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The present article seeks to explain the position of the word "Righteousness" by the method of descriptive semantics. After the etymology, its semantic relation with collecative and substitute words has been examined in the Qur'an. Therefore, according to the research features, descriptive analysis method has been used. The results of descriptive study showed that “Righteousness” in spiritual application based on substitutional orientation or collecation orientation has semantic relation with the words like “piety”, “faith”, “charitable”, “forgiveness”, “honesty”, “better” and “goodness”. Based on collecation orientation with words, it is located in a semantic field such as misconduct, tyrant, miserable, rebellious, disobedience, iniquity, aggression, sin, and bad, and in some semantic components, it has contrastive meaning with them. Another important result, is the deep semantic relation of “righteousness” with other words in the same field in the Holy Qur'an. These relationships have caused the word “righteousness” to be impressed by the adjacent words and the meaning system placing in it, such that it survives with distinct and transcendental meaning. The word “righteousness”, as the most general moral concept, has a literal meaning of "development of good work", and its conceptual and applicable scope is very wide, which can be summed up in the three semantic aspects of "obedience", "goodness " and "piety".    

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Abstract
Aims: Today, due to a large change in economic, political, and other relations, the spatial structure of cities, especially metropolises, is subject to rapid changes. Regarding the influence of structural components, especially the component of politics (power), on space, on
one hand, and the existence of oil revenues and structural features of Iran on the other hand, consideration of the spatial transformations of metropolises is necessary in terms of politics and power. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises in the context of Iranian oil economy.
Instruments and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the required data, information, and concepts related to the indices explaining the spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises were collected directly with access to some information sources, including the Central Bank site and the Statistical Center. In the theoretical foundation, the most part of the study was done in library. Pearson correlation coefficient and Simultaneous regression test were used to determine the relationship between oil revenues of the country and building approval certificates issued by the municipality of Tehran and Tabriz.
Findings: The oil revenues had a direct correlation with the number of building approval certificates issued in Tabriz (r=0.5663; p=0.0025) and Tehran (r=0.7440; p=0.0005). The oil revenues could explain 56.63% of the building approval certificates issued in Tabriz and 74.44% of the building approval certificates issued in Tehran.
Conclusion: Production, spatial transformations, and construction activities in Tehran and Tabriz metropolises are directly affected by oil revenues.
 

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Since 1360, Iranian society has been faced with a changing age pyramid in young population. This group is mainly interested in using some words and expressions which are somehow unfamiliar for other parts of society. So, it can be said that these slang expressions are being used by people who belong to same social groups. Thus, linguists have revealed considerable interest in slang expressions because of its prominence among youth, especially among college students.
Academic slang usage is a popular phenomenon among university students. The importance of the study about academic slang is due to its focus on this fact that slang is complicatedly merged into college students’, academic and social life. So, it can be studied in multi-dimensional aspects. In this study, two aspects of these expressions are examined. So, This article aims to examine Academic Slang Expressions Used by University Students in Isfahan both semantically and lexically. In order to achieve this goal, some word ‌formation processes used by university students in order to create academic slang expressions are examined parallel to their semantic aspects analysis.
To this end, the present study focuses on the following questions: what are the semantic and morphological processes involved in the academic slang expressions used by students of Isfahan and which of them are the most productive? With respect to Shaghaghi’s (1386) division of word formation processes in Persian, some lexical processes involved in making academic slang expressions by university students are determined. In addition, based on Akrami’s (1384) definition of the main ways to construct words and expressions, the semantic rules are introduced.
Participants of the study were 90 male and female university students of Isfahan including undergraduate students (BA), post-graduate students (MA) and doctoral students (Ph.D).  As a viable instrument for collecting data, there is currently a trend in sociolinguistic research to use questionnaires in favor of a corpus of naturally occurring data; therefore, in order to accomplish the objectives of the study, a two-section questionnaire was selected to collect viable data. All improperly filled questionnaires and those in which the students had answered to very few questions were discarded, as predicted, such questionnaires could distort the findings of study. Therefore, 160 academic slang expressions were elicited from the students participated in this study.
The method of data analysis was simple and no complicated statistical procedures were employed. Since percentile score adequately describes data, it was used in this study. By considering the process of making academic slang expressions by Isfahan students, compounding, phrasal lexical items, semantic extension, borrowing, derivation, coinage, compounding-derivation, clipping, acronym, and blending were noticed.
among these processes compounding with 31.6% is the most common and blending with 0.062% is the least. It can also be said that university students utilize compounding (a common word formation process in Persian language) to make academic slang expressions more than others.
Moreover, some semantic rules used by university students to make academic slang expressions were introduced. The results showed that Isfahan students have rich and wide slang expressions for labeling various aspects of their academic life, including their academic performance, their teachers, and the way they teach. In the end, this study shows that two main word formation processes – semantic extension (lexical aspect of using academic slang) and compounding (morphological aspect of using academic slang) are the most frequent ones in the speech of university students in Isfahan. Compounding is, predictably, more productive than other word formation processes. Surprisingly, derivation, one of the most productive processes in Persian language, was not so productive in this study.

