and more intense and short rain showers should be considered seriously in terms of possible flash floods in the future.

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The extrusion process is widely used in making aquatic feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extrusion on biochemical analysis, removal of phenolic compounds and protein and carbohydrate digestibility of wheat flour in common carp. In treatments 1, 2 and 3 wheat flour was mixed with tap water at the rate of 250, 100 and 200 ml per kg of flour and then extruded by a single-axis extruder under the temperature of 120, 135 and 120 °C, respectively. Treatment 4 (control) was not subjected to the conditions of dough preparation and then extrusion. Extruding had no significant effect on the amount of crude protein and ash of wheat flour (p>0.05) but it significantly decreased the content of crude lipid, total phenolic compounds and non-tannin phenolic compounds and increased the digestibility of carbohydrate and protein (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the amount of crude protein, crude lipid, ash and non-tannin phenolic compounds in the extruded treatments, but significantly the lowest amount of total phenolic compounds was recorded in treatments 1 and 2. Significantly, the highest carbohydrate digestibility was obtained in treatments 1 and 2, and the highest protein digestibility was observed in treatment 2. In total, treatment 2 (135 °C and 100 ml tap water per kg flour) was recognized as the best extruded wheat flour for common carp.
 

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Nowadays because of several problems and diseases that treat human health, considering special attention to suitable nutrition and achieving confidence about safe and rich content foods is a very important and unavoidable issue. Folic acid is one of required vitamins for our body that must be provided sufficiently. So there are numerous efforts has been done for more reliable measuring of this vitamin in foods. There are several methods available for measuring folic acid. In this research, two methods have been investigated. The main mentioned method was tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay which performed by α-amylase, protease, conjugase and a folate dependent microorganism which was Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Second method was High performance liquid chromatography that is performed in order to proving reliability and accuracy of the first method. Final results of this research showed that tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay has more accurate results comparing to high performance liquid chromatography. The reason is that the amount of folic acid detected by microbiological assay is about 50% more than those detected by High performance liquid chromatography. The main reason for existence of this difference in indicated values is due to complete extraction in microbiological assay. We concluded that tri-enzyme extraction and microbiological assay has more efficiency than High performance liquid chromatography to determine accurate amount of sensitive vitamins such as folic acid. In addition, by this method the amount of total folate can be determined.    

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Tumor induced angiogenesis is the bridge between benign and malignant tumor growth stages. In this process, growth and migration of endothelial cells build capillaries to supply the tumor with blood for its further growth. Regarding the importance of capillary formation and blood flow in angiogenesis, simulation of this phenomenon plays important role in tumor growth and cancer development studies. In this work, considering intracellular, cellular, and extracellular scales a mathematical model of tumor-induced angiogenesis is used to consider mechanical effects of extracellular matrix on growth and migration of endothelial cells. These effects are matrix density and its fiber length. In this study, to model cellular dynamics, a discrete lattice based Monte Carlo method is used. Results show that migration of endothelial cells and development of capillaries are possible in a specified range of matrix density and matrix fiber length. Based on the results, medium matrix densities and low fiber length provide a suitable environment for capillaries growth and development. The model is a promising tool for modeling tumor induced angiogenesis and is a base for development of models for loop formation and blood flow in capillaries around tumor.

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Dissimilar welding between Inconel 625 nickel base superalloy and high strength quenched and tempered A517 Gr.B steel investigated by pulsed ND:YAG laser beam welding equipment. This joint has special application at submarine components. After welding, the optimized joint microstructure including the weld metal and heat affected zones were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a fine dendritic structure and existence of large amount of Niobium carbide and Laves eutectic phase in the weld metal. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed Nb and Mo segregation to interdendritic zones at the weld metal. Grain growth in the heat affected zone of Inconel 625 did not occur, however, ultrafine precipitations were deposited at the heat affected zone. An approximately 65 µm wide transition zone was observed at the steel and weld zone interface; consisted of a martensitic layer (10-20µm) along the weld interface and the austenite phase region with a little ferrite adjacent to the base metal. The tensile test and micro hardness test of the optimized sample was investigated. The electrochemical behavior of the weld metal was investigated at room temperature in 3.5% NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the corrosion resistance of weld metal is more than that of Inconel 625 and less than that of A517 Gr.B. It can be concluded that a proper selection of laser beam welding parameters provides sound, fully-penetrated welds.

