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Site-selection for schools in large cities such as Tehran is a complicated problem. A multiplicity of effective factors in locating schools and increase of urban living problems in Iarge cities manifests the necessity of the use of effective, advanced, and computerized methods for this purpose. The main objectives of this research to evaluate the pattern of spatial distribution of primary schools and to identify the bereaved zones of primary school and to them in the region 6 of Tehran. Attribute data were collected and stored using the available documents, and local data were collected and digitized using linear and digitizing maps in several layers. For each layer buffers were specified, then by giving weights for each buffer zone and their combination, spatial positions of the existing schools were analyzed. Finally, the optimum sites for establishment of new schools were proposed. Results of this research showed that the majority of educational buildings of primary schools are not located in suitable sites, and their sites do not conform with site-selection standards. The results of this research also showed that the use of GIS can be very useful for ananlysis and selection of schools sites.

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The present article aimed at studing the effects of ecocity approach on coastal city development. To illustrate the issue, we first tried to deal with the problems of city development in the coastal areas, the damages caused by the lack of attention of city builders to delicate and fragile coastal areas and the coditions governing the interaction of land and sea areas. We then reviewed the most common approaches in building new cities. Our findings showed that ecocity can have positive effects and influences on the development of coastal cities, because in ecocity building, the special local conditions are taken into account. The evidence and experiences of successful cities in the world imply the importance of ecocity approach in planning and designing of coastal cities. There fore some of the factors that are influential in the optimal development of the coastal city of Babolsar were tested. The results showed that by employing factors such as the reduction of ecological footprint around the river of Babolrood, diversification of activities in city areas, vertical development in old parts of the city and its suburbs and raising the socio – economic status of the citizens, the ongoing problems of the city of Babolsar can be resolved.

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Electronic government initiatives are pervasive and have been adapted in different levels of maturity and complexity by almost all countries around the world. Given this fact, this paper was designed to review the wide variety of visions, strategic agendas, and contexts of application. Then a systematic conceptualization of e-government as an ideal point was proposed at the first step. Gauging the gap between the existing position and ideal point of e-government in Tehran was performed in the next step. The findings indicated that there is a high gap between the existing position and the ideal point of e-government in Tehran. Consequently, the existing position of e-government in Tehran has not necessary capabilities in settling a tailored affair in an urban commerce system. Thus an adaptive approach was used for highlighting the role of an integrated e-government to solve this problem.

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Abstract In general, methods of lightweight aggregate concrete mix design are not much different with the ordinary concrete mix designs, except that in LWAC, volumetric method must be used for determining the amount of aggregates (normal and lightweight). In some countries, the same mix design of conventional concrete (normal weight) is also used for this purpose. Due to the specific restrictions of these methods, it is difficult to use them in certain cases where concrete slump is specified, or high strength concrete is needed. In this paper, a new method for the mix design of lightweight aggregate concrete has been proposed using a type of artificial lightweight aggregate (expanded clay, Leca). This approach is based on two-phased model (particle and matrix), and has better performance compared to other methods, due to the possibility of considering the properties of cement paste and particle in terms of access to consistency (slump) and the required strength of the concrete made. Also in this method, the percentage composition of normal and lightweight aggregates is chosen to achieve minimum space (porosity), so, the minimum amount of cement paste will be used to achieve the above requirements, and the economic saving.

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In assessment of the success of a plan, the most important parameter is the extent of the coverage of the “target group”. But this is bound to the correct definition of the “target group” and their classification according to the particularities that distinguishes them from each other. The requirement of the Housing Planning to attain a specific and clear definition of the “Target Group” is due to the requirement to arrange the optimum program and implementation programs to respond their needs suitable to their demands, a point in which it seems to be assessed unsuccessful in the planning period (1327-1383) In this article, we consider the change in the demographic structure of the country’s population. This work investigates the extent of agreement of Housing Planning on this change, to give a precise definition of the Target Group. It also attends to the amount of accordance of the Housing Planning with the structural changes in the population and family structure in this six decades The results of our reseach shows, despite increasing number of youth in our population, they are not considered in our planning system's definition about "Target group". Hence in our Housing Market, youth's demand for shelter gould not be included.

