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Dispute over the succession of the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) is prelude to scatter that reached a peak with the murder of Uthman and the civil war in Imam Ali’ period. Accordingly, the research issue consists of identifying the sects of political thought throughout the history of Islam, which have theorized about the governing. Questions: 1 - In terms of textual, which sects were in cluded in the thought of Muslims about the caliphate, were? 2- Considering the political - social conditions (external fields), what periods has passed the political thought in the Muslim world? Hypothesis: using the historical - analytical approach and by adopting Skinner's methodology, the Muslims political thought can be divided into two periods: traditional and modern. In terms of textual, three main groups were distinguished in the traditional period: A- Kharijites, B- Shiite and C- Sunni. From the perspective of context, four stages can be identified: A) the stage of theological disputes, B) the stage of the genesis of jurisprudence-theological schools, C) the stage of the consolidation of jurisprudence-theological schools, D) the stage of post-Abbasid. This research attempts to identify the extesionaliy of Imam or Caliph befor each sect, and tasks of the Imam, as well as the concepts associated with that.    

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Since the beginning of emergence of Pakistan as an independent country, the conflict about Islamic state had begun between the secular and religious groups. “What is the role of Islam in the government?” was the question that Pakistan was facing in the last decades of 20^th century. In response to the question, Muslim scholars proposed two answers: the first group suppose that Islam is equal to government and second group believe that the government in Islam has only one dimension and other dimensions of Islam are much more important than political dimension. .Ghamidi with passing from the first approach, that was evident in the opinions of Maududi and he was the chief spokesperson, placed his interpretation of Islam, Qur'an and Sunnah based on the second approach. From view of Ghamidi, politically Islamic society establishment is precedence over the Islamic government. This society is possible through an Islamic Revolution and Revolution will pave the way for an Islamic state. The Islamic state is combination of three groups: Muslims, Mu`ahids and Zimmis. Such a state based on pluralism in religion and politics.  

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Movement of sediment in the river causes many changes in the river bed. These changes are called bedform. River bedform has significant and direct effects on bed roughness, flow resistance, and water surface profile. Thus, having adequate knowledge of the bedform is of special importance in river engineering. Several methods have been developed by researchers for estimation of bed form dimensions. In this investigation, bedform has been estimated using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods. The results obtained from these two methods were compared with empirical formulas of Van Rijn. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using (RMSE), (MSRE), (CE), (R²) and (RB) statistical parameters. Higher values of statistical parameters indicated that the SVM model with RBF kernel function predicted the bedform more accurately than the other method. The values calculated for R², RMSE, MSRE, CE and RB parameters were 0.79, 0.024, 0.066, 0.786, -0.081, respectively. Comparison of the results of the SVM model with RBF kernel with other models indicated that SVM had a higher capability for estimating and simulating height of the bedform than Artificial Neural Networks.

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In this article, mixing in the combined electroosmotic/pressure driven flows of non-Newtonian fluid in a microchannel with rectangular obstacles and non-homogeneous ζ-potential has been studied numerically. The non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid is considered for the flow field using power law rule. Also, the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is used to model the distribution of ions across the channel and the electric potential. Numerical solutions of coupled equations of momentum, electric field and concentration field are performed by means of finite element method. In this study, the effects of various parameters such as pressure gradient, rheological behavior of the fluid and the geometrical and physical parameters of obstacles on the mixing quality are investigated. The results indicate that applying adverse pressure gradient to the flow, the dilatant behavior of the fluid, as well as the height of barriers, are highly effective in the enhancement of the mixing quality within the microchannel. It is found that for microchannels with heterogeneous ζ-potential, increasing the length of obstacles significantly increases the mixing efficiency while for the microchannels with homogeneous ζ-potential, barrier length has a slight effect on mixing efficiency.

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 In the frying process, many changes that occur affected by type of oil and frying load and the uniform distribution of oil temperature is important in different parts of the fryer due to the uniform frying of food. Therefore, with monitoring the distribution of temperature, oil and miosture in the product over time, the frying process can be controlled more effectively and reached a deeper understanding of this complex process. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of oil type (sunflower, soy and canola) and frying load (1/20, 1/15 and 1/10 kg of potatoes to oil) on the frying process in four different positions of potatoes inside the fryer. The statistical analysis of the data showed that frying load has a significant effect on the loss of moisture and oil absorption, while the potato position in the fryer has not significant effect. By increasing the frying load, the amount of oil absorption and the final moisture of potatoes increased. The results indicated that the temperature of the potato center was not affected by the type of oil and frying load and the center temperature was estimated about 96-95 ℃. Unlike the center temperature, the surface temperature was affected by the ratio of potato to oil and increased by increasing the frying load.

