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The relationship between topography, soil factors, and distribution of ecological vegetation groups in the Nodoushan arid rangelands of Yazd province (Iran) was investigated. The present species were recorded in each vegetation group using a randomized-systematic sampling method. Plant cover and density were estimated quantitatively using the transect and quadrate methods, and the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), after which vegetation was classified into different groups. Soil samples were taken from 0–30 cm in each quadrat. In each vegetation group, 20 environmental variables including altitude, slope, aspect, percentage of bare rock, grazing intensity, percentage of gravel, soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), total nitrogen, organic matter, lime, gypsum, EC, pH, and percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. Multivariate techniques including detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that the vegetation distribution was related to elevation, slope, and soil characteristics such as texture, organic matter, gypsum, acidity, lime, and gravity percentage.

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In order to determine effects of chicken and cattle manures in culture of Chlorococcum, an experiment was designed in six treatments including; 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of chicken manure and 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of cattle manure as completely randomize design with three replicates for 28 days. Results showed that the mean maximum density (87.1 × 10⁵ cell/ml), specific growth rate (0.054 day^-1), algal dry biomass (0.644 g/l), and chlorophyll a (9.42 mg/l) were obtained with 0.8 mg/l chicken manure. In order to compare performance of these manures with other culture media, second experiment with five treatments including; BBM (control) (Bold’s Basal Medium), BBM + soil extract, 0.8 g/l chicken manure, 0.8 g/l cattle manure and mixture of all treatment (BBM, BBM + soil extract, chicken manure and cattle manure) was designed as completely randomize design with three replicates for 15 days. Comparative results showed that BBM + soil extract had highest algal density (11.6 x 10⁶ cells/ml), highest algal dry biomass (0.81 mg/ml), maximum SGR (0.13 /day), highest chlorophyll a (10.15 mg/l) and minimum doubling time (4.97 days). In conclusion, performance of BBM + soil extract was better in terms of biomass and growth parameters of Chlorococcum.

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Gothic terminology (vocabulary) is an adjective, which implies a thing that is related to “Got”. Gothic also is the name of a genre, which has been created from the 1760s to 1820s and correlated with the readers¢ uncommon imagination, dreams, nightmares & inner thaughts. Usually milieu of this genre is closed castle, ruins and dierelict lands. Gothic literature should be numerated as a branch of rheumatism or pre- rheumatism school. Gothic tales usually are dim stories of enigmas, apprehensions and extraordinary matters, which are formed around a hidden & trightfull mystery. Apprehension, frighty & deeth are three important elements of them. Indeed, Gothic was an architectural & sculpture style about Goth tribe that, in addition to the art of architecture, has entered into the story literature. Nowadays, Gothic literature is an important part in the word literature, which we can not understand the modern literature without understanding it. The present research tries to survay the elements, structure and content of Gothic stories through descriptive-analytic way and with the use of library sources.  

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Background: Accumulation of triglycerides in the liver i.e. steatosis, is a well-known side-effect of tamoxifen administration to patients suffering from breast cancer. Cichoriumintybus (chicory) is a plant used as traditional medicine for curing liver disorders. In this study, the effects of extract prepared from chicory roots on tamoxifen-induced liver steatosis and related biochemical factors in animal model using rats has been investigated. Methods: Female rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows; 1-Control: received vehicle; 2- Chicory root-extract treated: rats were given by gavage the aqueous chicory root extract (1 g/kg body weight/day for 14 days).3- Tamoxifen-treated: rats received tamoxifen (1 mg/kg body weight/day, for 7 days). 4- Tamoxifen+chicory-group: animals received tamoxifen (1 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days) followed by chicory extract given by gavage (1 g/kg body weight/day for 14 days). After treatment, blood was collected by cardiac puncher, plasma was separated and plasma levels of glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol,LDL-C, HDL-C and activities of ALT, AST and ALP were measured. Liver tissues were homogenized used for measuring tissue triglyceride and histological examinations. Results: The data show that tamoxifen treatment caused a significant decrease in the level of serum cholesterol, HDL-C and total protein. However, serum ALT level was increased in tamoxifen-treated rats compared to controls. Increased serum ALT in tamoxifen-treated rats was recovered in rats treated with plant extract (tamoxifen+chicory-group). HDL-C and total protein levels were unaffected in rats fed chicory extracts. Tamaxifen-treated animals showed signs of liver steatosis as shown by histological examination and accumulation liver triglyceride. The steatosis markers such as accumulated triglyceride in liver was significantly reduced due to the plant extract treatments when compared to tamoxifen-group. Conclusions: Dietary extract prepared from chicory roots is effective in modulation of  tamoxifen-induced liver damage and steatosis.