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Reduction of irreparable damages of natural disasters in Iran needs their correct understand of causes and solutions. In this regard, nowadays, vulnerability is offered as the main determinant of disaster that comprises three approaches: Biophysical, Social construction, and synthetic. Different implications of these approaches on perception, analysis and reduction of vulnerability needs full investigation of them. Adopting descriptive-analytical method and comparative study, so, this articles traces answer to this question: which approaches offer full explaining of the perception and analysis of community vulnerability to natural hazards. The study shows that for understand and analysis of Vulnerability at community level, there is no advantage in full substitution of biophysical and social construction approaches by each other. As an agreement of two previous approaches, including benefits of them and containing great theoretical and methodological advances in understand and analysis, the synthetic approach, in contrast, offers full explaining of vulnerability.

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City central district, where the most important events of a city take place, has different features in different cities according to the specific conditions of that city. However, in spite of the significance of this district in the city space, the researches in this field have been done with an emphasis on big cities and mainly for problem-solving purposes. In this study, therefore, a framework consisting of economic (land and shopping value, employment density and distribution of financial, insurance and social security institutions), historical (the historic core of the city, stages of city development and symbolic elements of the city), social (public spaces of the city, density of cultural centers, population density, population density in certain parts of the day), traffic (centeral place for traffic, transport station density of city and accessibility), governmental (activity of governmental and public office centers) and physical- spatial factors (building density, historic fabric, specific architecture, urban development pattern and land use pattern), was presented. Through analyzing the urban space of Bookan, as an intermediate city located in Iran, the role of the above-mentioned factors in the development of its central district was investigated. Then, the major factors contributing to the explanation of this district were identified. The results showed that, among the set of factors influencing the central district historic and economic factors, were the most important ones in Bookan;on the other hand, the governmental function has been decentralized, and functional and activity variances are the major features of city central district of Bookan compared to other parts of the city. Our findings also show that the central district of Bookan city include the most important activities of the city; therefore, by including wide range of different activities it has different functions and, thereby, its boundary basically differs from that of other parts of the city from this perspective.

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the best aspect for development in the of the city future. The results showed that Darab faces geomorphologic limitations in all sides; limitation of runoff accumulation and underground water excavation because of low aquifers slope in the south, desirable agricultural lands and soft soil in the west and southwestern parts, elevations and scope processes in the north and northeastern parts, and young and unstable piedmonts in the east and The aim of this study is to understand the phenomena and geomorphologic processes affecting the urban development, and also the abilities and limitations of such factors. Darab city was selected as case study due to the existence of geomorphologic limitations in the city’s different sides. Darab is located in the south eastern of Fars province. The research focuses on identifying the abilities and geomorphologic limitations available in different directions of the city by documentary investigation, map and remotely sensed data investigations and field observations, and finally determining Therefore, Darab city will encounter geomorphologic limitations in the future development, especially in the geomorphic processes related to the runoff and underground waters. Consideing that the city’s development needs and serious limitations in other directions, the most proper direction for Darab expansion is the lands located in the eastern part of the city, respectively.

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In 1985-86, the European office of World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the health promotion program under the theme “Healthy Cities Projects”. With the aim of securing individual and collective welfare, the staffs of healthy city in Tehran also began their official activities at 13th Aban Street at Rey (Tehran’s 20th municipal district) along with community participation and intersectoral coordination. Since, the “Healthy Cities Projects”, emphasised on intersectoral coordination, self-awareness and community participation; the issue of the current research is whether or not there is any specific difference of opinion among people and officials regarding this project? For this purpose, people’s viewpoints on the activities was conducted through 424 samples from 13th Aban Street coincidentally with 46 officials of the “Healthy Cities Projects” and thus analytical study was carried out keeping in view level of differences between people and officials of “Healthy Cities Projects” and their viewpoints regarding community participation in the physical and mental health, individual security, environment and utmost to sports and training. The results indicate that with reference to the satisfaction level on “Healthy Cities Projects”, there isn't a significant difference between people's and officials viewpointsBut, with respect to their viewpoints about the level of community participation, there exists significant differences between people's and officials viewpoints in the fields of “Healthy Cities Projects” physical and mental health, individual and social safety, environment and utmost sportive and educational activities. The obtained results from officials, therefore, are more than those obtained from people.