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The present study, using some morphological Persian constructions, explores Morphological Doubling Theory (Inkelas and Zoll 2005, henceforth MDT) and its essential claim as regards resulting reduplication when the morphology calls twice for a constituent of a given semantic description. In contrast to the previous theories and approaches categorizing reduplication as phonological duplication, MDT categorizes it generally as reduplication of given morpho- semantic features. To answer the research question and know whether the formation of Persian reduplicated constructions are explainable and justifiable in MDT framework or not, using two categories of semantic and morphotactic evidence, some Persian data are analyzed in MDT framework. Semantic evidence such as root allomorphoy, synonym constructions, echo reduplication, medial full reduplication and antonym constructions together with morphotactic evidence such as ezafe vowel, indifference-ke construction, interfix, linker or enclitic and melodic overwriting are some pieces of used evidence for exploring MDT framework in the studied constructions in Persian. The present study, with a descriptive-analytic method, has been carried out by studying some Persian data gathered through people’s daily natural conversations, written works on Persian morphology and authors’ intuition. Analyzing the gathered data reveals that adopting MDT, in addition to presenting a comprehensive description and analysis of Persian reduplication, makes it possible to describe and study the structure and semantic of the reduplicated constructions that were not appropriately analyzable previously. 
 

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Coercion is a long-discussed issue in linguistics and its mechanisms have been imaged differently. This article tries to introduce the theoreticians' views about the nature of coercion and analyzes this phenomenon in some morphological and syntactic Persian colloquial data. It is supposed that this analysis will elucidate some points in Persian morphology and syntax.
This study relies on the framework proposed by Audring and Booij (2016). According to this approach we will expound three coercion mechanisms or effects: selection, enrichment and override. In coercion by selection, the resulting meaning is a part of the semantic repertoire of the coerced word to begin with. From this perspective, coercion works largely ‘bottom-up’, with only a light role for the context selecting one interpretation from the range of alternative readings. In coercion by enrichment, lexical semantics is preserved, but augmented in context. It represents a stronger ‘top-down’ influence, adding meaning to the utterance. In coercion by override, in turn, contextual ‘top-down’ force is strongest; it modifies, replaces, or removes properties of the coerced item. The current research  is presented within the framework of Construntion Grammar. The data is based on the the analysis of modern Persian colloquial data drawn from the oral data, including radio and television programs and the researcher's interactions with others and also Google Persian sites sentences.
The data analyzed showed that we can put all three above mentioned mechanisms along a single axis, considering the degree of top-down influence of complex morphological and syntactic constructions on the lexical semantics or category of the unified element. Idiomatic constructions are the most radical coercion of the override type. The present study shows the applicability of the approach in Persian data analysis. Moreover, it shows that coercion can support the notion of 'construction' and subsequently the Construction Grammar. Using coercion besides construction, this study presents a new analysis for making not only words basad on possible words but also the so-called fake infinitives.
 