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From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures. The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.               

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From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures.
The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.
 
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Political thought of Muslim in the middle of abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate, as a symbol of Islamic world, followed with two reactions. A group, under Rashid Rida as thinker of the group, was thinking of caliphate to its real origin. The other group, under Ali Abdel Raziq, was come to being with his prominent book entitled “Islam and Foundations of Governance”, thinking that caliphate is historic and considered it as a worn-out and dilapidated system. The attitude of these groups was tantamount to showing reaction to the critical environment of the Islamic community with transient state. The origin of this conflict returns to the issue of relationship between reasons and religion in modern era. Moreover, position of the duo in the though of Muslims is the other main basis of this conflict. Responding to this issue can be observed in considering “reason” along with religion as practiced by Rashid Rida and also considering it as an independent source in religion belonged to Abdel Raziq.

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Industrial progress has ushered in the production of a diverse array of pollutants, encompassing both organic and non-biodegradable substances, such as hydrocarbon compounds derived from petroleum. As the discernible environmental ramifications of these pollutants continue to escalate, the quest for efficacious methodologies for wastewater remediation assumes paramount importance. Among the emergent technologies, plasma technology has garnered considerable acclaim due to its capacity to obliterate a myriad of pollutants. Plasma, which ensues from the application of high voltage to either a gaseous or liquid medium, engenders profoundly reactive species capable of dismantling intricate organic compounds. Similarly, ozone, an exceedingly potent oxidizing agent, has long commanded recognition for its aptitude in the degradation of pollutants. Its robust oxidative attributes render it an invaluable instrument in the realm of wastewater treatment. Ozone treatment entails the infusion of ozone gas into the contaminated aqueous medium, whereupon it engages pollutants in a transformative reaction, rendering them into less deleterious byproducts. By amalgamating the ozonation process with plasma technology, we can harness the merits of both modalities and achieve synergistic effects. This hybridized approach proffers several advantages vis-à-vis individual treatment methodologies, including augmented pollutant removal efficiency, diminished treatment duration, and amplified energy efficiency. The plasma-ozonation process exploits plasma's propensity for the generation of reactive species, capable of reacting with the organic constituents in wastewater. The ensuing ozonation phase augments the degradation of these constituents, engendering a more efficacious and comprehensive removal process. Prior investigations have scrutinized the efficacy of ozone and plasma in isolation for the eradication of p-nitrophenol, a ubiquitous organic pollutant encountered in industrial wastewater. These inquiries have methodically examined various parameters to ascertain their influence on pollutant removal efficiency. Factors such as applied voltage, ozone dosage, initial pH, reaction duration, and initial solution concentration have been subjected to meticulous scrutiny to optimize the treatment regimen. In the present study, we have devised an innovative mathematical model to probe the interplay between these two independent variables: plasma technology and ozonation. The model incorporates a quadratic equation and employs analysis of variance (ANOVA) to gauge the significance of each variable and discern the optimal conditions for pollutant removal. Through scrutiny of the model, we have ascertained that the pinnacle of removal efficiency, surpassing 95%, materializes under specific parameters. These parameters encompass an applied voltage of 14 kV, an oxygen flow rate of 6 L/min, an initial pH of 10, a reaction duration of 6 minutes, and an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. These revelations offer valuable insights into the operational parameters that yield superlative results for pollutant removal within the context of the plasma-ozonation process. The efficacious integration of ozone and plasma technologies in wastewater treatment proffers a promising panacea for the elimination of p-nitrophenol pollutants and sundry other organic constituents. By fine-tuning the process parameters in alignment with the model's recommendations, we can attain exceptional levels of pollutant elimination whilst concurrently minimizing energy consumption and treatment duration. This research significantly contributes to the perennial endeavors aimed at fashioning sustainable and efficient remedies for industrial wastewater treatment, endowing valuable perspectives for their future deployment and widescale application in industrial settings.