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In the present paper a DSMC solver is utilized to study the effects of wall heating/heater plates on performance parameters of microthruster systems. The solver uses local Knudsen number based on the gradient of flow properties to distinct the molecular and continuum region. This solver uses theory of characterisitcs for determination of inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Proper cell dimensions, number of particles per cell, and grid study are performed to guarantee the accuracy of simulations. Three typical micropropulsion systems are studied. All three systems have a microchannel and a converging-diverging micronozzle. First type is cold gas micropropulsion system, second type is a microthruster with wall heated channel, third type is microthruster with heater plates inside. The first type is considered as reference case and two other systems are compared with type1. It is obsereved that heating the walls in microthruster type2 accelerates the flow and increase the specific impulse of the system. In micropropulsion device type3, heater plates increase downstream temperature of convergent-divergent nozzle and also elevate the specific impulse. Due to considerable mass flow rate decrease of system type3, its thrust is decreased whereas mass flow rate of system type2 is not decreased as much as type3 and therefore the thrust of microthruster type2 is more than type1 and type3. Hence the second microprolusion system configuration has higher performance paratmeters in comparison with two other systems. It is also observed that increasing of wall temperature in microthruster type2 decrease the thrust and specific impulse sensitivity to temperature increase.

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Comparison of Back stepping method optimized via particle swarm optimization algorithm and LQR method for hovering control of a quadrotor is presented in this paper. Quadrotor is not a stable dynamical system and development of high performance controllers for it is important. First the dynamic model of a quadrotor is introduced and state-space equations are presented in order to simulate the dynamic model. Then two Back stepping and LQR controllers are designed to control Euler angles and height of the quadrotor. In order to optimize back stepping controller, its parameters are determined using particle swarm optimization algorithm to minimize cost function considered for LQR controller. Also commands to the motors are calculated and plotted to show the feasibility of the controller. To obtain better comparison, the cost function is calculated for different weighting matrices of Q and R for two controllers and the results are compared. The results show that Back stepping controller has more ability to minimize the cost function in comparison to LQR and the cost function in Back stepping has less values for several choices of weighting matrices.

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The ability to control the flow, is one of the basic needs of Fluid Mechanics that constantly pursued by researchers. One of the new methods in this area, is using Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators that by injecting momentum into the boundary layer, causing a delay in the phenomenon separation. The main object in this work was to help to optimize the electrical parameters to obtain stranger vortex and more effective ionic wind created by steady and unsteady plasma actuators on the air through the flat plate. For this reason, simulation is done for a flat plate with the compressible 5 m/s velocity airflow. The time averaged velocity profiles of the ionic wind show that averaged velocity come more and the position of the maximum velocity come near the surface by increasing the excitation voltage and frequency. The power, of the vortices that are shed form the unsteady actuator, increases by increasing duty cycle percentage. Our results on the ionic wind velocity on different position on the flat plate indicate that the maximum averaged velocity occurs in downstream of plasma actuator.

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Plume reversion due to missile ascending and related flow expansion and its interaction with missile body especially with missile base has been an important concern of investigators and missile designers. The aim of the current is investigation of effects of different parameters on the interaction of plume and missile body. To do this, heat flux on the missile body at different conditions including different flight conditions, turbulence modeling, base length and nozzle modeling has been studied. In the following, plume induced flow separation is studied. To model flow field, Gambit 2.4.6 and Ansys Fluent 17 are used for grid generation and flow simulation respectively. The results show that with increasing in flight height, plume at the base of missile gradually expands and finally covers the base completely. As well as, it can be seen that plume expands more rapidly in the base region and reduces heat flux when the nozzle is not considered. The reduction of heat flux is different in various parts of the base, ranging from zero to a maximum of 83% in areas far away from or near the nozzle. In the end, the effect of the base length was investigated. The results showed that as the base length is increased, the vortices are further expanded and this expansion leads to increased heat flux so that when the base length is doubled, the heat flux is increased by 20% at most