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Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone function to regulate the production of red blood cells. Deficiency of EPO is known to cause anemia in chronically infected renal patients and they require regular blood transfusion. Availability of recombinant EPO has eliminated the need for blood transfusion and now it is extensively used for the treatment of anemia. Glycosylation of erythropoietin is essential for its secretion, stability, protein conformation and biological activity. However, maintenance of human like glycosylation pattern during manufacturing of EPO is a major challenge in biotechnology. Currently, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is used for the commercial production of erythropoietin but this cell line does not maintain glycosylation resembling human system. With the trend to eliminate non-human constituent from biopharmaceutical products, as a preliminary approach, we have investigated the potential of human emberyo kidney cell line (HEK293) to produce recombinant EPO. Methods: Initially, the secretory signal and Kozak sequences was added before the EPO mature protein sequence using overlap extension PCR technique. PCR-amplified cDNA fragments of EPO was inserted into mammalian expression vector under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and transiently expressed in CHO and HEK293 cell lines. After RT-PCR analysis, ELISA and Western blotting was performed to verify the immunochemical properties of secreted EPO. Results: Addition of secretory signal and Kozak sequence facilitated the extra-cellular secretion and enhanced the expression of EPO protein. Significant expression (P < 0.05) of EPO was observed in the medium from HEK293 cell line. Conclusions: HEK293 cell line has a great potential to produce glycosylated EPO, suggesting the use of this cell line to produce glycoproteins of the therapeutic importance resembling to the natural human system.

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Performance of the fiber optic networks with different physical topologies such as point-to-point, bus, ring and star, with respect to requirements as bit rates, topology structure, bit. error rate (BER) and optical component characteristics including optical amplifiers, filters, sources and detectors, are analyzed and simulated. For this purpose, maximum number of supportable nodes and throughput, crosstalk due to optical amplifiers and optical filters, reliability, physical limitations and fiber induced limitations such as dispersion and nonlinear effects (self phase modulation) are considered as performance evaluation criteria of different topologies. Dispersion and nonlinearities are simulated with split-step Fourier method, sometimes referred to as beam-propagation method. The fiber length can be estimated by this method, with respect to above effects and maximum tolerable power penalties. Parameters such as maximum number of supportable nodes and crosstalk are evaluated using amount of degradation in BER of receiver, BER is calculated using Gaussian approximation. Reliability of networks is modeled on the bypassing of the failed station as recovery mechanism in ring and bus networks and reliable assumption for central node in star network. By the way physical limitations in each topology, regarding its structure, are derived as an economical criterion. Results indicate that no topology can be preferred to others, however imposed limitations and requirements determine the optimum topology. Neglecting economical aspects, star topology is preferred from different points of view such as reliability, crosstalk and maximum number of supportable nodes. Results of above simulations can be used in calculating power penalties of different factors such as dispersion, crosstalk and nonlinearities. This penalties perform important role in estimating power budget of networks.

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The present study was conducted to determine the most appropriate tree species planted in the same ecological condition considering different variables at Darabkola forest, Mazandran Province. For this purpose, the success of planted species (maple, walnut, oak, pine, ash and elm) was assessed according to ninecriteria (soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus, soil potassium, leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus, leaf potassium, growth of diameter at breast, diameter at breast, H/D: height/diameter at breast height ratio). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assess forest stands based on multiple criteria. Results showed that the maximum local priority of average annual growth, and leaf and soil nitrogenwere observed in pine stands, while the highest levels of phosphorus, potassium, and DBH were recorded for maple plantation. The calculated overall priority showed that based on concerning criteria, pine stand had higher growth and nutritional potential compare to the other stands, while other stands ranked as maple> elm> walnut>oak> ash. In conclusion, our findings from AHP suggested that the growth rate and nutrition ofpine and maple stands had more appropriate condition and efficiency than other stands and therefore found suitable for plantingin the study area.