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In this paper, the authors deal with polysemy of a Persian suffix, –gar, its development, and some non-compositional aspects of meanings of the words derived from it. –gar is a productive agentive suffix in Persian deriving deverbal/denominal agent nouns and adjectives. The polysemous derived agent nouns are categorized as human agent nouns, human agent nouns denoting an occupation and non-human agent nouns (instruments). We investigate this polysemy in the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010). Construction Morphology provides a framework for proper account of word formation processes, in particular derivation, by employing a lexeme-based approach and by considering some morphological schemas/constructions in word formation.
Present analysis is based on a data set extracted from diachronic and synchronic corpora. First, a collection of 124 words derived from –gar was extracted from two dictionaries of Sokhan and Zansou (a Persian reveres dictionary) as well as from Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB). Present work also takes into account a diachronic perspective by searching the collected non-human agent nouns (instruments) in the diachronic corpus of Farhanyar, which contains literary works spanning from 9th century up to the present century and is the only diachronic corpus in Persian. The collected nouns were subsequently assigned to different categories of general human agents, human agents denoting a job, and non-human agents (instruments) based on their semantic variations. Meaning of ‘human agent of a regular and distinguished action related to the meaning of the base’ was assigned to [x-gar] construction as a prototypical meaning and a starting point for the ramification. The authors propose here that the development of instrument sub-schema- as a recent development in function of gar- is due to the influence of English loan words derived from –er. It seems that the mechanism behind this development is approximation i.e. the metaphoric extension at patterns level and not at the words level. The authors also argue that words with meanings of job and non-job agentive nouns are derived from two independent sub-schemas

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Here we report the presence of Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, 1971 from Iran, which has been collected on mulberry in Gilan province, as well as on bitter orange and Japanese spindle in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The specimens were collected while feeding on scale insects, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock, 1881) and Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard, 1869) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Photos of habitus and genitalia with some taxonomic comments are presented.

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Urban historic areas as a living witness of the history of the past and the main factor in collective identity are dealing with dialectic conflict of "development" and "conservation" that leads to different types of conflicts especially secondary ones. Confrontation of conservation and contemporary needs of the residents is one of the challenging issues. So, this paper tries to analyze conflicts toward planning of urban historic in order to define a new conceptual framework for achieving conflict management-driven urban contemporization.
This study has been done based upon qualitative paradigm and the required data have been collected by using snowball sampling, document analysis and in-depth interviews. Analyzing conflict toward planning of urban historic areas has been done based upon grounded theory and bridging conflict management and urban contemporization done based on logical argumentation.
Findings show that the weakness of conservation planning and management system of the historic areas and the inefficiency of planning and management system of development in such areas at decision-making level are the main factors in the confrontation of development and conservation that lead to the emergence of secondary conflicts at operational level. In case of conflict management, it will be possible to combine two concepts of conflict management and urban contemporization.
Managing conflict between development and conservation can be resulted in achieving conservation-led integrative development as a factor of urban contemporization. Therefore, protecting heritage values along with supplying modern needs of residents can be achievable.
 

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A number of linguistic studies on compounding have acknowledged that due to the existence of head element, endocentric compounds are semantically compositional and transparent. The current study aims to focus on the semantic aspect of Persian endocentric compounds to show that: 1) in some cases, the existence of head element does not entail the semantic compositionality and simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds, and 2) compound words which are categorized as endocentric compounds differ in terms of the complexity of conceptual structure. Considering that the ability of Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) to describe meaning construction in compound words has been previously approved by some cognitive linguists, this theory has been applied to analyze meaning construction in a number of Persian endocentric noun-noun nominal compounds. A close analysis reveals that although some endocentric compounds are semantically compositional and prompt for simplex networks, there are endocentric compounds which are not semantically as transparent and compositional. In this kind of endocentric compounds, metaphor or metonymy has affected the modifier element, thus meaning construction triggers single-scope networks which are neither as complex as double-scope networks nor as simple and compositional as simplex networks. This result implies the diversity of conceptual structure in words which are defined as endocentric compounds..
 
 1. Introduction
Compounding is a common word-formation process almost in all languages (Dressler, 2006: 23), for forming new lexical units by merging two or more pre-existing lexical units. Based on the most pervasive and traditional semantic categorization of compound words, as proposed by Bloomfield (1933), there are two main groups of compounds, namely endocentric and exocentric compounds. In endocentric compounds, one of the constituents plays the role of head and a hyponymic relation is observable between the compound and the head element. Numerous prior studies have acknowledged that, due to the existence of head element, the semantics of endocentric compounds is transparent and compositional. However, no study has been made yet to specify whether the presence of head element leads necessarily to the semantic simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds.
Given that conceptual blending theory can account for the meaning construction process of compound words (cf. Coulson, 2001; Fauconnier & Tuner, 2003; Benczes, 2006; Schmid, 2011), the current study applies the network model of conceptual blending to explore the semantics of Persian noun-noun nominal compounds in order to show that: 1) in some cases, the existence of head element does not entail the semantic compositionality and simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds, and 2) compound words which are categorized as endocentric compounds differ in terms of the complexity of conceptual structure.
 