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Super alloys due to special features such as high resistance to corrosion and heat, have the ability to maintain mechanical and chemical properties at extremely high temperatures which used in various industries, especially in the aerospace industry. On the other hand, very low heat transfer coefficient, high toughness with work hardening in these alloys caused the machining of them is seriously challenged. In the present study, the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness of A286 superalloy has been studied in different lubrication conditions. Response surface method experimental design was used to plan experiments. In order to investigate the effects of machining parameters and conditions of lubrication on the surface roughness, Two factors - cutting speed and feed rate- on three levels and minimum quantity lubrication conditions and wet method are considered as the main parameters too. In order to investigate the Tool wear and workpiece surface quality, the images of Scanning Electron Microscope and optical microscope are used. The results show that using of the minimum quantity method of lubricant is caused to increase cooling-lubrication fluid particles penetrating power to the cutting zone and improves the process by reducing the surface roughness. It was observed that with increasing feed rate in fixed cutting speed, numerical values of surface roughness in Ra criterion are taken apart for different lubrication circumstances and its value for the minimum quantity method of lubricant is less, which shows the superiority of this method over the wet method.

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Machining processes are the most important method to production in the industry. In these processes, the friction in tool-chip surface during the machining is one of the affecting factors on surface quality of work piece. The generated heat by friction, augment the tool wear mechanism and increase the wear rate of cutting edge which leads to reduction the surface quality. The high talent of aluminum to built-up edge formation during machining has the undesirable effect on the surface quality. In the present study in order to improvement the cooling-lubrication conditions in machining of 6061 aluminum alloy, a new cutting tool with creating micro-grooves on its rake face was developed to achieve the improving of cutting fluid transfer to machining zone and reducing the friction between tool-chip surface. Two types of micro-grooves have been created by laser machining process. Specimens by changing the machining parameters and types of the applying of cutting fluid to machining zone were machined. The experimental results obtained from surface roughness survey and prepared images of work piece surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope showed that by creating the micro-grooves, the delivery conditions of cutting fluid to machining zone has improved and its effect to reduction of surface roughness is clearly visible. By comparison the results of two micro-grooves showed that direction of grooves is the most important parameters in its design, so that the perpendicular texture is not only improves the surface quality but also increase the surface roughness compared to non-texture tool.

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Due to high ability of built-up edge formation during aluminum machining, this study aim to reducing adhesive wear and increasing surface integrity of 5052 aluminum alloy workpiece has been focused on creating different surface texture on tungsten carbide cutting tool. For this purpose, four types of micro-grooves such as parallel and perpendicular to cutting edge and also pit and cross mode have been created on rake face by laser machining process. In addition to the types of texture, three methods of cooling-lubrication condition include: dry machining, flood mode without pressure and flood mode with high-pressure along with various holder and cutting inserts (with chip-breaker and without chip-breaker) as well as three levels of cutting speed (fixed feed rate and depth of cut) were considered as process variables. The experimental results obtained from surface roughness survey of the machined parts along with prepared images of optical microscopy from the workpiece surface showed that the presence of parallel micro-grooves significantly improves the cooling-lubrication conditions of the tool-chip surface and its effect on numerical reduction of surface roughness value and reduction of density of defective regions on the workpiece surface is visible. The prepared images by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the tool rake face showed that the presence of chip-breaker did not significantly effect on reduction of adhesion wear in the machining of aluminum alloy but micro-texture can be largely improved the adhesion wear area compared to non-textured tool (with chip-breaker or without chip-breaker).

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lecithin -based liposomes were studied as carriers of vitamins E and C to enrich lentil/buckwheat-based fermented beverages. Liposomes prepared by hydration method. Particle size and shape were analyzed by light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency of vitamins E and C was determined by HPLC method. The encapsulation efficiency of vitamin E and C nanoliposome's was 88.5% and 50%, respectively. The average volume diameter of vitamin C nanoliposomes was smaller than the average volume diameter of vitamin E nanoliposomes. The results showed that the liposomes produced by sonication method are stable nanoliposomes with small size, low Polydispersity index and single-mode with high negative surface charge. Electron Microscopy Images showed nanometer-sized spherical nanoliposomes. The combination of liposomal formulations and free vitamins in the fermented beverage did not change the chemical properties of the control beverage. The count of probiotic bacteria in these formulations after 15 days of storage at 4 ° C didn’t change compare to the control beverage.
 

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Given the current demand for surfaces with non-polished morphology like structured surface that enhance its tribological properties, providing a method with minimal production cost and high performance has attracted attention. The present study focuses on presenting a new method for producing structured surfaces with hydrophobic performance. In this method, using the grinding process with a special grinding wheel, an attempt has been made to produce these widely used surfaces. By modifying the topography of the wheel surface and changing the arrangement of abrasive particles from random to arranged distribution with the diamond particles in predefined locations, an attempt was made to design and manufacture a special grinding wheel for the production of structured surfaces. A segment with 1*1 cm2 including diamond particles with mesh size of 40/50 were manufactured during the electroplating process in a nickel bath medium and by installing the segment on the wheel hub and performing the grinding process with this developed wheel, surfaces containing continuous and discontinuous scratches with the same geometry were produced. Static contact angle test for the unstructured surface was about 37 degrees that improved to 141 degrees with the structured surface, which is an impressive improvement.