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     The growing global consumption of non-alcoholic drinks has brought attention to the characterization and quality control of popular beverages such as malt beverages. Organic acids remarkably impact on the microbial control, stability and organoleptic characteristics (flavor, color and aroma) of beverages. This study focuses on the determination of organic acids, including oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic, fumaric, acetic, propionic, and gallic acid, in 100 commercial malt beverages from different brands (five Iranian and five various imported brands) and flavored variants (classic, pomegranate, peach, tropical and lemon). In addition, the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and free amino acids were measured to assess the overall composition. Liquid chromatography (LC) was employed to develop a method for analyzing the organic acids, while spectrophotometric techniques were used for quantifying other bioactive compounds.  The results revealed significant variations in the organic acid profiles, with succinic acid being the most abundant, while tartaric acid was absent in all samples. For better data analysis, chemometrics technique (PCA method) was applied to classify achieved results. The results show that PCA can classify the malt drinks based on the additive values with a very high precision. In order to improve the quality control of malt beverages, it is recommended that some extra assessments like organic acids and free amino nitrogen determination tests would better to be considered at Iranian national standard.
 

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Background: In recent years we have successfully adopted an in vitro hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this protocol the biologically active hepatocyte-like cells were differentiated from the stem cells isolated from either bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the hepatogenic differentiation of MSCs isolated from UCB and MSCs. Methods: Differentiation process of MSCs was carried out in a selective medium supporting hepatogenic differentiation for 3 weeks. Then using specific markers we have examined the hepatocyte formation following hepatogenic differentiation of the stem cells. Hepatogenic markers namely albumin, α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) were monitored at different time intervals during differentiation. Results: Transdifferentiation of the UCB and bone marrow MSCs was also characterized by measuring albumin, AFP and CYP3A4 at mRNA levels using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AFP was expressed in the undifferentiated UCB-MSCs and increased on day 21 of differentiation. However, AFP was not detected in the undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs. But, AFP expression started during the first week of differentiation. Albumin expression was detected in hepatocytes from UCB as well as bone marrow. The expression of albumin and its secretion from hepatocyte prepared from bone marrow appeared earlier compared to the cells derived from UCB. Metabolic function of the hepatocytes evaluated by secretion of albumin in the culture media was also similar in the cells isolated from both the sources. Conclusions: The differentiation potential of MSCs derived from human UCB and bone marrow under in vitro condition is comparable. However, it appears that there is time-dependent difference in the onset of expression of liver specific markers particularly albumin synthesis in hepatocytes derived from different stem cells.

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    “Military Service” was first established in the frame of kingdom armies and independent governments separated from the Church.In the beginning of modernity era, it could be a go- between for the government and the nation, and also a means to extend the then rulers’ and kings’ militarism. The social division of labour, technical progress and industrialization in the 18th century caused to the formation of modern armies as the first bureaucratic institution. But in Iran's Pahlavi time, phenomenon was built as part of the modernization and consolidating Reza-khan's autocratic state. Extetion of national identity’s elements and making obedient the traditional residents in Iran's society against the unlimited autocracy of the state were possible by public teachings and extendable normalizing in the army,especially in the “Military Service”. “Military Service” and also the public disarmament gave this opportunity to the Pahlavi state to nationits basic rule byexpanding the military authority. Making integrated military and compulsory military service are the first intended and targeted attempts to create modern system’s civilians based on the nation - state theory.  

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In recent years, extensive efforts have been done in developing new educational methods for teaching foreign language in order to increase the language learners' proficiency. This study aims to assess the role of the combined approach of the notional functional syllabus approach and the task-based approach for the purpose of "Arabic for the general aims" and "Arabic for the general academic aims". This assessment has been applied by investigating the required capabilities in learning two skills of speaking and listening in Arabic language by using the descriptive-analytical method. The most important result obtained from this study is that for having an effective communication with the speakers of foreign languages, the issue of linguistic knowledge and even full language input are not so much effective. The factors, which play a significant role in mastering the second languages, include: providing a conversational environment similar to the culture and community of its native speakers, making the process of learning functional and applicable, planning for the creative usage of language ability, and lastly, practical and continuous reproducing of language by the learners.