2. Literature Review
The semantics of compounds has been one of the most challenging aspects of compound words being investigated in numerous studies. These studies cover many areas of investigation including semantic transparency and opacity (e.g., Afrashi, 2000; Sabzevari, 2013; MirEmadi & Majidi, 2007), headedness and the position of head (e.g., Tabatabaei, 2004; Khabbaz, 2008), the relation between constituents (e.g., Tabatabaei, 2013; Sabzevari, 2012, 2018), and the role of metaphor (or metonymy) in the meaning of compounds (e.g., Estaji & Ghanun, 2009; Torabian, 2013).
Besides, through the development of conceptual blending theory, several studies have analyzed compound words within the integration network model of conceptual blending (e.g., Turner & Fauconnier, 1995; Sweetser, 1999; Coulson, 2001; Fauconnier & Turner, 2003; Benczes, 2006). 
 
3. Methodology
To the aim of collecting noun-noun nominal compounds in Persian, Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary (2003) was consulted and a total number of 694 compounds were extracted from the dictionary. As a next step, endocentric compounds were taken out from the collected data (a number of 372 endocentric compounds) and the possible action of metaphor and/or metonymy upon their meaning was examined. This procedure led to 216 non-metaphorical and non-metonymical compounds, 137 compounds with metonymical modifier, and 19 words with metaphorical modifier. Following this, considering the frequency of identified patterns, we randomly analyzed a number of compounds from each pattern based on the network model of conceptual blending theory.  
 
4. Results and Discussion
The blend analysis of Persian endocentric nominal compounds reveals that, besides semantically compositional endocentric compounds, such as âb-anbâr, which trigger simplex network and their modifier is linked through a role-to-value relation to their head element, there are several endocentric compounds that show a slightly more complex conceptual structure. In the meaning construction of non-compositional endocentric compounds, such as taxte-sang and sofre-mâhi, while the input space corresponded to the head element contributes literally to the blended space, the input space corresponded to the modifier is projected metaphorically or metonymically. This group of endocentric compounds prompt for single-scope networks which are neither as complex as double-scope networks nor as simple as simplex networks.
5. Conclusion
The current study found that the existence of head element does not necessarily guarantee the semantic simplicity and compositionality of endocentric compounds. In a number of cases, metaphor or metonymy acts upon the modifier element of endocentric compounds, therefore the meaning construction triggers single-scope networks which are not as simplex and compositional as simplex networks. In other words, not all endocentric compounds are semantically simple and compositional. Instead, there are several endocentric compounds that are not fully compositional, that is, they have a slightly more complex conceptual structure. This implies that drawing a strict boundary between endocentric and exocentric compounds, based on compositionality and semantic transparency, is not reasonable, because there are endocentric compounds which, like exocentric compounds, are metaphorical or metonymical. This study suggests a continuum to show different degrees of complexity of compounds. While non-metaphorical and non-metonymical endocentric compounds lie at the one end of the hypothetical continuum, endocentric compounds with metaphorical or metonymical modifier are nearer to the other end of the continuum where compounds with metaphor- and/or metonymy-based head and modifier lie.
 

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The Navab Housing Project has been one of the most significant renewal projects among the residential areas in Tehran that needs to be studied for satisfaction and success assessments. Assessment of satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors from the residents' points of view can be used as a criterion for planning and designing other urban development projects in Iran. Upgrading the quality of life in new residential areas and preventing mistake repetition at other urban development projects can be taken as benefit from any similar projects in the country. This paper attempts to present residents' satisfaction assessment. the research project was conducted at three phases of the above mentioned residential project in Tehran. Some personal and family variables were studied for their affects on the satisfaction level of the residents from dhfferent social groups there. Data collection was conducted at the study field using a questioner filled in for a sample of 270 residents. Data analysis was also conducted using the SPSS software. The analysis results suggested that the satisfaction of residents on their houses was at mid-level. Theoretical mode was estimated to be equal to 3. the factors including satisfaction variable on the residential units by their residents shows that full satisfaction was only expressed on security level of the residential complex. The factor of "relationships among neighbors" was estimated at mid-level. Other factors such as facilities of the residential complex, landscape and view, and physical significances of the complex were associated with dissatisfaction. The importance assessments of these factors show that the complex facilities were of top – importance from the view point of residents , while security and view factors took the lower positions.