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In this research, pitching and plunging motion of bio inspired and NACA airfoil are simulated numerically and the effects of reduced frequency, pitching and plunging amplitude on aerodynamic coefficients, power-extraction and propulsion efficiency are investigated and compared with each other. The simulation is done at Reynolds number of 1100 which is correspond to insect flight regime, using dynamic mesh capability of OpenFoam and fluid flow is assumed unsteady, viscous and laminar. In order to computation of fluid flow field, control volume method is used and value of variables store at the center of control volume. Reduced frequency, plunging and pitching amplitudes vary between 0.05-0.5, 0.25-1.75, 15-75 respectively and phase difference between pitching and plunging motion is kept constant at 90 degrees. Comparison of result with published data confirms the validation of research. Combination of different motion parameter such as reduced frequency, pitching and plunging amplitudes determine that bio inspired airfoil acting in power-extraction (fluid works on the airfoil), propulsion (airfoil works on the fluid) or feather (no producing power or propulsion) regime, and qualitatively is the same as NACA airfoil. The obtained results shows that with variation of reduced frequency, pitching and plunging amplitudes, whatever close to the feathering regime, bio inspired airfoil shows higher efficiency than NACA airfoil and vice versa.

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In the present study, the numerical solution of the Ansys Fluent software has been used to calculate the sound produced by the high-speed flow on a cylinder using the Lighthill acoustic analogy. The calculations were carried out on a cylinder (part of the landing gear) at a speed of 70 m/s (take-off and landing speeds of airliners). The problem is initially caried out as a regular unsteady numerical solution. During the solution, aerodynamic noise data sources are stored as inputs of acoustic analyzes in files. Then, by solving the acoustic equations, the volume of produced sound (in decibel) is calculated at points that are pre-defined as the microphone in the desired coordinates. The purpose of this study is to study the ability of Fluent solution to calculate the sound generated by the flow, in addition of using a method for estimating the amount of sound increase by increasing the length of the cylinder. In the other words, due to the timing of the numerical solution, one can calculate sound generated by small length cylinder, and then, using engineering approximation, it estimates the sound of the flow around the larger-length cylinder. After the necessary calculations, results are provided as sound pressure level curves using the acoustic analogy and fourier spectral analysis. The results show that large eddy simulation turbulence model is most appropriate model for acoustic simulations. Also, the approximate method for evaluating the effect of increasing the length of the cylinder is in good agreement with the experimental results.

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The use of antibiotic drugs is associated with problems, such as unwanted side effects and drug resistance, and the lack of new and natural antimicrobial drugs that have fewer side effects than antibiotics. The aim of this study, investigating the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of sour lemon peel on a few of standard strains of G⁺ and G^- bacteria. Concentrations of 25,50,100 and 200 mg/ml of extracts by percolation method were prepared to determine antibacterial effects and using a well publication method against ten different species of G+ and G- bacteria, then the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of bacterial growth (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) were evaluated by dilution in tube. Alcoholic extract of sour lemon peel in a dose-dependent manner significantly increased the diameter of zone to inhibit the growth of  the bacteria, especially G+ bacteria, as compared to G- (p <0.05). In the concentration of 200 mg/ml, the maximum and minimum diameter of the inhibition zone was 20 mm for Streptococcus pyogenes and 12 mm for salmonella typhimurium, respectively. MIC and MBC methods had the strongest effect on Streptococcus pyogenes and had the least effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Extract of sour lemon peel has a significant antimicrobial effect, which can be used as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics with increasing microbial resistance.
 

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In this research, the authors have tried to analyze the three main currents of Iranian political intellectuals in the four periods of Ahmad Shamlou's intellectual life in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method. Examining Shamlu's poems, it is determined that Shamlu is a poet born from the heart of the society and belongs to the masses, and his poetry is the manifestation of the realities of the society and the ideals of the masses, and in his political poems, he wants to remain in the memory of the society as an intellectual. Stay as a poet. An intellectual who has used poetry as a tool for his struggle. He expects the reader to look at his poetry as a tool. A tool that is supposed to serve as an awareness for their creation and liberatio.