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Since the advent of amendatory or revolution in the grammar-translation method in late 19^th century, the processes dominating the second language have changed considerably in the western world. In teaching Arabic language to Persian speakers, however, it is often focused on the grammar-translation method: generally, reading and comprehension and, in fact, lingual ability of the students. In this study, we try to represent an appropriate model named ATN-D in the three areas of language learner, teacher, and style to develop communication ability in terms of needs and challenges using descriptive-analytic method. ATN-D is acronym of four methods: Audio-Lingual Method; Task-based Approach, Notional Functional Syllabus, and Desuggestopedia. We study repetition subject in order to stabilize lingual structures and vocabularies in the Audio-Lingual Method.  We investigate forming a natural conversational environment and communication and action aspects in Task-based Approach, and Notional Functional Syllabus, respectively. Finally, suggestion-desuggestion is studied in Desuggestopedia method. The most significant result obtained of applying this theory is that appropriate dialogue-directed way, correct use of grammatical structures, strengthening and suggestion for ability in applying proper expression in special social situations, ability in starting, entering, cooperating and ending a conversation, as well as ability in developing a contact with correcting the conversational process and so on play a considerable role in learning two oral skills (speaking and listening) in Arabic language in order to strength and stabilize the communication ability.   

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The sensitivity of the text of the Qur'an requires careful evaluation of its translation. Such evaluation requires a scientific basis and a comprehensive model. In recent years, evaluators have used Translation evaluation models in evaluation of Quran translation, but those models are not designed to criticize the translation of a sacred text. Given the specific features of the Qur'an, its translation evaluation requires a distinctive and indigenous model. In order to design such a model, it is necessary to examine the models presented in translation studies. To this end, this paper studies the Garces’ model and its efficiency in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an. For this purpose, present paper evaluates the TT-oriented translation of Makarem and looks for efficient and inefficient components of the Garces’ model and its advantages and disadvantages. This study shows that the components of definition, expansion, Transposition, Modulation Explanation, creative expansion, inappropriate expression in TT, elaboration, and Variation in the use of rhetorical figures are the most efficient components in evaluating of Quran translation. On the other hand, Suppression of committed subject, Suppression of marginal text and Moderation in conversational expressions are inefficient and the other components have little efficiency. The advantages of the Garces’ model are its multilevel and minimized components, as well as its special attention to the rhetorical figures. The disadvantages of this model are the general division of the components into positive and negative, regardless of their necessity, some components interference, and the lack of components for discursive cohesion.