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Aim: Gastric cancer is the second common cause of cancer death worldwide. Cytokines are mediators of peptides that are involved in the regulation of immunological responses, inflammatory systemic responses, and repair responses to risk factors. Interleukins are cytokines that are produced on other lymphocytes. Interleukin-10, is one of the body's most important interleukin that to inhibit inflammatory and immune responses. Different polymorphisms are found in the promoter region of interleukin 10 gene, which by changing the rate of this gene expression, could been altered its function. In this present research, was studied of relation between (-1082G/A) polymorphism in interleukin 10 gene and gastric cancer.

Material and methods: Two groups consist of 50 patients and 50 controls, were selected as the study samples population and were taken blood samples from them. Next DNA extraction from samples, genotyping of this polymorphism was used by Tetra-ARMS-PCR. Then was analyzed the results.

Results: Samples genotyping was showed frequency of A and G alleles 74% and 26%, in patient groups and in control groups 68% and 32%, respectively. There was a significant association between GG genotype in this polymorphism and gastric cancer (P=0.013).

Conclusion: This study results shown that can be used (-1082G/A) polymorphism in interleukin 10 gene as a molecular biomarker for gastric cancer in Iranian patients’ population.

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Aims: During the 1960s to 1980s, urban planning changed from a completely elitist and value-free perspective to a value-based and participatory model. interactive planning as one of the most important contemporary heritages of urban planning has received the attention of professionals in this field. The research aims to identify interactive planning factors as perceived by professionals in the contemporary period.


Methods: The research method has been done in terms of applied type and with a combined (quantitative-qualitative) method. After extracting the indicators by reviewing the sources, 175 questionnaires were completed by Urban planning professionals. Cronbach's alpha of the data was calculated and then the factor analysis method was implemented.


Findings: Cronbach's alpha of the data was 0.930, which indicates the high reliability of the research data for further analysis. The research findings after 10 varimax rotations showed 6 factors with a variance close to 60% (58.63) for extraction.


Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that from the point of view of contemporary urban planning professionals. factors such as contributing citizens, giving them the power of citizenship, transparency, and awareness, supporting institutions, pluralism, a sense of belonging, and The responsibility of citizens have an impact on this type of planning. Therefore, it is suggested that managers, planners, designers, and all factors affecting urban planning pay attention to the mentioned factors in order to promote interaction So that interactive planning (one of the contemporary heritages of urban planning) provides the context for participation and interaction and as a result more effectiveness.
 

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In the present study, we analyze the semantic fragmentation and conventionalization in Persian compound nouns ending in the verbal stems –andāz ‘throw’, -band ‘fasten/close,’ -foruš ‘sell’, -gir ‘catch’, -keš ‘pull’, -paz ‘cook’, -yāb ‘find’, and -zan ‘hit’ from the usage-based perspective. The analysis is based on a 800 data set extracted from diachronic and synchronic corpora. The words produced from the general compounding pattern [XV _PRS]_N can be categorized in a range of semantic categories, including agent, instrument, location, and object. In describing the semantic fragmentation of [XV _PRS]_N, we propose the human agent as the starting meaning, from which the instrument sub-pattern is derived by the mechanism of metaphorical extension. However, to justify the object and location meanings, we consider the metonymic extension mechanism to be involved. The sense extension mechanisms do not only apply to the individual words but can happen on the pattern level. It is also argued that these mechanisms are not mechanically applied to all the patterns ending in the verbal stems, instead, it is the usage and the communicative needs of the speakers that determine the semantic fragmentation of any patterns. To illustrate this point, as a case study, we focus on the development of instrument meaning in the pattern [X-paz _PRS]_N. We show that the instrument sub-pattern is a recent linguistic phenomenon that coincides with the introduction of modern cooking equipment with mostly English names to Iranian society. The increasing use of these types of equipment has led to a new communicative need for naming such instruments. This extra-linguistic factor has motivated the pattern [X-paz _PRS]_N to be extended through analogy with English compound instrument nouns. The findings of this study may contribute to the understanding of word-formation patterns in general and compounding patterns in particular.