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Aim: Regarding the high prevalence of breast cancer among the Iranian women and lack of attention to mammography screening, planning the behavior promotion interventions would be practicable through determining the barriers of conducting mammography screening behavior. The purpose of this study was determining the barriers of conducting breast cancer mammography screening among the women over 40 years. Methods: The participants of this crass-sectional study consisted of 294 over 40-years old women in Arak-Iran who completed the questionnaire of mammography barriers. The questionnaire used was based on Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). Sampling was based on the population. All hygiene officers of the Health and Cure Centers of Arak were asked to randomly select some samples among the women over 40 years. In this way, all the city's areas were covered. Inclusion criteria were women over 40 years, not already suffering from breast cancer, or having a family member (mother or sister) affected by the disease. Findings: The findings revealed that the high cost is the main barrier (20.1%) of mammography screening among the population. Among the other reasons, one may point to fear of discovering a cancer mass (9.5%), painful procedures of mammography (7.1%), not knowing the mammography centers (6.5%), and shame of undressing for mammography (5.1%). Comparing the mean scores of the barriers based on the individual characteristics showed that the barriers of mammography screening according to education level (p=0.0001), insurance status (p=0.02), and economic status (p=0.0001) have significant difference. Conclusions: Regarding the barriers of mammography screening among the Iranian women, it is necessary that authorities apply solutions to reduce costs, and promote women's knowledge about the importance of early diagnosis of breast diseases through screening plans, especially mammography screening.

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The effect of sublethal concentrations of cadmium on some haematological parameters of juvenile sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus. For this purpose, 60 fish (41.69 ± 0.95 g and 23.98 ± 0.14 cm) were randomly divided into four experimental groups and exposed to 0 (control), 16, 32 and 64 μg/L Cd concentration, each in 3 replicates for 21 days. The hematological parameters, including red and white blood counts, differential white blood count, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and white to red cells ratio were determined using standard methods. The highest level of Hct (30.57 ± 1.91%) was observed in fish exposed to 64 µg/L (p<0.05). The highest mean values of Hb (10.01 ± 0.63 and 10.47 ± 0.57 g/dL) were measured in the fish exposed to 32 and 64 µg/L of Cd, respectively, which was significantly higher than Hb values in the control (8.24 ± 0.38 g/dL). For the rest of parameters, there were no significant differences between fish exposed to different Cd doses (p>0.05). The results indicated at least some deleterious effects of sublethal concentration of Cd on some hematological parameters of sterlet, which maybe reflecting the stress response as well as deleterious effects on haemopoietic tissues.The study of long term effects of Cd exposure of starlet is suggested.

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Background: Iranian (Lahijan) black tea caffeine has been previously shown to have antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of caffeine and fluconazole (FLU) has an effective antifungal activity on a FLU-resistant (MIC >64mgL^-1) C. albicans PTCC5027. Materials and Methods: Caffeine from Lahijan black tea was extracted and its pharmacological effects against 20 clinical isolates of FLU-sensitive and resistant C. albicans was evaluated by Colony Forming Units (CFU) method. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of caffeine and FLU against PTCC-5027strain was investigated. Results: Our results indicate the antifungal efficacy of Lahijan black tea caffeine on C. albicans isolates and subsequent identification of caffeine in combination with FLU againstPTCC-5027 strain. The concentrations of caffeine causing 90% growth inhibition (MIC₉₀) for  PTCC-5027 strain, FLU-resistant and -sensitive C. albicans isolates were 25mgL^-1, 24.4mgL^-1 and 37.2mgL^-1,respectively. The combination of caffeine with FLU showed stronger antifungal activity against C. albicans PTCC5027. The addition of 12.5mgL^-1 caffeine to FLU 10-50 mgL^-1 (below MIC₉₀) inhibited the growth of C. albicans PTCC5027 by 99.3%–99.7%, the concentrations at which neither caffeine nor FLU alone affected the growth. Conclusion: It can be concluded that caffeine has antifungal effect on C. albicans and in combination with FLU can enhance the antifungal activity of FLU against C. albicans. The synergism of the combination of caffeine and FLU induces multiple antifungal effects, resulting in the use of lower doses of the FLU. It suggests that this can decrease the side effects of antifungal drugs.