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The historical, social, and literary significance of folk tales is a generally accepted notion. Since these stories are oral narratives that were later written, they are important in terms of narrative prose and textual structure. The Safavid period is also noteworthy in terms of profiling many of these stories. So far as the style is concerned, the combination of order and prose is one of the characteristics of fictional prose of this period. There are many poems in fiction that can be studied. However, in this study, among the popular stories of the Safavid era, the story of Bustan-i Khayal (Garden of Imagination) is selected as one of the largest and most famous folk tales with a collection of historical tales and stories of demons and fairies, written by Mir Mohammad Taqi Al-Jaafari Al-Husseini nicknamed "Khayal", and also known as Khayal Ahmadabadi. The storyteller lived in the twelfth century AH in the Indian subcontinent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scattered poems in the story of Bustan-i Khayal, following these objectives: 1. an investigation of the poetic themes and the variety of their use within the story, 2. their connection with the text of the story, 3. identifying the poets of the poems. The research methods are quantitative, qualitative, and analytical. The scattered poems in this work were extracted and analyzed based on the subject, function, and identification of their poets. The findings in the subject section indicate that the descriptive, romantic, emotional, social, critical, epic, prayerful, doctrinal, and praiseworthy topics have the highest to the lowest frequency, respectively. Based on the functions, we can group the poems in relation to the prose of the story into four sections: confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description. Their order is: completion 55%, description 33%, emphasis 9%, and approval 2%. The storyteller tries to use more poems of Saeb, Saadi, Hafiz, Jami, Mowlavi, Ferdowsi, Nizami, Attar, etc.
Research background:
There are several studies conducted in relation to the topic of our research. Aq Qaleh (2016), researched 224 printed Persian texts belonging to this period up to the year 700 (Hijri), of which 136 texts contained Persian poems and 88 works lacked Persian poetry. Soltani (2013) discusses the characteristics of folk tales, the characteristics of Safavid period prose, its related perspectives, and people's interest in the Safavid era to tell and read stories. Faghihi (1994) conducted a PhD dissertation on the collection, translation and description of poems in the second half of the sixth century.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
The study follows these aims:
1. Identifying the poets
2. Examining the poetic topics and the variety of their use within the stories
3. The use of these poems in the text and their relationship with the story
To these aims, the following research questions were raised:
1. What is the literary value and significance of the poems in the prose folk tales of the Safavid period?
2. What is the frequency of using poems in each of the selected folk tales of the Safavid period?
3. During the prose of the story, which of the Persian language poets has been martyred the most?
The hypotheses are:
1. The use of these poems in the context of the story is rhetorical and for the completion of the content of the story.
2. The poetry of famous Persian poets has been martyred in fictional prose.
3. The verses are given in order to complete, confirm, emphasize, and describe the story
Results and discussion
In this literary-fiction story, the author talks about the world of human beings and their connection with the transcendental existence. According to Mahjoub, this story is the longest story in Persian.
"Bustan-i Khayal is one of the greatest folk tales or a collection of historical tales and stories of demons and fairies. It has fifteen volumes written by Mir Mohammad Taqi Al-Jafari Al-Husseini alias Khayal" (Mahjoub, 2014, p. 620). The Safavid period is important in terms of having different types of stories. Safa has introduced a large number of them in his history of literature (Volume 5, Part 3). In the current study, however, scattered verses of this work have been extracted and examined in terms of their subject and function. Thematically, these verses have been categorized from various descriptive, romantic, admonishing, social, critical, epic, prayerful, doctrinal, and praiseworthy aspects. So far as their functions are concerned, they are categorized into four groups of confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description.
Conclusion
According to the descriptive verse statistics, love affairs are in the first place, and advice is in the third place.
The manner the verses are used in the narration of the story shows that these verses are directly related to the text of the story; that is, if it is a matter of wisdom and advice, the verses that refer to advice and counsel are given, and if it is lyrical and romantic, emotional and romantic verses are used. However, if it is an epic, epic poems related to heroism and battle are included in the text of the story. Examining how the verses are used and functioned in the text of the story, it was found that the narrator has included the verses in the text according to the confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description of the story. Poems in the completion section with 55%, description 33%, emphasis 9% and 2% confirmation have the highest to the lowest distribution, respectively. The storyteller's effort in using poems is manifested through verses that are in the category of proverbs and are common in the language of the people. Of the 592 verses, 190 verses, which account for 32.09% of the total number of poems, contribute to the poems that have become popular. Apart from Ahmadabadi's imaginary poems, most of the verses are from Saeb, Saadi, Hafez, Jami, Rumi, Ferdowsi, Nezami, Attar, etc., respectively. Few verses have been recited from Kaleem Kashani, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Abu Saeed Abolkhair, Asir Shahrestani, Bidel Dehlavi, Milli Mashhadi, Naziri Neyshabouri, Mohtasham Kashani, Anvari, and others.
References
Homaee, J. (1999). Techniques and figures of speech. Homa.
Khayal Gojarati, M. T. (2013). Boostan-i- khayal (edited by Seyed Kamal Haj Seyed Javadi and Pouran Zeinali). Pazooheshkadeh Honar.
Mahjoob, M.J. (2014). Iranian Folk Literature (edited by Hassan Zolfaghari). Cheshmeh.
Safa, Z. (1967). History of Literature in Iran. University of Tehran.
Safari Aq Qaleh, A. (2016). Scattered Persian poems in texts up to 700 Hijri. Mahmoud Afshar.
Shamisa, S. (1997). Stylistics of prose. Mitra.