 

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In recent decades, the theory of Sustainable Development has been introduced to several strands of science. This theory and its special view to communities (Sustainable Community Development) as the cell of urban life, demonstrates the solution to urban problems by highlighting the meaning of city neighborhoods. In the local scale, it is essential to use a collaborative process of development, which is based on the active participation of local people as social capital. In this way, the perception of local residents of a collaborative process is what makes this process successful or otherwise. This article identifies the perception of local residents towards the collaborative process and its positive and negative aspects. This is done using the “Deep Interview” and “Focus Group Discussion” techniques, deployed within the Jolfa Mahalla community, as a sample urban neighborhood in Tehran, with a rich historical background and strong social networks. This paper aims to argue that the lack of participatory culture between people and local residents can lead to the breakdown of relationship and communication between them, but more importantly, the absence of local urban spaces in neighborhoods further augments this problem. Thus, making suitable local spaces encourages people to participate in local development projects.

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Disasters provide physical, social, political and environmental development windows of opportunities that can be used not only to reconstruct the impacted areas, but also to improve the socio-economic and physical conditions of the impacted population in the long run. It is argued, however, that there is a limited time frame of approximately four years for such opportunities to be utilized efficiently. Bam earthquake in December 2003 that killed more than 27000 and devastated the historical part of the city opened several unique opportunities for mitigation, socio-economic and physical development. This paper examines the roles that various stakeholders played in the Bam reconstruction and their contribution to the success and failure of utilizing disaster development opportunities. The results show that stakeholders’ collaboration and participation, knowledge and experience, long-term and holistic visions, division of labour and use of resources have had significant influence on the success and failure of using post-disaster opportunities.

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In this research two-phase slug flow regime in a T-junction branching divider is examined in two regular and irregular groups. Simulation is accomplished by OpenFOAM™ open source software. Simulation uses single fluid with volume of fluid (VOF) method to follow gas-liquid two-phase flow interface. Constant velocity boundary condition for inlet, constant pressure for outlet boundaries and no slip boundary condition are considered for fixed walls. Since slug flow regimes are one of the most complex two-phase flow regimes which its behavior could result in serious damages to the downward equipment's; the present research concentrates on the examination of slug flow behavior in the downstream of the T-junction. This study has concluded that using T junction eliminates flow fluctuation so the pressure and air velocity values decrease. Although the inlet of the vertical branch with cross section of 5×5 cm2 is not fully effective in decreasing upward slugs, but with increasing size of the inlet vertical side-branch from 5×5 cm2 to 10×5 cm2 and 20×5 cm2, pressure value of two-phase flow in the whole duct decreases. The consequences are the slug flow decreases in downstream but the plug flow grows up which means the objectives of the research has been accomplished. To verify the numerical results, comparison was made with the well justified previous works. The agreement was encouraging.