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This article discusses the democratization of access to higher education opportunities in Iran. Access to educational opportunities was studied through exploring the scores the national university entrance exams. The main research question was: "How the inequality in access to higher education opportunities is explained?" To solve this problem, we constructed a theoretical model on the basis of capital theory: Access to higher educational opportunities is the function of modernization of parents’ economic and cultural capital. The results showed that cultural capital weight in access to educational opportunities, is more than that of economic capital.

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In this research, the two stories “Alavieh Khanoom” and “Haji Aqa” of Hedayat and the “Rotchyld Violin” and “Lady and Cute dog” of Chekhov have been analyzed and compared from the social satire viewpoint. The content of stories is corruption that has been depicted as humor and funny. A piece of characters is representative special class. There are special moral and personality similarities between the characters of the stories, (e.g. Haji Aqa and Yakof and also Lady Anna of Chekhov’s story and Alavieh Khanoom). But what differs in the work of authors, is in their attitude. Chekhov criticizes with tone of hopefully, while despair is seen in the Hedayat’s stories to superfluity. The important notable topics in the works of these authors include: social problems, injustice, and existence corruption between the various levels of society and sympathy with the people, all of which have been represented with biting satire and make the audience to express sympathy. The purpose of the study is to find out the commonalties and compare the authors in the method the pay to social satire.

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Certainly the fair rewarding between personnel based on their productivity and performance which could motivate the employee and increase productivity of organization is one of the most important matters for managers. Obviously, allocating rewards and bonuses that result from productivity or other which has been defined from management should be justly and based on people effectiveness and efficiency. The purpose of this research is designing a productivity model for allocating bonuses through determining the productivity and performance indexes and then measuring and also analyzing, as well as allocating rewards and bonuses among employees based on their own productivity and performance. This is an applied research, uses descriptive statistics and the data are collected from random stratified sampling in Niro Mohareke Company.  Finally, the model which is confirmed and validated by experts and managers of Niro Mohareke Company, is used as a practical example in the Strategic dep.

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Oxygen concentration the environment and cellular organisms is one of the effective factors during normal development of organisms. In the present study, the transcription levels of the hypoxia-inducible factors (hif-1, hif-2) were evaluated during development of an ancient fish species Acipenser persicus, in the normal oxygen density of environment. The transcription of hif-1, hif-2 detected in all developmental time-points defined, from embryo to juvenile stages. Target genes transcriptions were normalized using RPL6 as reference gene. Changes in normalized hif-1, hif-2 mRNA expression were statistically significant throughout developmental points (p<0.05). Our data revealed that the mRNA expression of hifs were low during embryonic development and then upregulated significantly at hatching and early larval time-points. Then, in the late larval development and juvenile stage the expression of hifs started to decline. The comparison between hif-1 and hif-2 mRNA transcription showed that maximum gene expressions of hif-1and hif-2 occurred in 15 and 20 days after hatching, respectively. The increased expression of hifs suggests their association with two important events in the larval evolution, viz. internal feeding (yolk absorption) and external feeding. Also, the observed increase in mRNA expression of hifs during larval development of A. persicus can be attributed to increase in oxygen demand.

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Background: This study aimed to assess the influence of video games on voice learning in students of speech therapy.
Methods & Materials: This study was a clinical trial study in which 102 fifth semester students of speech therapy group of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences took part and were divided into two groups. The first group included 27students who were admitted in the university from 2008and2009 trained in traditional training and the second group (N = 75) who were admitted in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 spent their traditional training plus using the software of Avaz-e-Ma. at the end of each semester. Students' satisfaction of the learning of each group was obtained through using the qualitative scale and the final exam of each group. The relationship between the learning type and the student scores was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and the difference between of both groups were analyzed by independent T-test.
Results: The mean age of the first and the second group were 20.11 ± 3.02 and 20.25 ± 2.12 years old respectively. The mean score of the students who learned by software were 18 ± 0.2 and the students by traditional way was 12 ± 0.2 that was significant difference (P < 0.001). The majority of the students (90%) believed that the use of software has been useful.
Conclusion: The use of educational games in the classroom leads to an increase in the students' grades and the satisfaction of the students with the quality of instruction. Accordingly, using technology in educational system is recommended.