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Aims: The environmental crisis in today's world is one of the biggest challenges facing modern man, which requires urgent attention. With the power of wide influence and in-depth analysis, the media can play an important role in raising awareness and shaping the public attitude and behavior about this crisis.. This research aims to represent the relationship between modern humans and the environment in cinema.
Materials & Methods: By reviewing the Iranian films related to the environment, the film “So Far, So Close" was examined as a case study. In this research, Roland Barthes' semiotics method has been used to analyze the complexity and depth of hidden meaning in the film.

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Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd), an apscaviroid of the family Pospiviroidae, was recently identified in vineyards of southern Iran. It had a relatively wide host range and caused stunting, leaf deformation, mottling and vein clearing in experimental hosts upon mechanical inoculation of nucleic acid extracts or agroinfiltration of the viroid infectious cloned DNA. Predicted secondary structure of the AGVD-Ir showed a difference from the predicted structure of the type isolate in the viroid pathogenicity domain. Mutational analyses showed sequence changes introduced into that domain of the AGVD-Ir clone decreased the viroid’s replication efficiency in planta but did not show any effects on its movement.

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         "Akheze be som" is the obtaining of a sample goods from the seller in order to study the goods and enter negotiations thereafter for the purchase of the same. We want to know if the goods in the customer's hand are trust things or has he an absolute liability, namely dose he undertake to give back the goods safely or pay the price of them? There are different doctrines in this object; however, for the correct answer, we should know that when the seller gives the goods to the customer, there is an implied condition that the customer must give back the goods safely or pay the price of them, and the customer must accept this condition. This fundamental contract requires the customer to do so; hence, the circumstances are different from the time when a person gives a thing to one for trusting because the owner has a different intention.      
   

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Ajowan is an important medicinal plant that grows mainly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. To evaluate salinity tolerance of 25 Iranian ajowan ecotypes, three-step screening was conducted at germination, seedling, and adult plant growth stages using 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM of NaCl. The significant effects of salinity were observed at the three studied growth stages of ajowan ecotypes. Germination percentage, seed vigor, and biomass dry weight of investigated ecotypes decreased with the increase in NaCl levels. Different responses were observed among ajowan ecotypes in terms of activity of antioxidant enzymes of catalase and peroxidase, with the increasing salinity stress levels .Under the salinity stress, the proline content increased in the majority of the investigated ecotypes. Salinity stress had adverse effects on single plant seed yield and yield components. Results of the calculated correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis showed that activity of catalase antioxidant enzyme and 1,000-seed weight were the most important characteristics that can be suggested as selection criteria for seed yield of ajowan under salinity stress conditions. The overall results suggest that nine Iranian ajowan ecotypes including Arak, Felaverjan, Ghoom, Hamedan, Karaj, Ghaen, Tehran, Yazd, and Shiraz were the salinity-tolerant ecotypes.

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The present study examined the pool boiling process in a specific geometry by designing and constructing a laboratory complex. Investigation of pool boiling process, electrical resistance, critical heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, bubble growth and departure, bubble growth frequency, and nucleation site density by applying heat flux to critical heat flux was carried out on a ring wire in deionized water at different temperatures. According to the results, increasing the number of rings and fluid temperature decreased the critical heat flux. In the case of a ring wire with a constant number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature, and the use of heat flux values less than the critical heat flux, the wire temperature increased, but it decreased in the case of increasing the number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature and applying critical heat flux values. In a ring wire with a constant number of rings, the heat transfer coefficient was constant by increasing fluid temperature at values of heat flux less than the critical heat flux, but the heat transfer coefficient decreased at critical heat flux values. The diameters of the produced bubbles were enhanced by increasing heat flux and they separated from the rings when combined. At the beginning of the reddening of the ring wire, a critical heat flux occurred, and considering 110% of the time required for the critical heat flux, the images of the state of the ring wire after the critical heat flux are presented.