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Lyrical literature and hence romantic poetry is a collection of feelings, emotions and representations of human relationships which has been widely used in different eras and discourses with various even conflicting functions and manifestations. Romantic poetry, distancing from political poetry, discusses politics of literature rather than political literature. However, modern Iranian poetry, deeply connected with politics and protest literature, establishes a different relation between dramatic poetry and political poetry. Shamlou is one of the prominent poets of political poetry whose antagonism and political conflicts are sources of metaphors and constructions in romance. This paper, based on critical discourse analysis, emphasizing the concept of "antagonism" as a key concept in politics, shows that politics is related to romance in two ways. First, such romances are new experiences to represent human relationships. Second, they are against traditional literature, since Shamlou by changing the rhetoric of romantic poetry created a type of literature that is romance in surface but resistance literature in depth.
Extended Abstract
Iranian modern literature is fundamentally different from pre-modern literature; although the way modern literature uses the theological source of pre-modern literature is not its logical continuation. Political orders and the concepts are the most important elements of the distinction between two periods. Usually, romantic poetry is distinguished from political poetry, but Iranian modern poetry, which is connected to protest literature and political matters, has established a good relationship between romantic and political poetry. Studying he relationship between political literature and the politics of the literature is the main goal of this manuscript. The concept of “antagonism" is emphasized here as the key word in Shamlou's poetry, showing how politics is connected to romances. Firstly, these romances are new representations of human experience, and secondly it is a rhetorical change in romantic poetry, which is against the traditional literature. The most important principle that connects the concept of "articulation" to the political issues is discursive conflict; thus, for a better understanding of the conflict, political literature, and the politics of literature discourse, the concept of politics must be separated from the political orders. Any action which is beyond the realm of the individual, can influence the decisions of the society, especially the political power, and in some way modify or oppose it, and it is called a political action. Political poetry promotes the idea of anti-reading, and a political poet as an anti-reading thinks about the "enemy other". After a huge break of the Persian Constitutional Revolution, social movements and the libertarianism language took an explicit form. Literature migrated from traditional lyrical to a new space. Revealing the name of "Aida" with the poet not as a Platonic lover but as a better half living with Shamlou is a kind of conflict with the tradition of romance-writing in one hand and "Literature of resistance" from the other. In political poetry, enemy is the other, and in the romantic poem, the other is the friend. The poet of political poetry thinks about resistance; in this view, the enemy has become a focal point; because the enemy has captured a part of his unconscious like a "central metaphor". The confrontational mentality of the political poet turns the other, such as the enemy, into an object, and turns the other, such as friend and love, into a praiseworthy subject. Contemporary poetry, unlike pre-modern poetry with a negative aspect, brought the private into the domain of the public, and by highlighting the other friend in romantic poetry, created a kind of resistance and negation tool. In his poem, Shamlou clearly says that love is an epic and he sees this reversal from the eyes of the enemy. The link between love and struggle in Shamlou's poems is the internal link between the practice of personal experience and the most external political behaviors. In a general classification, historically, his life can be divided into three parts:
A: The period in which the search for love gives way to experience; the experience of life and poetry, which, according to him, are "not impressions of life, but life itself". This period can be referred to as the period "before the appearance of Aida". B: The period when the poet, tired of the bitter experiences he has acquired in his personal and social life, finds another love and he moves to the house so that love becomes a refuge and a bastion where he can relieve the outside fatigue and find new strength to fight. This period starts from 1962 "Aida's appearance". C: In the third part of his life, although he still has Aida's presence, Shamlou thinks more about death and "struggle with silence" and he remembers his friends. In fact, this same love and social commitment in Shamlou's poetry makes him not distinguish between individual love and public love.
From the perspective of love, three types of love can be distinguished in Shamlou's poem: 1. Romantic love without social pains.2. Personal love with social representations, and 3. General love or love of freedom and man:
1. Although romantic love is not the general indicator of the concept of love in Shamlou's poems; Shamlou has been involved with this type of love in a negative way. He considered individual and public love as opposed to romantic love, which always has the suspicion of eroticism. Romantic love can be found in Shamlou's first poetry collection, "Āhang-hāye Farāmush Shodeh (Forgotten Songs)".
2. Keeping distance from his romantic love, Shamlou discovers love in another dimension: the shadow of resistance; as it can be a strength for fighters who return to fight again.
3. By rejecting romantic love, Shamlou arrived at a special definition of man; a person who can have the courage to deny the disturbing facts and reveal himself as a fighting person.
The convergence of the meanings of the two fields of politics and love has turned Samlou's poem into a different poem. From this point of view, finding the signs and codes of his romantic poetry is not compelling only in purely lyrical spaces. The enemy as a threatening other has caused Shamlou to experience new ways, because the discourse of his poetry is against the discourse of domination; whether we seek this dominance in aesthetics or in the discourse of power. It is in this situation that Shamlou glorifies the beloved as another and brings love into his poem in the atmosphere of resistance to discover a new truth. In individual romances, he uses the same signs and symbols that used before in public love. The same lover with a revolutionary face and the same revolutionary faces with the beloved cause him to not see a difference between public love and personal love.
 

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Employing Construction Morphology (CM), the present study aims to examine the Persian compound words, ending in the verb stem “bast”. The data is comprised of 51 compound words and 1791 attested sentences. The latter body of data comes from various reliable sources, including the diachronic corpus of Farhangyar-e Zaban-e Farsi, the synchronic corpus of Persian Language Database, Bijankhan Corpus, Iranian Geographical Dictionary, Zansou Dictionary (1372), Dehkhoda Dictionary (1377), Persian Wikipedia webpage, and Google webpages. The findings suggest that semantic variations of these compounds figure in the concepts of Action, Location, and Instrument. Accordingly, the dominating schema and sub-schemas of theses words, and their relations are described. The study also suggests that approximation- along with metaphoric and metonymic extensions- has a role in the expansion of the schema.