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This study aimed to provide a model for improving the quality of women's and girls' leisure time in the family with an approach based on physical activity in Isfahan province. This research was carried out using a qualitative method with a systematic approach of grounded theory. The theoretical population consisted of knowledgeable and experienced women's sports and leisure professors who also used the snowball method for sampling. The data collection tool and method were semi-structured individual interviews, and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation of 15 interviews. For data analysis, a systematic approach includes three main steps: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. In the axial coding stage, the connection between the following categories of causal conditions (support of important others, organizing, applicability of activities, institutionalization of activities); context factors (environmental attractions, environmental conditions, sports attractions(; interfering factors (evolutionary changes, cultural and social barriers, gender hegemony, macro trends, structural barriers); strategies (education and culture building, measures to support women's recreational sports, promotion and development of physical activities, respect for the dignity of women and girls, justice in the implementation of activities, media support) and consequences of qualifying women's leisure time (reducing behavioral disorders, individual empowerment, collective empowerment, increasing participation) in terms of coding paradigm in Sports manufacturing corporations was determined; also in selective coding phases, each component of coding paradigm described. The province's sports managers can use the signs, concepts and categories identified in their plans to improve the leisure time of women and girls in the family with an approach based on physical activity and use the proposed appropriate strategies to compensate for the backwardness and development of women's sports.

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The narratology, with a relatively vast domain, is the center of attention for many circles of literary criticism. Besides, the relation between narrative elements with other fictional elements has introduced various new perspectives in the field of literary criticism. The aim of this article is to explain and analyze several narrative techniques, and also to show some instances of these techniques in the Masnavi’s tales. The focus of this paper will be on four major concepts, namely narrative past, Material and mental process verbs, narrative proceeding and intercalated narration. In the part devoted to narrative past, the different functions of the tense of the verb in fictional and factual texts is explicated. In the next part, it is discussed that the reporting of the persons’ external verbs like eating wearing running and the like can occur in nonfictional texts; yet, explanation of the internal verbs like thinking, hoping, and etc., is possible only in fictional texts. In the third section of the paper, the linear narrative and interruption of linear narrative will be dealt with. Finally, in the last part of this paper, the concept of intercalated narration is explored. It should be noted that the intercalated narration involves tales in which the narrative framework proceeds alternately between fictional acts and characters’ dialogues.

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Tyrosinase also known as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a copper-containing mono-oxygenase, which is responsible for melanization in animals and the enzymatic browning of fruits. It displays two distinct enzymatic activities: hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (monophenolase activity) and oxidation of the latter to o-quinones (diphenolase activity). The inhibition of tyrosinase is very important and encourages us to takes special attempts to search for new inhibitors. For the first time in the present study, the effects of 2-nitroaniline (a), 3-nitroaniline (b) and 4-nitroaniline (c) as well as their newly synthesized vanillin derivatives (2-nitrobenzenaminium 4-formil-2-metoxyphenolate (d), 3-nitrobenzenaminium 4-formil-2- metoxyphenolate (e) and 4-nitrobenzen aminium 4-formil-2-metoxyphenolate (f)) were studied on the oxidation of dopamine hydrochloride by mushroom tyrosinase. Among them, 4-nitroaniline (c) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, while acted as an activator. For these compounds, the IC50 follows the order of b> f= a> e> c. Compounds a, b and f were competitive while c and e were un-competitive inhibitors. The results indicated that the relative positioning of amino and nitro groups is important in the inhibition of the enzyme.

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Label switching technology is a flexible and high performance method for forwarding layer three packets that are mapped to layer two flows. Each label switch router, LSR, needs a specific label for every flow, where the number of labels depends on the mapping and granularity of flows. Data and control driven methods are the most significant and popular methods in label mapping policy. The above mentioned methods have been investigated. The possible pitfalls of each method are identified for an optimal operation and performance. One of the most significant difficulties is the rate of flows creation and deletion. This issue is vital in both scalability and implementation of networks and is more significant in data driven methods. In this paper, a new flow-Subnet Flow-has been proposed which increases the performance in data driven methods. The simulation results show fair improvement in performance and validity of the Subnet Flow.