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In this research, the drawing force was evaluated in the cold drawing process of 410 stainless steel tubes. By FEM simulation, upper limit solving methods, slab analysis, and the experimental process of drawing force and optimal angle of the die was obtained. The practical drawing was done with an industrial drawing device using a fixed plug method. Abaqus software was used to simulate the process. Determining the required drawing force and predicting it was calculated using the methods of horizontal analysis and the upper limit of its range. According to the results, the lowest value of the coefficient of friction was 0.15 and the lowest drawing force was obtained at the die angle of 32 degrees. In addition, by simulating the process in Abaqus, the force was calculated and the validation of the results was done to predict the required force. After conducting the practical tests, the difference between the experimental and simulation predicted force was determined to be less than 7%.


 

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Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) as a management strategy for plant parasitic nematode is a state of resistance increased after a previous infection of plant to a biotic pathogen. Induction of SAR is accompanied by local and systemic enhancement of Salicylic Acid (SA). SA increase in plant is concomitant with PR1 expression. We examined the effect of three chemicals including SA, Abscisic Acid (ABA), and DL-β-Amino-n-Butyric Acid (BABA) on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. The expression of PR1 genes and 9-Cis-Epoxycarotenoid Dioxygenase (NCED) as markers for SAR and ABA-related activity genes was investigated in growth chamber conditions. Results showed that all elicitors reduced the population of nematode as compared to the control. Shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight of nematode infected tomatoes pre-treated with BABA increased by 20, 25, and 8 % and number of eggs, galls, egg masses and reproduction factor decreased by 33, 18, 18, and 20%, respectively. All elicitors increased the expression of PR1 and NCED genes in nematode infected tomato. These data suggest that SA, BABA and ABA activate similar defenses in tomato plants, which is partly SA- and ABA-related. SA, BABA, and ABA pretreated tomatoes infected with M. incognita trigger a SAR-response and lead to the control of the nematode under controlled conditions.

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With the advancement of technology and the provision of various goods and services, one of the issues that make people want to buy a product is after-sales service. The main question that this article seeks to address is the nature of the after-sales service commitment and how it differs from other similar entities. In this article, this issue has been studied in a descriptive and analytical manner with the help of library tools and it has been determined from the available data that after-sales service is in a different nature from warranty and guarantee. Creating a commitment to after-sales service is conceivable by inserting an action condition or on the basis of a predetermined condition, in this situation, the condition is against the obligee and the right of obligation is created for the conditional. If after-sales service is included as an action condition in the contract of sale, sometimes the manufacturer entrusts the provision of services to third parties by concluding a subcontract that is subject to the contract of sale. An after-sales service commitment may be made through a contract independent of the original contract, so it requires the basic terms of the contracts. On the other hand, the obligation to provide after-sales service in capital goods may have legal roots, and in this case it is part of the mandatory rules, so agreements contrary to these rules are invalid and ineffective. Some consider the nature of this contract as a service contract and some as a contracting contract, in fact, the root of both contracts is the lease of individuals.