 1. Introduction
Compounding is recognized as one of the most productive word formation processes in many languages (Haspelmath, 2002). Likewise, in Persian, compounding refers to a predominant morphological process. This study analyzes the compounding structure represented through the underlying conceptual construction [X-past stem of the verb]. In this construction, a nonverbal element is combined with an adjective, a verb, or a noun, producing compound words such as 'darbast,' 'pishkharid,' 'salkhord,' 'adamizad,' 'dastpokht,' and 'rahavard.' In Persian morphology, the schematic construction [x-bast] has appeared to be one of the most productive constructions. This construction allows for the categorical distinctions and semantic variations of the compound words based on [x-bast] structure. 
Research Question(s)
The present study addresses the following research questions: 
1.    What semantic variations can be observed in the Persian compound words ending in past verbal stem [bast]? 
2.    What schematic construction underlies the [x-bast] structure?

2. Literature Review
There is a vast body of scholarly work in the literature addressing word formation processes in Persian. What is more, a massive body of literature that is concerned with the formation of the structure of compound words in Persian, including Kalbasi (1992), Asii (1992), Maghrebi (1993), Dabir Moghadam (1997), Mahoutian (1999), Sadeghi (2004), Tabatabai (2002, 2003, 2006, 2007), Khabaz (2007), and Shaghaghi (2007). However, only scant attention has been directed toward the study of semantic variations and schema of compound words in Persian including, Imani et al. (2017), Imani and Rafiei (2018), Azimdokht et al. (2017), Azimdokht and Rafiei, (2018), and Azimdokht (2018).
3. Methodology
This research is designed based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The analyses are carried out using both diachronic and synchronic corpora. Following the collection and categorization of data, we examined the semantic variations and the cognitive mechanisms underlying these variations. Ultimately, we presented the schematic structure [X-past stem of the verb “bast”]  In so doing, we utilized Constructional Morphology (Booij, 2010) and the variation continuum (Heine et.al., 1991), as our theoretical and analytical frameworks to analyze the data and examine the semantic structures along with their variations. The dataset for this study is comprised of compound words ending in the past stem “bast”. We collected the data from various resources including the Farhangyar Persian language corpus, the Persian language database, the Bijan-Khan corpus, the Iranian Geographical Dictionary, the Zansou Dictionary (1993), the Dehkhoda Dictionary (1998), and the Persian Wikipedia webpage. Additionally, the Google search engine was employed to identify neologisms resulting from the [x-stem “bast”] construction."

4. Results
The analysis of 51 compound words ending in the stem 'bast' and 1,791 attested sentences reveals that the semantic variations of words within this morphological pattern reveal in terms of action nouns, locative nouns, and instrumental nouns. Interestingly, the formation of these semantic variations is mainly triggered through metaphorical extensions. Furthermore, employing Booij's (2010) polysemy framework alongside the variation continuum (Heine et.al., 1991), the study suggested that ‘ACTION’ serves as the primary underlying meaning associated with this construction, encompassing both spatial and instrumental dimensions. Subsequently, this conceptual meaning facilitates the emergence of other branches of the construction. The schemas and sub-schemas related to this construction indicate that the process of approximation in forming sub-schemas and the extension of this construction have been effective in the use of new compound words

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The aim of this study was evaluation of phytochemical components, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (BEO) in vitro. The lipid oxidation of the meat and antibacterial effects of BEO were also evaluated in beef burger product. In this empirical study, essential oil of the basil was isolated by hydrodistillation. Then, BEO was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effect of different concentrations of BEO (0.00, 0.062, 0.125, and 0.25%) at 4±1ºC temperature and storage time of up to 12 days was evaluated on lipid oxidation, anti Staphylococcus aureus activity, and organoleptic effects in beef burger. The main compounds in BEO were methyl chavicol (85.19%), 1,8 cineol (3.96%), trans-alpha bergamotene (1.18%) and linalool (1.03%). In the storage temperature (4±1ºC), the BEO decreased the growth rate of S. aureus in beef burger (P< 0.05). Also, overall acceptance rate in the beef burger containing 0.125% BEO created a better sense in the product (P< 0.05). No significant differences were observed after adding different concentrations of essential oil to decrease lipid oxidation in raw beef burger (P> 0.05). Therefore, this essential oil might be used as antibacterial agent and flavor enhancer in meat products such as beef burger.