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Cyanide is a highly toxic and hazardous pollutant commonly found in the wastewater generated by mining, electroplating, and petrochemical industries. The current research aims to evaluate the efficiency of advanced oxidation techniques such as UV, O₃, and UV/O₃ combination, to eliminate cyanide from synthetic wastewater. All experiments were conducted in a semi-continuous reactor to investigate the impact of various operating conditions, such as initial cyanide concentration, reaction time, reaction kinetics, and pH. In this study, degradation tests were conducted on cyanide at four different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 250 mg/L) and two pH levels (10 and 11). The reaction duration ranged from 0 to 90 minutes, with varying lengths. All experiments maintained constant operational parameters for the process, except for the variable being tested. The UV process alone is not very effective in removing cyanide from wastewater. This is because the low absorption coefficient of cyanide in the ultraviolet region limits the performance of UV in cyanide degradation. Additionally, cyanide is a relatively stable compound that requires a high amount of energy to break bonds and destroy them. Therefore, the use of the UV process alone is insufficient for the complete and safe destruction of cyanide from wastewater. It is necessary to combine it with other advanced oxidation processes to effectively remove cyanide from wastewater. According to the results, it was found that the effectiveness of removing cyanide through a single ozonation process was higher at pH 11 as compared to pH 10. The optimal conditions for achieving the highest level of cyanide removal, which is 68%, were found to be a single ozonation process with an initial concentration of 50 mg/L and a reaction time of 80 minutes. The higher efficiency of cyanide degradation at higher pH can be attributed to the greater production of hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in the oxidizing power of the process. The efficiency of cyanide degradation in synthetic wastewater can be greatly improved by using the combined UV/O₃ process. In this method, the rate of cyanide degradation is higher when the pH value is lower. This is because the integrated UV/O₃ method is strongly dependent on the concentration of hydroxide ions and hydroxyl radicals, which are affected by the pH value. Therefore, the effect of pH value on the efficiency of cyanide degradation by the combined UV/O₃ method is significant. When UV and O₃ were combined, over 50% degradation occurred in 40 minutes due to increased degradation rate. The highest efficiency for cyanide degradation was achieved at pH 10 and an initial concentration of 50 mg/L using the combined UV/O₃ method. The reaction time was 50 minutes and the efficiency was 100%. First and second-order kinetic analyses were conducted for UV, ozone, and combined processes to study their effectiveness in cyanide degradation. The results showed that the combination of UV and ozone was the most effective method for total cyanide degradation from wastewater compared to the other processes studied. Therefore, UV/O₃ can be considered as the optimal analytical method for cyanide degradation from wastewater.

 

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Research on natural compounds provides new alternatives for effective and sustainable control of plant viral pathogens. Herein, we prepared and investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of 60 plant species from 22 families. The hydroethanolic extracts of Rhus coriaria, Chenopodium quinoa and Ailanthus altissima have strong inhibitions on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infection. Hydroethanolic extract of C. quinoa with half-maximal Effective Concentration (EC₅₀) value of 1.64 mg mL^-1 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against TMV. The extracts of R. coriaria and A. altissima with EC₅₀ values of 2.82 and 4.42 mg mL^-1, being compared with C. quinoa, showed an anti-TMV activity at higher concentrations, respectively. The systemic assay indicated that all of the three extracts reduced the symptoms and negative effects of TMV on tobacco plants. The chemical analysis of C. quinoa extract demonstrated a rich profile of saponins and anthocyanins, while A. altissima and R. coriaria extracts were rich in phenolic compounds. These results displayed that C. quinoa, R. coriaria, and A. altissima extracts had significant antiviral activity, and could be used as suitable sources for discovering new antiviral agents.
 

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One of the important issues in contemporary society is women’s rights and establishing equality between human beings. Like men, women desire to be benefited from their rights. Parts of human rights are stipulated in Quran. Arabic language and language of Quran are gender sensitive languages and masculine conjugation is dominant in words and lexicon because in Arabic literature, masculine and feminine encompass all over the universe ranging from the Highest of the existence that is God to the lowest of them like the solid bodies, plants and animals etc. In this research, the Islamic scholars thought were reviewed in relation to word and meaning in the Quranic text. They believe that there is a distance between word and meaning, and meaning has priority over structure and form and it is prevalent. The research result showed. and the elements of language are inherently unrelated to gender and cannot be marked with male and female or masculine and feminine characteristic.  Therefore, the gendered nature of Arabic has not overshadowed Quranic teachings, and gender in the surface of the vocabulary and word in the text, by no means were meant by the owner of the revelation and Quran has an equal interaction with both genders. Then, using descriptive-analytical research method, the attempt is made to discuss human rights with gendered approach in four domains of life cycle, belief identity, need for security and adornment, so that the we could examine gender equality in Quran between two genders.